Introduction To Chemistry: Chemistryadventure Unit 1

August17,2010
CHEMISTRYADVENTURE
2011
unit 1:
Introduction to Chemistry
Lesson Demonstrations Labs Homework

1.1: combustion demo 1.1: water into wind lab1.1 Flame lab hw1.1
demo 1.2: whoosh bottle
1.2: molecular models; Demo1.3: Mg Combustion lab 1.2: seed lab hw1.2
pretest
1.3: into to chemistry demo 1.4: ethanol signature lab 1.3: Rock Candy Lab hw1.3
1.4: demo1.5: rates of combustion L2: Lab 1.4: Rainbow lab hw1.4
L2: physical properites L1: lab 1.5 Molecular model lab
L1: functional groups
1.5: review demo1.6: vapor combustion hw1.5
1.6: unit 1 test - - hw1.6
website blog index periodic table calculator formulas software update guide more page 1
Welcome to Chemistry!
Unit 1 Introduction to Chemistry August 17, 2010
“Chemists are a strange class of mortals, impelled by an almost maniacal

impulse to seek their pleasures amongst smoke and vapour, soot and flames,
poisons and poverty, yet amongst all these evils I seem to live so sweetly
that I would rather die than change places with the King of Persia.”
-- Johann Joachim Becher, Physica subterranea (1667)
We begin this course by asking a simple question:
What is everything made out of?
That is the essential question for this course- the same question that the we all naturally ask as we look at the world around us. For a few of you, opening
your mind to the world of chemistry may change the course of your life, as it did for me. For all of you this course will help you to understand the world
around you.
Table of Contents
Lesson 1
welcome to chemistry! survey Lesson 4:
Demonstration 1.1: water into wine demonstration 1.4
Demonstration 1.2: whoosh bottle collect homework
Class Pictures return, collect homework
Lab 1.1: Identifying substances by lighting them on fire Supplies check
worksheet 1.1: Safety Contract Seed Lab Observations
Syllabus Homework Check and rev
Homework 1.1 chemical rainbow lab
Lesson 2 Check seed and
Demonstration 1.3 Lesson 5
collect homework review
Molecular model activity Lesson 6
Lab 1.2: Seed lab test
Pretest Supplementary Material
Homework 1.2 introductory survey
Lesson 3 letter of recommendation form
Demonstration 1.3 test makeup requiest form
collect homework notebook check form
return, collect homework lab prep notes for lab assistant
Supplies check
Seed Lab Observations
Homework Check and review
Lab 1.3: Rock Candy Lab
Lesson: Introduction to Chemistry
letter of recommendation form

test makeup requiest form
notebook check form
lab preparation notes for lab assistant ceremonial Hawaiian warrior mask
OH
HO OH
O OH OH
O
O OH OH OH HO OH
HO
HO
OH OH
OH
H2N O OH OH O NH
OH
OH
OH
O O O
OH OH
HO OH O NH
HO
O OH HO
OH
HO
HO
HO OH
HO OH
O
HO OH
OH
O OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
Palythoa sp.
If you happen to be scuba diving in Hawaii and see this colorful soft coral,
you have came across a dangerous species. This soft coral Palythoa toxica
produces the toxin paly toxin shown at left. One of the most toxic substances
known to man, this coral was collected by Hawaiian warriors who dipped
their spears in it before battle.
Chemistry Class Syllabus
Welcome to chemistry! I look forward to working with you this school year. The
purpose of this syllabus is to summarize the goals, content, grading policy, and
class expectations for this school year.
What is everything made out of?
That is the essential question for this course- the same question that the we all
naturally ask as we look at the world around us. It also makes one wonder why
some substances are inert, while other substances react violently when mixed.
For a few of you, opening your mind to the world of chemistry may change the
course of your life, as it did for me. For all of you this course will help you to
understand the world around you.
So, how do we find out? Certainly the most enjoyable way is to roll up your
sleeves and find out for yourself. Teachers call this inquiry-based learning, and
this will be “the way we roll”. We begin each unit by asking a simple question,
and you then try to find out on your own. No, not by looking it up on wikipedia-
by experiment. What you discover you aren’t likely to forget. It gives you a
understanding of things that uses all of your senses. And, best of all, although it
ususally makes you question your own research, there are those rare occasions The Skeptical Chymist by Robert Boyle
your own observations may make you question what the “experts” say, or the (1661). An actual copy of this book ex-
way that they say it. The best chemist is a skeptical chemist: ists at the University of Pennsylvania...
some day I’d like to go see it. To view the
...by having Thus drawn the Chymists Doctrine out of scanned book, click on the cover page.
their Dark and Smoakie Laboratories, and both brought it into the
open
light, and shewn the weakness of their Proofs, that have hitherto
been wont to be brought for it, either Judicious Men shall henceforth
be allowed calmly and after due information to disbelieve it, or those
abler Chymists, that are zealous for the reputation of it, will be
oblig’d to speak plainer then hitherto has been done.
Robert Boyle
The Skeptical Chymist (1661)
1. Introduction to Chemistry Here are the units we will cover. Each chapter will last for 1-2 weeks, and most
2. Data units will be tested individually.
3. Matter
4. The Atom At the beginning of each unit you will receive a unit packet. This year it is has
5. Electrons a magazine format....sort of an anti-textbook. These 15 packets include or will
6. The Periodic Table direct you to everything you need to know about chemistry. The paper version
7. Chemical Bonding includes the core material. The online version provides much, much, more. You
8. Chemical Reactions will each receive a DVD disk of this version; it is also available at the class website:
9. The Mole chemistryadventure.com both in pdf and flash format. The latest versions of
10. Gases adobe reader and flash player are necessary to view and play these files.
11. Solutions.
12. Energy
13. Reaction Rates
14. Equilibrium
15. Acids and Bases website blog index periodic table calculator formulas software update guide more page 4
Grading Policy
This class uses a “pure points” system: your grade will be determined by the points accumulated from homework, tests,
and lab reports. For, example, you might earn 90 points on a 100 point exam, and 5 points on a 10 point quiz. Your
average at that point would be 95 points out of a possible 110 total points for an “average” of 86%. Your grade can be
accessed on PowerSchool through the GHS website, also available on the chemistryadventure website.
During any type of testing, there will be no communications in any form with any other student(s). Should such
communications take place, the student(s) will receive a grade of zero on the test. Be aware that it is a big deal if you
cellphone is out for any reason during a test- this is a big no-no.
What to bring to class
1. An up to date 3 ring binder with all materials ordered by date

