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SWL, W = 100.4 kN
A x B
As the Spreader beam is free for all its three planar DOF (x,y & R z Degrees Of Freedom) at the nodes of application of load, The bar behaves like
a TRUSS member and it will resist only the AXIAL force (here, Compression) and it will NOT resist BENDING in the plane.
This Spreader Beam is a typical case of Timoshenko's BEAM-COLUMN (Horizontal members having axial loads in addition to lateral loads)
with both the ends HINGED. The Elastic Instability in the lateral direction causes the Spreader beam to BUCKLE due to the SLENDERNESS.
This imposes the limitation on the Compressive load. The load at which the TRANSVERSE BUCKLING commenced is the CRITICAL load
(Pcr).
Hence, the STRUCTURAL analysis is made for (1) Direct Compressive Stress, and (2) Critical Load for Transverse Buckling.
(A) Design for Normal Stress (Direct Compressive Stress) **** Selecting the Section initially based on this ****
C * FOS
A = s allow
OD)] SIZE
Safety Margin is OK
The Pipe selected is 8" Sch100 as perAPI 5L Signal Box
OD of the Pipe 219.10 mm "OPTIMALITY"
Tk of the Pipe 15.09 mm Load Factor is NOT OPTIMUM
Cactual = 851.09 kN
Cactual
Therefore the practical Safety Factor achieved =
C
For both ends HINGED members, the EFFECTIVE length equals the LENGTH of the member
2p 2 E
The Crippling commencement factor, Cc =
sy
Cc = 125.31 Nr.
FS = 1.79 Nr.
Pcr = 10634.89 kN OK
R1 = 125 mm h2 = 100 mm
b= 60.0 Degrees
Comp.Force, C=
h1 = 150 mm 28.3
L1 = 400 mm
As the geometry reveals the criticality of the obligue tensile force from the tie is significant than the horizontal compressive force from the beam.
Hence, the design for the tensile stress ensures the design for the compressive stress also.
ds = 76 mm
~ 2R1 = 250 mm
3 * (t = 15 ) mm
Resisting area for tension of the eye braket = Diameteral Difference X Total Thickness
= (2R1 - ds) * 3t
st = 7.2 MPa OK
(a-ii) Design of eye bracket for bearing/crushing strength - FAILURE MODE -2 (80% of the yield stress is governing)
ds = 76 mm
3 * (t = 15 ) mm
Bearing area of the Sling hole for the Sling ring = Diameter of the Sling ring X Total Thickness
= ds * 3(t)
3 * (t = 15 ) mm
Radii Difference
The bracket is in tearing due to shear along two planes against the sling ring, i.e., resisting it with the chordal sections
(a-iv) Design of eye bracket for out-of plane buckling - FAILURE MODE - 4 (as per David T. Ricker [2])
Requirement is the minimum thickness of the eye-bracket shall be ensured for 13 mm and 0.25 times the hole diameter d.
treq = 22.5 mm OK
This section is computed in accordance to David T. Ricker, " Design and Construction of Lifting Beams", Engineering Journal, 4th
[2]
Quarter, 1991
3 * (t = 15 ) mm
The curved shackle ring is under double shear along two parallel planes of the faces of the bracket, i.e., resisting it with the cross section area
The cross section area of the curved sling ring = 2 * [p/4 * ds2]
(b) Design of weld joint of the eye-bracket with the spreader beam for shear strength (50% of the allowable stress is governing)
R1 = 125 mm h2 = 100 mm
b= 60.0 Degrees
Comp.Force, C=
h1 = 150 mm 28.3
L1 = 400 mm
Total length of the weld joint parallel to the beam axis = (2+2) * (L1 + R1)
Lw1 = 2100 mm
Pw1 = 49.1 kN
tw = 0.76 mm
sw = 1.07 mm OK
Factor of safety with fillet size provided n4 = 9.3 Nr. NOT OPTIMUM
Initial Assumpn. Cant.lvr. Length, L2 After reaching Flexural Stress "safe", Iterate this
0.202 metres
dimension L2 sothat this agrees with computed L2
Yield stress of the Beam material 248 MPa
Allowable Stress 155 MPa
Elastic Modulus of the material 210000 MPa
Geometry of Lifting at the each end of the HOLLOW PIPE Spreader Beam, Solved using the equations of Static Equillibrium
A C D B
x
P= 24.5 kN P= 24.5 kN
As this Adjustable Spreader beam is constrained for all its three planar DOF (x,y & Rz Degrees Of Freedom) at the nodes of application of load,
The bar behaves like a FRAME member and it will resist BOTH the AXIAL force and BENDING in the x-y plane.