2. A scientific calculator
3. A pen or pencil
4. Your lab notebook
5. Your homework
6. A smile.
Homework
The homework for each week is posted in three places: to the right of the chalkboard, in the unit packet, and
online. In the unit packet you will find both worksheets and homework assignments. The worksheets are meant
to be completed in class, though if you don’t finish them in class you are to complete them at home. The
homework assignments are listed a series of questions to be answered at home on a separate sheet of paper
and handed in the next day. Be sure to include your name and class period and the assignment number (hw1.2
for example). You may find it useful for test reviews to write down the question, but this isn’t required. Neatness
is- points will be taken off it it was ripped out of a spiral bound notebook, wasn’t stapled, etc. The unit packet
homework is planned, and can is subject to change- check the website for updates. Hand in your homework
into the class “in” tray at the beginning of class, collect any graded material from the “out” tray. No credit will
be given for late homework. If you had an excused absence, note it on the top of the paper. Keep up with the
homework and the tests will likely go well.
Each class has an in and out box. Place your homework in the in box, take out your graded material from the out
box at the beginning of class. This is also the time to check your long term experiments and make notes in your
lab notebook.
Absences and Makeup Tests
If you missed a class it’s easy to find out what you missed. The best place is to go to the class blog which shows
what was covered each day. Normally this is the same as the class schedule in your packet. Both of these sites
show the homework that is due, which you can also access from the school website.
Once you know what you missed, you can still stay on top of things online. In fact this class is fully set up for distance
learning. All lectures have screencasts that can be viewed online. Use your packet, go online. Watch the screencasts
for each lecture. Email me. Call your friends. Please try to avoid asking me “What did I miss?”- check the website
first. Instead, say hello when you return to class and let me know that you are on track. Be aware that you will still
have to take the test on the day scheduled, or on the day of your return if you were absent. Relax- each student
gets two makeup tests per quarter, and they aren’t averaged: the higher score prevails.
Fiscal Responsibility
Students are fiscally responsible for instructional equipment including laboratory materials and textbooks, which
are available for check out
.
On the first day you will be assigned seats and given the first magazine issue. It is organized by lesson, and always begins
with a discovery lab. You will
Ipods and Cellphones
The school policy will be enforced- cell phones and ipods are not allowed in the classroom. They will be confiscated
if they are seen at any time in the classroom.
Media Privacy
Occasionally there may be photographs or videos taken of us in the classroom. Although these are usually popular
for the students and are good for the class morale, it is important for each student to know that their right not
to be photographed or videotaped is important and will be respected. Additionally, any photos or videos that
are taken in the classroom will never be shared outside the classroom. Each student was mailed a media privacy
form at the beginning of the year. Please let me know if you prefer not to be photographed or videotaped.
In the News
Common Issues
1. Late to class
Students who are late to class without a pass will receive a minor point deduction on their next
test. for each tardy. Two tardies results in an email to your parents. Three tardies leads to a
detention.
2. Arriving unprepared.
Students who do not have a binder, calculator, and a pencil will receive a minor point deduction on
their next test. Daily homework is worth 5-10 points.
3. Ipods and cellphones visible in class
Ipods and cellphones will be confiscated if seen, and delivered to the student affairs center. You
will be permitted to use internet capable devices such as iphones only when specifically requested
by the teacher.
4. Lab Groups of more than 2
To receive credit for a lab experiment your group must be no more than 2 students.
4. Absences
Unexcused absences are treated in accordance with the student handbook. Students are
responsible for making up lost work and will still have to take each test. Make-ups are available
for students with a score of less than 70%.
5. Homework from other classes
Will be confiscated if students work on it in class unless specifically instructed otherwise.
6. Students not seated or not in assigned seats
Please remain seated in your assigned seat unless instructed otherwise
7. Unsafe laboratory practices
This is a serious offense and will result in immediate removal from class and detention.
Lesson 1.2 What are we made out of?
Day 2
Today we begin our normal classroom procedure- homework check, lab activities lesson, and review. You will each
receive a few mystery seeds today that you will be examining throughout the year as they grow.
demonstrations?
Schedule:
1. Homework check. Be sure you have a pencil, scientific calculator, 3 ring binder, loose leaf paper, this unit packet, a
signed safety contract, a lab notebook, and that you have read the safety contract, the “how I got hooked on chemistry”
story, and the syllabus.
2. Lab 1.2: Molecular model activity
3. Lab 1.3: Seed Lab
4. Pre-test
5. Homework 1.2 and review
phosphorus (orange)
lesson 1.2 notes for instructors
Homework Check: My score: _____/5
Flame Test Lab:
Identification of Pure Unknown Substances
An opportunity to light things on fire
Each of you will be given the six suhstances shown below:
They are in numbered bottles. Your goal is to identify each one. To assist you, authentic samples of each are
available for comparison.
Think about how you will identify each sample, and write down your plan. Consider things such as the
odor, flame color, and solubility in water of each sample. You can use any method you like to identify these
samples as long as you work safely: goggles must be worn, and your instructor is the only one in the lab with
matches. Tie your hair back, and listen carefully to the safety instructions provided by your teacher.
1. Provide a numbered list outlining what you will do; this is your experimental procedure.
2. Data: Create a table summarizing your data.
3. Here are our conclusions with primary evidence for each.
4. Final answers: 1._______ 2.__________ 3.___________ 4.
needs lots of work

wmf structures
include balancing reactions
font
think about how to review these topics...since it is
day 1 could just have popup answers
1. Water has a formula of H2O, Ethanol has a formula of C2H6O. Provide the formulas for the others
2. Hydrogen always has one chemical bond (note the line attached to H; there is a slight error you should be
able to locate for propanol), and oxygen (O) always has 2. How many bonds does carbon contain?
3. There is a saying: “HONC if you love chemistry”. How many bonds does nitrogen (N) contain?
4. L1, honors only: Based on these formulas, provide a hypothesis why all of these
substances are water-soluble except butanol.
5. Honors only: Draw a reasonable chemical structure for the major component of
gasoline: hexane, C6H14. Can it be drawn in more than one way?
Chemistry Laboratory Safety Contract
make this a learning activity as well
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update guide more page 12
Introduction
How I got hooked on chemistry
roll over to learn more
In 1979 I took a course at the University of Connecticut called Advanced Organic Chemistry. Our Professor was Sam
Huang, who gave us in 1.1 structions on the first day and then we rarely saw him again. We were
told we had to complete three experiments:
1. Identify an unknown pure chemical sample
2. Purify and identify 2 unknown chemicals in a mixture
3. Create a new chemical Anthracene
He gave each of us a vial with a liquid or a powder in it. We had three weeks to identify it.
Mine was a shiny white solid. Under a magnifying glass it appeared as flat white plates. It melted sharply at 212 degrees
Celsius. A big clue was discovered when I placed it under ultra- insert scanned 1980 lab notebook, maybe using violet
light- it glowed with a bright blue color. With this information issuu I was
able to correctly identify the solid as Anthracene, a constituent of
coal.
Next, he gave each of us another vial. We O were
told it was a mixture of two chemicals. We
had three weeks to separate and identify them.
This time the vial had a dull white powder
in it. I watched as my lab partners set HO OH up
complex chromatography and distilla- tion
devices and began tedious separations of furaneol their
mixtures. Ugh. Under a magnifying glass two distinct crystals could be identified- needles and
plates. It took a couple days, but I was able to separate my mixture using a pair of tweezers and the magnifying glass, and
identify each sample.
Finally, we had the rest of the semester to make a new chemical. I got so excited about this one that I skipped spring
break and spent it at the library. Yes, I had become a science nerd, big time. It was my first time reading real accounts
of chemical research and I found it fascinating. Here people were creating chemicals to treat cancer, make bulletproof
plastics, all sorts of projects …but what really interested me was the field of natural products- the study of natural, not
man-made, chemicals. I found a research paper where the individual chemical that creates the main flavor of pineapples
and strawberries was created in the lab. It was called furaneol, and I decided I would make my own version of it with a
slight chemical change designed to give it a sweeter taste.
The initial experiments were a disaster. There were chemicals I needed that weren’t in the stockroom. My lab partners
were goofing off while I was working with dangerous chemicals. And soon the deadline was approaching, but in the end
I managed to make a small amount of a white solid, and the spectroscopic data matched the chemical structure. I real-
ized that with enough effort any chemical one could imagine could eventually be made, and it seemed to me this was a
powerful tool. I changed my major from biology to chemistry, and two years later I had my first job making chemicals
designed to study cancer.
In this class each of you will be given a similar opportunity to explore, imagine, and create using the chemical skills and
knowledge from this class. In your first hands-on experiment you will be asked to create an artistic design using some
safe, simple ingredients. By the time this class is near complete you will be ready to identify unknown samples and safely
perform your own initial chemical research in a field of your choice.
What do molecules look like? lab 1.2
Molecular Model Activity
C2H6O
molecular formula Drawing Chemical

shorthand Structures: Multiple
bond notation explicitbonds
bond and rings
notation molecular model:
ball and stick
HONC less common elements
hyrogen white (1 bond) sulfur: yellow
oxygen red (2 bonds) phosphorus: orange
nitrogen blue (3 bonds chlorine or fluorine: green
carbon black (4 bonds) bromine: brown
molecular model:
explicit bond notation space filling
with stereochemistry
1. Using the molecular models at your desk, assemble a molecule of ethanol. Models
molecular models using the color conventions listed.
2. There is one other way C2H6O can be assembled with the

proper number of bonds on each atom (HONC). Assemble it and
draw it using both explicit and shortand bond notation
OK, complete the table. The first one is done for you.
Are there isomers? Draw

molecular formula explicit bond notation shorthand bond notation one using shorthand
bond notation.
C2H7N
C3H8
Seed Lab lab 1.3
It is better to plant seeds than to accuse the earth
Merle Shain
One of the most enjoyable aspects of chemistry is that it is a great tool for solving mysteries. Each day people use
chemistry to solve crimes, heal, and identify mysterious substances. In this lab you will get some seeds, and it is
your job to learn as much as you can about them. So plant them and watch them grow. Take notes, and learn all
that you can. We will become particularly interested in the natural products that this plant produces.
Eventually your plant grows to look like this:
A literature search shows that your seed is Aristalochia clema-

titus, commonly known as birthwort. A deeper literature search shows
that among other things, birthwort contains the following substances
Pretest lab 1.3
Homework 1.2
Unit 1 Lesson 1.3 Page 19
Lesson 1.3 what do chemists do?

Day 3
On this our third day of chemistry we now have one long term lab to check on- the seed lab, and a new one to begin-
the rock candy lab. We will also have our first formal lecture today: Introduction to Chemistry.
Schedule:
demonstrations?
1. Homework 1.1 returned, and pretest score provided. The pretest results will be organized by topic and the currric-
ulum may be modified based on these results. Don’t forget that the pretest score does not affect your grade. . My
homework score was a _____/5.
2. Homework 1.2 is due: this includes . Please place it in the class tray at the beginning of class.
3. Preparedness check. This will continue each day for the first week or two. Be sure to have a pencil, packet, scien-
tific calculator, lab notebook, 3 ring binder, looseleaf paper, and your homework done.
3. Seed Lab Observations. Note that your lab notebook will be collected next time. Be sure that your table of contents
is up to date, that your observations are detailed and neat, and that all demonstrations have detailed observations.
4. Rock Candy Lab
5. Lecture 1.1: Introduction to Chemisty
Homeowrk 1.3:
rock candy lab
Page 20
Chemistry Lesson 1.1
chemistry is awesome:
• We blow stuff up
• Solve matter-based problems
• Make a difference: cancer pain energy
• $$$
• Heal
• Explain the world.
chemistry is :
What I wrote What the experts say
The study of matter
A chemical is
What I wrote What the experts say
A pure form of
matter (a substance)
1
Click on this slide to see the screencast.