This Spreader Beam is a typical case of Both the ends fixed with a Cantilever for Counter-weight, having a point load at an offset and UDL
for the entire length. The governing stress for such a configuration is the FLEXURAL STRESS (s b).
(A) STRENGTH DESIGN - Design for FLEXURAL Bending Stress **** Selecting the Section initially based on this ****
Ensuring the Translational equillibrium along y axis, We have to equate the downward forces with upward reactions
=> W = (2 * P) + q * (L + L2)
W = 49.55 kN
Ensuring the Rotational equillibrium about z axis, We have to equate the clockwise moments with counter clockwise moments
M = 99.057 kN-m
= M / Zx
W= 49.6 kN
w1 = 350 R= 120 t1 = 30
dp = 50
w2 = 120 dh = 60
h3 = 145
h2 = 50
h1 = 300
(h + c) = 131
= =
Lb = 200
t2 = 10 b= 100
The load on the bracket is the straight forward lifting force acting vertically upwards against the load.
R= 120 t1 = 30
dh = 60
t1 = 30
h3 = 145
h1 = 300
w1 = 350 h2 = 50
h3 - R
The width of the critical section i.e., across the R h3 - R
= w1 - 2 *
diameter of the hole tan sin-1 + tan-1
(h3 - R)2 + (w1 / 2)2 (w1 / 2)
wcs = 309 mm
The effective width at the critical section = Width at the critical section - Diameter of the hole
= wcs - dh
wef = 249 mm
= wef * t1
As these two lugs are placed, with the lifting lug in-between, at a closer clearance always, the bending effects on the lug and the pin are ignored.
And also, it could be reasonably assumed that the entire force of lifting is shared equally without any moments on them.
The tensile stress on this critical section = Force on the lug / Effective normal area
= (W/2) / Aef
st = 3.31 MPa OK
W= 49.6 kN
wb = 50 t1 = 30
t1 = 30 dp = 50
The effective area bearing the crushing force per lug = Bearing width X Thickness
Ab = 1500 mm2
= (W/2) / Ab
sb = 16.52 MPa OK
(a-iii) Design of lug on the bracket for tearing strength - FAILURE MODE - 3 (50% of the yield stress is governing)
W= 49.6 kN
t1 = 30
t1 = 30
(R - dh/2)= 90
Area resisting lateral tension (tearing) per lug = Radii difference X Thickness
= (R - dh/2) * t1
At = 2700 mm2
(a-iv) Design of lug on the bracket for out-of plane buckling - FAILURE MODE - 4 (as per David T. Ricker [1])
Requirement is the minimum thickness of the lug on the bracket shall be ensured for 13 mm and 0.25 times the hole diameter d.
treq = 15.0 mm OK
This section is computed in accordance to David T. Ricker, " Design and Construction of Lifting Beams", Engineering Journal, 4th
[1]
Quarter, 1991
(a-v) Design of pin for shearing strength - FAILURE MODE - 5 (50% of the yield stress of the pin is governing)
W= 49.6 kN
t1 = 30
dp = 50
The pin under double shear along two parallel planes of the inner faces of the lugs, i.e., resisting it with the cross section area
W= 49.6 kN
w1 = 350 t1 = 30
w2 = 120
h3 = 145
h4 = 116
h1 = 300
h2 = 50
t2 = 10 b= 100
h4 = 116 mm
Lw1 = 1370 mm
Pw1 = 24.8 kN
tw1 = 0.33 mm
sw1 = 0.47 mm OK
Factor of safety with fillet size provided n7 = 21.2 Nr. NOT OPTIMUM
W= 49.6 kN
= =
Lb = 200
t2 = 10
The load on the end plates of the bracket is the straight forward lifting force acting vertically against the load.
The normal area per end plate resisting tensile force = Length of the bracket X Thickness
= Lb * t2
As these two end plates are fabricated as box and the thickness is sufficiently large, the membrane effects and bending effects are ignored.
And also, it could be reasonably assumed that the entire force of lifting is shared equally without any moments on them.