All of us at one time or another see the world around us and wonder...what is everything made out of? How is the
physical world organixed? This is chemistry: the study of matter. For those who make it a career, they often consid-
er it to be something else- a hobby, a passion, an obsession, perhhaps. They get to blow things up,. Heal. Solve any
matter based problem. Make a alot of money in the process, if they want to., Most of all, they can make a difference
for the better., by applying their knowledge.
Ok…What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Is it matter? You? Yes Air? Yes An idea? No
Anger? No Religion? No A perfect vacuum? No
4. What do chemists do? They all Study matter
The Branches of chemistry

•Carbon-based
organic analytical •analysis
•Ex: plastics
Not Carbon-based
Ex: mining inorganic forensic Crime solvers
•Physical change
physical
•Ex: reaction rates biochemical Chemistry of
•medicines life
medicinal
•Ex: viagra
It’s not particularly useful to say that chemistry is the study of matter unless we know what matter is. Most of us know intuitively what matter is-
it’s everything around us- the trees the ground, chairs. Is everything matter, then? No. A conversation is not matter, nor is religion. What about air?
And strange examples like black holes, which are believed to have infinite space and no volume?
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Note the “and” in that definition. This eliminates black holes and perfect vacuums (they have
space but nothing is inside- there is no mass). t Types of Chemists
And what about air? A scale shown no mass, even though there is air all around it. Imagine research chemist example
however that we take air and cool it way down until it condenses...then we could see and mass carbon- organic paint formu-
out that liquid air. We’d find that every liter of air has more than one gram of mass to it. There based lator
is matter in air- nitrogen, oxygen, etc. not carbon- inorganic gold re-
Keep in mind that most of this is academic. Matter is stuff- everything around us. based searcher
physical physical miner
There are many types of matter, and so it should not surprise us that there are many types
processes
of chemists. Those that study carbon-based substances are organic chemists. Those
that focus on the hundred-plus other elements and the compounds they form are inorganic chemical analytical quality con-
chemists. If you are a chemist but arent interested in chemical reactions, you are studying analysis trol
physical chemistry. You are interested in the physical properties of a substance, not the chemistry of medicinal synthesize
chemical properties. Ina a physical process, the identity of the substance is retained- no medicines pain drugs
chemical reactions take place. In a chemical process, the substance reacts and is converted plutonium nuclear bomb maker
to something else. crime solver forensic blood type
There are many other types of chemists,
websiteandblog
professors love to table
index periodic combine them toformulas
calculator show howsoftware update guide more page 21analysis
special they are. For example, I once isolated the metal-containing enzyme xanthine oxidase
What kind of chemist am I?
I make medicines medicinal I make plastics Organic (or polymer)
I analyze analytical I study physical
processes physical
I study fruit flies bio I study gold inorganic
Where does chemistry fit in?

basic applied
chemistry
Marie Curie
physics biology
1903, 1911
math social
radioactivity
science
Chemistry is the central science
3
Chemistry is often referred to as the central science. Chemistry uses what is known about mathematics and physics and
applies that to matter. Take light for example. A simple prism will
divide sunlight to create a rainbow. Light from individual atoms on
the other hand creates sharp lines of colored light and a mathematical
pattern was evenutally observed for this pattern; this mathematical
formula helped solve the riddle for why atoms behave the way they
do. It also creates a fundamental understanding of the relationship
between light and energy.
Just as chemistry is based on math and physics, biology relies on

chemistry to gain a detailed understanding of living things. For
example, it was known since 1869 that all cells contained a white,
gooey substance in the nucleus whose function was unknown. When
the chemical structure of this substance -DNA- was solved in 1953 it
Why were the chimney sweeps dying?

High incidences of cancer among the chimney sweeps of the 19th
century was eventually solved in detail when it was determined
that components of coal tar such as benzopyrene (in the center of
the DNA image shown) bonds irreversibly to
website blog index periodic table
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in barbe-
The “OHEC” Scientific Method
Example:
C O Pain medication study
Positive control:
benchmark
Controls:
aspirin
Standards
For comparison
Negative control:
E H
No effect
Prevents false positives
Placebo
Oh heck I know that (sugar pill)
Chemists, like all scientifists, apply the scientific method to separate fact from fiction. It begins with aobservations.
For example, many who smoke cigarettes get cancer. And cigarette smoke contains big flat molecules like benzo(a)
pyrene. This leads to a hypothesis: these big flat molecules may be bad news for humans. To test this, experiments are
devised- make these molecules, and test them in cell lines to see what happens. When it is found that these molecules
react with DNA, the conclusion is that smoking is a very bad idea, and that these molecules are at least partly to
blame. Which in turn leads to another observation- many of these molecules look the same...you can read more about
the Bay Region Theory” of chemical carcinogenesis here.
OK, so these molecules like benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene are bad news...but how bad? It was determined
that benzo (b) fluoranthene had a potency 100 times less than benzo(a)pyrene. For this study benzo(a)pyrene served as
a positive control- a benchmark, or standard for comparison.
Other times a negative control, rather than a positive control, is needed. Imagine a study where 100 people have a
headache. Half the people take aspirin, while the other half think they are taking aspirin, but in fact they are just taking
a pill with no medicine at all in it: a placebo. Now, some of those people who took the placebo will inevitably report
that they feel better. This is an example of a negative control, and the people who took it are examples of false positives-
they claim to feel better, but it can’t be due to the aspirin, since their pill had no aspirin in it.
What is everything made out of? Some examples
Name: water ethanol triethylamine acetone cyclohexane benzaldehyde
Molecular
H2O C2H6O C6H15N C3H6O C6H12 C7H5O
formula:
structure
Note the number of bonds:

H O N C
1 2 3 4 HONC if
Hydrogen peroxide butane
you love
H2O2 C4H10 chemistry
n-butane isobutane
End slides
Unit 1
Isomers: Same formula, different structures 5
Our essential question is “What is everything made out of?” Here are the chemical structures of several com-
mon substances:
H O
H H H H C
H H H H
H C C H O
H H H H C C C H H C H
O H C C H C N
H
C H H C H C C
H H C C H H C
H C H H C H
H O H C H H C C C
H H H H C
H HH H H H
H
water
water ethanol
ethanol triethylamine
triethylamine acetoneacetone cyclohexane
cyclohexane benzaldehyde
benzaldehyde
in alcoholic beverages
in alcoholic beverages odor of rotten
odor of rotten fish fish used in nail
in fingernail polish remover
in fingernailmon
com solvent
polish odor of almonds
odor of almonds
10
Note that there are only four elements shown- hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. Count the number of bonds
each element contains. You’ll find that hydrogen forms one bond, oxygen two, nitrogen three, and carbon four bonds.
Remember this by using the mnemonic device: HONC if you love chemistry (H1, O2, N3, C4). The bonds can be
single, double (note the two lies together in acetone and benzaldehyde), or even triple. The molecules may be chains,
or rings, like cyclohexane and benzaldehyde. With these simple rules we can assemble all sorts of molecules.
Consider cyclohexane, for example. This molecule contains six carbon and twelve hydrogen atoms per molecule: it has
a molecular formula of C6H12. However, there are many other molecules with the same molecular formula- these are
called isomers: different substances with the same molecular formula. Here are two examples:
isomers of cyclohexane.
Drawing these molecules showing every carbon and hydrogen can become tedious. To simplify drawing these organic
(carbon-based) molecules, a shorthand bond notation is common:
explicit and shorthand notation
Note that every end or bend in a line implies a carbon atom, and the hydrogen atoms are omitted. Atoms other than
carbon or hydrogen are called heteroatoms, and are explicitly drawn, usually with their hydrogens as well.
Stereochemistry (L1 only)
A big limitation of these 2-dimensional representations of molecules is that they give us no 3-dimensional information.
Consider the molecule shown at right. If you assemble it using molecular models, you can place the two chlorine atoms
adjacent to each other, or far away. These are clearly different molecules. To designate their structure two types of bonds
are used: Wedges (coming toward you) and hatches (going away from you). Note that molecules that are more spread
out tend to be more stable, as one might predict.
Carbon-based bond angles
Scientists often use molecular models, since they are a fairly good representation of what the molecule looks like. If you
assemble organic structures using single, double, and triple bonds, you can get a good idea of bond angles:
single bonds: 109.5
double bonds: 120
triple bonds: 180
My first job as a chemist
My first job as a chemist was in 1981, where I worked for the American Health Foundation in Valhalla, New York. Each
day I would put on a white tyvek suit and walk through the double doors of the dedicated carcinogen laboratory. The job
of our team (Shantu Amin, Nalband Hussain, and myself) was to make 30 grams of one molecule known as benzo(b)
fluoranthene dihydrodiol epoxide, to see if it caused cancer, and if so, how potent it was.
This was during a time when everybody, it seemed, smoked cigarettes. There were smoking lounges for students in the
high schools. The teachers workrooms were even hazier with cigarette smoke. The American Health Foundation was one
of the many research institutions trying to understand the link between cigarette smoking and, well, death. It was known
that cigarette smoke contained lots of flat, planar molecules such as benzo(a)pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene. It was
theorized that molecules such as these were seriously bad news, but the details were as yet undiscovered. The paper we
eventually published was one of hundreds that showed clearly how dangerous these molecules are.
On a personal level I remember learning how challenging it was making these molecules; the project took two years. The
first chemical reaction I performed detonated on a saturday morning (no one was hurt,) destroying the entire laboratory,
othing to do with chemistry story...rappelling, etc...hand jamming
Lesson 1.4 what do chemists do?
Day 4
On this our fourth day of chemistry we now have two long term projects to observe- the seed and rock candy experi-
ments. Some classes will perform experiments designed to create multiple layers in a test tube, while others will look
more deeply into yesterdays Introduction to Chemistry Lesson.
Schedule:
demonstrations?
Overall, this is our last day for new material. Lesson 1.5 is review, and the Introduction to Chemistry Test is Lesson
1.6
1. Homework 1.2 returned, or get it from the class out tray.. My score was a /5. Chronologically place your home-
work in your 3 ring binder.
2. Please hand in homework 1.3 into your class tray. Today this includes handing in your laboratory notebook.
3. Preparedness check: be sure you have a pencil, packet, scientific calculator, lab notebook, 3 ring binder, loose-
leaf paper, and your homework done. Your 3 ring binder should have all returned papers in chronological order,
with no loose papers. Your lab notebook should be in chronological order with an organizational system, and each
class day should include extensive notes.
3. 1. Long term lab observations: Write down observations on seed and rock candy lab. What changes have been
made to the seed lab and when in order to optimize the moisture and sunlight for the soil? What is the condition
of the surface of the rock candy lab? Note your observations and modifications carefully in your lab notebook.
2. Demonstration: 1.x: Magnesium combustion
Be sure to note any observations during this demonstration. The goal is to write a balanced chemical equation
based on observation and the location of the reactants on the periodic table, as well as the HONC rule.
3. Conceptual Chemistry Classes: Lab 1.x: Rainbow Lab
3. Level 1, Honors classes: Introduction to Chemistry- A deeper look.
4. Homework 1.4: Complete How to Ace it guide
Chemical Rainbow Experiment Lab 1.5
Objective; Use the materials listed below to create a seven layer rainbow. Each layer must be separate and follow the
pattern ROYGBIV. While doing this consiver how nphysical properties such as solubility, density, and viscosity, affect
the layering of this heterogeneous mixture.
Materials (May vary)

honey, karo syrup, dishwashing soap
lamp oil (kerosene), vegetable oil, Water, food coloring
Pre-lab: Suggest a method for measuring the relative density ,viscosity , and solubility of each substance
solubilities: s = soluble, ss = slightly soluble, i

= insoluble
Complete the following tables
dishwashing soap
honey
karo syrup
lamp oil
rubbing alcohol
vegetable oil
water
Complete the following tables
Density and viscosity: L = low, m = medium, h =
high
substance
viscosity
density
dishwashing x
soap
dishwashing soap honey x
honey karo syrup x
karo syrup lamp oil x
lamp oil rubbing x
alcohol
rubbing alcohol
vegetable oil x
in class, take notes as you perform you experiments, and summarize your results in a formal lab report.

Top

Here is our final repeatable procedure to create a _____-layer rainbow (create a clear
numbered list):
Bottom
Discussion
Solubility is the ability of one solution to dissolve in another.
Example: Oil is insoluble in water
Density is the mass of a substance for a given volume
Example: Water has a density of 1 gram per milliliter; air is much less dense (0.001 g/mL)
Viscosity is the resistance of a substance to flow.
Example: Honey has a greater viscosity than water.
1. List your ingredients by increasing viscosity:

1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5._________ 6._________ 7. __________
least viscous (“thinnest”) most viscous (“thickest”)
2. List your ingredients by increasing density:
1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5._________ 6._________ 7. __________
least dense (“lightest”) most dense (“heaviest”)
1. Give an example of two substances in your experiment that are form an insoluble mixture (2 layers):
______________ and ____________. The sample with greater density is_________.
2. In this experiment, how does the density of your substance affect the results?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Is it possible for samples with a big difference is density to be soluble in each other?_______
4. Two samples that are insoluble in each other can be made to form two layers, at least for a while, if they
have a large difference in solubility/density/viscosity (circle one).
Score: ____/4 layers + ____/5 for repeatable procedure + ___ bonus points +
write a research paper describing the effect of viscosity, densi