The tensile stress on the cross section = Force on the end plate / Normal area
= (W/2) / Aef
W= 49.6 kN
h5 = 67
= =
Lb = 200
b= 100
h5 = 67 mm
Total weld-length provided = Directly for bottom plate X Indirectly for ribs supporitng bottom plate
Lw2 = 1567 mm
Pw2 = 49.6 kN
tw2 = 0.58 mm
sw2 = 0.82 mm OK
Factor of safety with fillet size provided n9 = 12.1 Nr. NOT OPTIMUM
t2 = 8
b= 100
Lb = 150
= =
h2 = 50
(h + c) = 111
h1 = 200
h3 = 150
dh = 60
w2 = 116
dp = 48
w1 = 350
R= 120
t1 = 15
W= 24.5 kN
The load on the bracket is the straight forward load acting vertically downwards.
w1 = 350
h2 = 50
h1 = 200
h3 = 150
dh = 60
t1 = 15
R= 120
t1 = 15
h3 - R
The width of the critical section i.e., across the R h3 - R
= w1 - 2 *
diameter of the hole tan sin-1 + tan-1
(h3 - R)2 + (w1 / 2)2 (w1 / 2)
wcs = 304 mm
The effective width at the critical section = Width at the critical section - Diameter of the hole
= wcs - dh
wef = 244 mm
= wef * t1
As these two lugs are placed, with the lifting lug in-between, at a closer clearance always, the bending effects on the lug and the pin are ignored.
And also, it could be reasonably assumed that the entire force of lifting is shared equally without any moments on them.
The tensile stress on this critical section = Force on the lug / Effective normal area
= (W/2) / Aef
st = 3.36 MPa OK
dp = 48
t1 = 15
t1 = 15
wb = 48 W= 24.5 kN
The effective area bearing the crushing force per lug = Bearing width X Thickness
Ab = 720 mm2
= (W/2) / Ab
sb = 17.03 MPa OK
(a-iii) Design of lug on the bracket for tearing strength - FAILURE MODE - 3 (50% of the yield stress is governing)
(R - dh/2) = 90
t1 = 15
t1 = 15
W= 24.5 kN
Area resisting lateral tension (tearing) per lug = Radii difference X Thickness
= (R - dh/2) * t1
(a-iv) Design of lug on the bracket for out-of plane buckling - FAILURE MODE - 4 (as per David T. Ricker [1])
Requirement is the minimum thickness of the lug on the bracket shall be ensured for 13 mm and 0.25 times the hole diameter d.
treq = 15.0 mm OK
(a-v) Design of pin for shearing strength - FAILURE MODE - 5 (50% of the yield stress of the pin is governing)
dp = 48
t1 = 15
W= 24.5 kN
The pin under double shear along two parallel planes of the inner faces of the lugs, i.e., resisting it with the cross section area
t2 = 8
b= 100
h2 = 50
h4 = 38
h1 = 200
h3 = 150
w2 = 116
w1 = 350
t1 = 15
W= 24.5 kN
h4 = 38 mm
Lw1 = 732 mm
Pw1 = 12.3 kN
tw1 = 0.31 mm
sw1 = 0.44 mm OK
Factor of safety with fillet size provided n7 = 18.3 Nr. NOT OPTIMUM
(c) Design of end plates of the adjustable bracket for tensile strength (allowable tensile stress is governing)
t2 = 8
Lb = 150
= =
W= 24.5 kN
The load on the end plates of the bracket is the straight forward lifting force acting vertically against the load.
The normal area per end plate resisting tensile force = Length of the bracket X Thickness
= Lb * t2
As these two end plates are fabricated as box and the thickness is sufficiently large, the membrane effects and bending effects are ignored.
And also, it could be reasonably assumed that the entire force of lifting is shared equally without any moments on them.
The tensile stress on the cross section = Force on the end plate / Normal area
= (W/2) / Aef
b= 100
Lb = 150
= =
h5 = 50
W= 24.5 kN
h5 = 50 mm
Total weld-length provided = Directly for bottom plate X Indirectly for ribs supporitng bottom plate
Lw2 = 800 mm
Pw2 = 24.5 kN
tw2 = 0.57 mm
sw2 = 0.80 mm OK
Factor of safety with fillet size provided n9 = 10.0 Nr. NOT OPTIMUM
(E) DESIGN OF ATTACHMENTS - (a) Design of fixed suspension bracket for strength
***** Design procedure for the adjustable (Span variations) suspension bracket for strength shall be followed but for the additional consideration
of welding with the adjustable cross beam *****
*** IMPORTANT NOTES ***
1) All the basic assumptions about material properties and their linear beaviour, as made in elementary STRENGTH OF MATERIAL and
ELASTICITY THEORY will hold good