Suggesed title: Liquid layering is due to______________
scoring:
5 points: title is a one sentence summary statement. For exam
mutally insoluble with large idfferences in viiscosity
5 points: A summary paragraph which provides a more detai
5 Points: An introduction which descriibes what is known in
ences
5 points: References are based only peer reviewed research. A
reviewed will be returned for rewriting with a grade of zero.
5 Points: An experimental section which includes a summary
table and one chart.
6. A conclusion
7. At least 3 references which are based on peer-reviewed rese
Lecture 1.x: Introduction to Chemistry: A deeper look Lecture 1.x
L1 chemistry classes only
make this an activity by incorporating molecular models
We have found that the 4 major elements of life: hydorgen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, can create a bewildering assortment
of organic compounds. They have been classified into functional groups:
O OH
alkane
alkene alkyne ether alcohol
O O O O
OH
NH 2
N O
H
O
amine aldehyde ketone amide carboxylic acid

ester
The groups shown above contain generally more hydrogen, and less oxygen as one reads across; they are organized by
increasing oxidation state. Alkanes contain no double bonds or heteroatoms. The molecular formula is CnH2n+2 for
straight chain or branched molecules; each ring removes 2 hydrogens from the molecular formula
H H H
H
H H H H C H H C
H C H
C C H
H C C C H C C H
H H C C
H H H H H H
H H
H H
C 4H10 C 4H10 C4 H8
n-butane isobutane cyclobutane
Alkenes can exist as cis or trans isomers. Trans-alkenes are in geral more spread out and therefore more stable
trans-alkene cis-alkene
When oxygen is in a central position, it forms an ether; when it is at the end a molecule, it forms an alcohol
OH
O
diethyl ether n-butanol

a common solvent the smallest water-insoluble alcohol
amines at the end of a molecule are primary; in the middle they may be secondary or tertiary
NH 2
N N
H
a primary amine a secondary amine a tertiary amine
a C=O group is known as a carbonyl group. When it is terminal (at the end of the molecule) it is an aldehyde.
When in the middle it is a ketone. Common aldehydes include formaldehye and benzaldehyde, acetone and
methyl ethyl keotne are common ketones
common aldehydes and ketones
O
O O O
H H
formaldehyde benzaldehyde acetone methyl ethyl ketone
Carbonyl groups connected to oxygen or nitrogen form amides, esters, and carboxylic acids.
O O O O
OH
NH 2 N N O
H O
primary secondary tertiary ethyl acetate acetic acid
amide amide amide calculator formulas software update guide carboxylic
a common ester a common acid
website blog index periodic table more page 31
Lesson 1.5: Introduction to Chemistry Review
Day 5
Besides our normal start of class activities (ongoing lab observations and demonstrations), this day is devoted to
reviewing for the test next class.
come up with a better way to review for the test.
demonstrations?
Shedule:
This is our review day. Note that even if you missed classes you take the test. Students are allowed 2 retests per quar-
ter; higher score prevails.
1. Homework 1.3 returned, or get it from the class out tray. My score was a /5. Chronologically place your homework
in your 3 ring binder. Today you will also have your lab notebook returned. My score was a __/10.
2. Pleaase hand in homework 1.4 into your class tray.
3. Preparedness check: be sure you have a pencil, packet, scientific calculator, lab notebook, 3 ring binder, looseleaf
paper, and your homework done. Your 3 ring binder should have all returned papers in chronological order, with no
loose papers. Your lab notebook should be in chronlogical order with an organizational system, and each class day
should include extensive notes.
3. 1. Long term lab observations. See comments and modify your observations accordingly.
2. Demonstration: 1.x:
Be sure to note any observations during this demonstration. The goal is to write a balanced chemical equation based
on observation and the location of the reactants on the periodic table, as well as the HONC rule.
3. Introduction to Chewmistry Review
4. Homework 1.4: Study for Unit 1 Test next class. Also, note that your 3 ring binder will be collected during the test.
How to Ace the Introduction to Chemistry Test HTAI unit 1

include “I don’t get it” links
idea- meet in computer lab and do stuff online....perhaps an interactive practice quiz.
definitely include a checklist, that may be worth points.
☐☐ sdfsadf
☐☐ sacasc
☐☐ sdfsdf
How to Ace the Introduction to Chemistry Test
In this unit we surveyed the field of chemistry- what it is, what a chemist does, and we began to answer the essential ques
this unit: what is everything made out of?
To ace the test, a good place to start is with a
self assessment: Check off what you know and checklist link to i DONT GET IT
review what you dont demonstrations labs worksheets homework
1.1 water into wine 1.1 flame lab 1.1 safety contract
next: sample questions on topics...link to I dont get it...but how to make this
interactive?? maybe by making the class answer the questions, not me....small
groups, for example.
idea: have sample questions for everything with popup answers.
We
How to Ace the Introductory Chemistry Test: Sample questions
question answer I don’t get it
what is chemistry?
What is matter?
What are the products of the combus-
tion of methanol?
What is the structure of ethanol?
What is the molecular formula for
methanol
What is the shorthand bond notation for
isopropanol?
Which alcohol burns clear blue
What is the secret to the water into wine
demonstration??
Is the rock candy experiiment based on
physical or chemical change?
l2 only: what is viscosity?
l2 only: what is solubility?
l2 only what is density
Why are some liquids insoluble in oth-
ers?
What is an emulsion?f
L1 only: Draw a carboxylic acid
L1 only: Draw an alcohol
L1 only: H3COCH3 is an ______
L1 only: What is oxidation state?
L1 only: What is a trans alkene?
L1 only: Draw a seondary amide
L1 only: List the funtional groups by
increasing oxidation state
Is a perfect vacuum matter?
Is a black hole matter?
I study the effect of steroids on humans;
I am a ________ chemist
I study silver... I am a ___chemist
wrapped things up by reviewingwebsite

a brief blog
version
indexofperiodic
the scientific method,
table calculator and software
formulas the difference between
update guide more page 34 accurac
and precision. In unit 2 we will explore data- how it is collected, and how it is analyzed.
How to Ace the Introductory Chemistry Test: Sample questions
question answer I don’t get it
namme a branch of science more basic
than chemistry
List the branches of science from most
applied to most basic
l1 only: What is the bay region theory of
chemical carciogenesis
Why were all the chimney sweeps dying
in the earyly 20th century?
What is our simple scientific method?
Give an example of a negaitve control for
a pain research study
Give an example of a positve control
for an experiment designed to produce
bubble gum that produces big bubbles
What is a synonym for a negative control
Why are negative controls important for
most drug studies?
How many bonds does nitrogen typi-
cally form
What is a useful mnemonic device for
the bonding patterns of hydrogen, onxy-
gen, nitrogen, and carbon?
Who wrote “The Skepical Chymist”
l2 only: Why are peer reviewed sources
important?
safety questions
questions that put concepts together
additional topics covered in class:
why is chemistry awesome?
Lesson 1.6: Introduction to Chemistry Test
Day 5
Today we take our first test. Note that if you are not satisfied with your score you are allowed two restests per quarter,
and they are not averaged- the higher score prevails. If you have missed a class or even several classes, take the test
anyhow- it will help you do well on the makeup.
Schedule:
demonstation: no demonstrations today.
1. Please do not make any written observations today in your lab notebook; be ready to go at the bell.
This is our review day. Note that even if you missed classes you take the test. Students are allowed 2 retests per quar-
ter; higher score prevails.
1. Homework 1.4 returned, or get it from the class out tray. My score was a /5. Chronologically place your homework
in your 3 ring binder.
2. Pleaase have your 3 ring binder out; it will be collected during the test.
3. Preparedness check: be sure you have a pencil, packet, scientific calculator, lab notebook, 3 ring binder, looseleaf
paper, and your homework done. Your 3 ring binder should have all returned papers in chronological order, with no
loose papers. Your lab notebook should be in chronlogical order with an organizational system, and each class day
should include extensive notes.
4. If time allows we will have a brief review- come prepared with questions.
5. Unit test- take your test seats using the charts below
6. Homework 1.6:
Test Seating Charts
Index
2-methylpropane C G
2-propanol
carbonyl grading policy
A carboxylic acid (L1)
chemistry H
acetic acid definition
acetone branches of hand jam
alcohol (L1) analytical
alkane (L1) biological
bond angle forensic hatch and wedge notation
alkene inorganic heteroatoms
cis medicinal hexane
trans nuclear HONC
alkyne (L1) organic Honey
bond angle physical
in context How to ace it
American Health
cis-alkene (L1) hydrogen
Foundation climbing
Amide (L1) hydrogen peroxide
primary combustion
conclusion hypothesis
secondary control
tertiary cyclic molecules I
quaternary cyclobutane
amine (L1) cyclohexane I don’t get it
primary inquiry based learning
secondary D
tertiary isobutane
quaternary density isomers
analytical chemistry dihydrodiol epoxide (L1) isopropanol
anthracene dishwashing liquid
applied science double bonds
Aristolochia clematitis J
aspririn E
ball and stick model
basic science K
bay region theory ethylene glycol
benchmark explicit bond notation
benzaldehyde ester(L1) Karo Syrup
benzo(a)pyrene ethanol kerosene
benzo(b)fluoranthene ether (L1)
ethyl acetate ketone (L1)
biochemistry ethylamine
biology experiment
birthwort L
bond angles F
Boyle, Robert lamp oli
branches of chemistry finger jam
bucket hold law
burn flame
food coloring layback
butane forensic chemistry
butanol furaneol
website blog index periodic table calculator formulas software updateMguide more page 38
propanol single bonds
makeup tests
mass Q Skeptical Chymist, The
mathematics recrystallization sloper
matter rock candy social science
medicinal chemistry Ry G. Biv solubility
methanol rubbing alcohol space filling model
molecular formula S stereochemistry
molecular model scientific method structural isomers
secondary amine (L1) sucrose
N seed syllabus
shorthand bond notation
natural products single bonds T
Skeptical Chymist, The
n-butane sloper tardy policy
n-butanol social science tertiary amide (L1)
n-hexane solubility tertirary amine (L1)
negative control space filling model tetrahedral
nitrogen stereochemistry theory
n-propanol structural isomers trans-alkene (L1)
nuclear chemistry sucrose triethylamine
nucleation syllabus triple bonds
O T U
o-acetylsalicylic acid
observations tardy policy V
organic chemistry tertiary amide (L1)
oxidation tertirary amine (L1) vegetable oil
oxidation state (L1) tetrahedral
oxygen theory
trans-alkene (L1) W
P triethylamine
palytoxin triple bonds water
physical chemistry water insoluble
physics U wedge and hatch notation
positive control whoosh bottle
primary amide (L1) V why chemistry is awesome
primary amine (L1) X
software update guide more page 39
propane website blog index periodic table calculator formulas
vegetable oil Y
Supplementary Material for Unit 1: Introduction to Chemistry
dont forget makeup form and letter of recommendation form, notebook check form;
discuss these forms in syllabus
dont forget to add in the news schedule to unit 2...Survey
survey question- do you own a laptop or could you bring one to class?
is there a student in this class youd like to work with?
seating chart
survey
letter or recommendation form
for rainbow lab- have lots of examples of research papers. Put exemplar on wall.
Lab Assistant Guide for Chapter 1: Introduction to Chem- to hear our specials?
istry Wife: The lady would not, pal. Water (point to the glass)
demonstration 1.1 (waiter pours)
An Activity Book
Waiter: And for the gentleman?
Day 1: Water into wine demonstration, whoosh bottle
Separate book for l2, l1, honors?
Husband (act indecisive): Oh I don’t know...honey, what
demonstration
Note: lots more pictures: should
pass theI Rosie test
get?
The water into wine demonstration requires several
Homework is screencasts
Wife: Show some backbone, George! Be a real man!
unique glasses and a few chemicals. It is set up to look like
Insert seating charts; have a page for custom spines;
Make your ownlaminated periodic
big decisions!
someone ordering something to drink at a restaurant
Tables Husband (meekly): I guess I’ll have a glass of water
Materials:
Plant lab day 1 Wife shakes her head in shame
tablecloth
Makeup form Waiter: An excellent decision! (He pours)
place setting for two (plates, forks, spoons, knives, water
Dr. Harry Brielmann
Husband: Wait...I don’t know...maybe I should get some-
glasses, vase with flower, fake menu)
series of glasses: water pitcher, water glass, wine glass, thing else
Specially Prepared
Wife:for:
You’re pathetic
champagne glass, milk glass, margarita glass (one of each)
chemicals for “tricks” Husband: Do you sell wine?
one small bottle of dilute phenolphthalein solution, one Waiter (starting to get impatient) Vin rouge, ordinaire,
small bottle of concentrated sulfuric acid, one small bottle chateuneuf-du-pape, sil vous plait
of 6M or stronger NaOH solution, barium sulfate, baking Wife: this is america, pal. English. He’ll have red wine
Notebook Check Waiter: But of course (he pours)
sodaDate Score, comments
Preparation: Husband: Of I forgot...red wine gives me gas
Set up demonstration table so it looks like dinner for two Wife: You’re useless
at a restaurant. Husband: Can I have a martini?
Add to each glass Waiter: claro que si!
1. water pitcher: add 10 drops of phenolphthalein solu- wife: thats spanish
tion, fill water pitcher with tap water waiter: the lady must be mistaken (he pours)
2. water glasss- dont add anything husband: I’m not sure...it is my birthday
2. Wine glass: Add ten drops of the strong NaOH solution wife: so what?
to the wine glass waiter: you must have champagne! He pours
3. Martini glass: Add 15 drops of the strong sulfuric acid wife: why did you do that? Just give him a glass of milk
4. champagne glass: Add 1 teaspoon to bottom of cham- waiter: Are all you americans like this? (he pours)
pagne glass husband: I don’t know...
5. milk glass: Add 1/2 teaspoon of solid barium nitrate wife: George!
6. Barium nitrate: Add alot- 1 teaspoon - of the strong Waiter: the only drink we have left is a strawberry mar-
sodium hydroxide solution garita
husband: gee, I don’t-
All of these glasses can be arranged in order somewhere Wife (interrupting) HE’LL TAKE IT!
near the demonstration table Waiter pours
Wife: You should go back to france
Script Waiter: I’m from branford
husband: I’m really not thirsty
One male and one female student volunteers sit at the Stand up side by side and bow
table. They are husband and wife and they are having
dinner at a local restaurant. The man is indecisive and the
woman is not a very nice person.
Waiter: Welcome to SBC! I am Dr B, and I have a bad

french accent. Would the madamoiselle care for somthing
to drink
Wife: You’re french?
Waiter: Oui!
Wife: You don’t sound french
website
Waiter: As I said, I have a bad accent. index periodic
blogWould the lady table calculator formulas software update guide more
care page 43
lab assistant guide
Thanks for volunteering to be the lab assistant this year
Your job:
1. Help prepare demonstrations and labs
2. Help clean up
3. Keep the stockroom organized- this may require some set-up at the beginning of the year
3. Independent study: You can
create your own demonstrations for next year
create your own laboratory experiments for next year
come up with your own research ideas for independent study. This can lead to a published research paper.
At the beginning of the year think about what you’d like to do for your independent study. We’ll outline it and come up
with a plan.
Each day you arrive you’ll have some brief instructions for your daily assignment- usually lab preparation and cleanup.
We’ll also schedule your long term independent study plans
The most important thing is to work safely. You will be working independently and must err on the side of caution:
safety glasses, gloves are a must. Always assume chemicals are toxic. Interrupt me at any time to ask questions.
Common items- have these in a easy to find place in the stockroom:

Aluminum foil
Plastic cups
Spoons
matches
baking soda, vinegar, sugar, sand
aluminum foil
demonstration 1.2
Whoosh bottle demonstration
Big plastic jug (“carboy”)
100 mL methanol or ethanol
Safety shield
Place dry carboy in front of shield. Add enough methanol to cover bottom- about 25 mL. Cover loosely and
swoosh it around to coat the sides. Have a charcoal lighter (the lighters with the triggers( ready). Uncover and
Light lighter right over the carboy. A big flame should erupt- fairly violent and shocking. Point out the water
remaining to the class. If you want you can “pour” out the co2 gas to extinguish a flame at the end.
lab 1.1 flame test lab

students identify unknown liquids by flame color. they will need
aluminum foil
1 bottle each of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, butanol, water
matches
lab 1.2 Plant lab

Student grow a mystery plant throughout the year. They will need
1. A plastic cup
2. Seeds
3. Dirt
The sodium salt of phenolphthalein (which you just drew above) is a vivid pink substance- hence the rose wine.
Thus phenolphthalein solutions are colorless in acidic pH, and pink when basic. This makes them useful as indi-
cators, much like pH paper.
3. Martini: A martini is colorless. How can we make our pink phenolphthalein solution colorless? (Hint: reacting
it with base made it pink).
Answer:___________________________________
For this we use sulfuric acid. Write out the products for this double replacement reaction: (Hint: remember what
acids do).
lamp oil
rubbing alcohol
vegetable oil
water
dishwashing soap
karo syrup
honey

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Lesson Demonstrations Labs Homework

“Chemists are a strange class of mortals, impelled by an almost maniacal

letter of recommendation form

What is everything made out of?

What to bring to class

1. An up to date 3 ring binder with all materials ordered by date

Absences and Makeup Tests

Ipods and Cellphones

Homework Check: My score: _____/5

Each of you will be given the six suhstances shown below:

2. Data: Create a table summarizing your data.

3. Here are our conclusions with primary evidence for each.

4. Final answers: 1._______ 2.__________ 3.___________ 4.

needs lots of work

molecular formula Drawing Chemical

2. There is one other way C2H6O can be assembled with the

Are there isomers? Draw

Eventually your plant grows to look like this:

A literature search shows that your seed is Aristalochia clema-

Lesson 1.3 what do chemists do?

rock candy lab

Chemistry Lesson 1.1

The study of matter

Click on this slide to see the screencast.

Is it matter? You? Yes Air? Yes An idea? No

Anger? No Religion? No A perfect vacuum? No

4. What do chemists do? They all Study matter

The Branches of chemistry

I study fruit flies bio I study gold inorganic

Where does chemistry fit in?

Chemistry is the central science

Just as chemistry is based on math and physics, biology relies on

Why were the chimney sweeps dying?

Note the number of bonds:

explicit and shorthand notation

Stereochemistry (L1 only)

Carbon-based bond angles

othing to do with chemistry story...rappelling, etc...hand jamming

Materials (May vary)

solubilities: s = soluble, ss = slightly soluble, i

1. List your ingredients by increasing viscosity:

write a research paper describing the effect of viscosity, densi

amine aldehyde ketone amide carboxylic acid

n-butane isobutane cyclobutane

diethyl ether n-butanol

common aldehydes and ketones

formaldehyde benzaldehyde acetone methyl ethyl ketone

How to Ace the Introduction to Chemistry Test HTAI unit 1

idea: have sample questions for everything with popup answers.

wrapped things up by reviewingwebsite

Test Seating Charts

Waiter: Welcome to SBC! I am Dr B, and I have a bad

Common items- have these in a easy to find place in the stockroom:

lab 1.1 flame test lab

lab 1.2 Plant lab

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4. Final answers: 1._ 2. 3._______ 4.