05 SEP-603B Diff Protection RET 670

Substation Automation and RET 670
Protection Training Transformer Protection

Differential
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

1
RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection
Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

Two-winding or three-winding
Two-winding variant up to 4 three-phase CT inputs
Three-winding variant up to 6 three-phase CT inputs
T2D1- T3D1-
T2WPDIF T3WPDIF
I3PW1CT1 I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2 I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1 I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2 I3PW2CT2
I3PW3CT1
I3PW3CT2

2

Two-winding connections
Single CT on both sides
T2D1-
T2WPDIF
I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2

3

Two-winding connections
2 CTs, on one or both sides
T2D1-
T2WPDIF
I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2

4

Up to two instances
Can protect two objects with one RET 670 IED, or one object that
changes status
Two transformers
Generator / transformer separately
Generating status / pumping status for pump storage unit
Internal adaptation to power transformer vector group, turns ratio and CT
ratios
Tap changer position monitoring for increased sensitivity

5

Unbalance currents due to factors other than faults
Currents that flow on only one side of the power transformer
Magnetizing currents that flow on only the power source side
Normal magnetizing currents
Inrush magnetizing currents
Overexcitation magnetizing currents
Currents that cannot be transformed to the other windings
Zero sequence currents
Error in the power transformer turns ratio due to OLTC
Inequality of the instrument current transformers
Different ratings of current transformers
Different types of current transformers

6

Unbalance currents due to factors other than faults (cont.)
Different relative loads on instrument transformers
Different relative currents on CT primaries
Different relative burdens on CT secondaries
Different DC time constants of the fault currents
Different time of occurrence, and degree, of CT saturation

7

Functionality
Fundamental frequency differential currents (per phase) calculated
as the vector sum of the fundamental frequency current contributions
from all sides of the transformer all current contributions are referred
to a common reference first
Phase reference: first star-connected winding (HVMV LV),
otherwise if no star winding, first delta-connected winding (HV
MV LV)
For example, if the power transformer is Yd1, the HV winding
(Y) is taken as the phase reference winding; if the power
transformer is Dy1, then the LV winding (y) is taken as the
phase reference; if there is no star-connected winding, such
as in Dd0, then the HV delta-connected winding (D) is
automatically chosen as the phase reference
All current contributions are phase shifted with reference to

the phase reference side

8

Functionality
Magnitude reference: first winding (usually HV)
The magnitudes of all current contributions are referred to
the magnitude reference side (i.e. W1), i.e. the magnitudes
of all current contributions from all other sides are always
transferred to the W1 side
It is for this reason that all differential currents are normally
expressed in HV-side primary Amperes

9

Functionality
In numerical differential protections, conversion of all current
contributions to the phase and magnitude reference sides is
performed mathematically by pre-programmed coefficient matrices,
which depend on the protected power transformer transformation ratio
and vector group connection
Once the power transformer vector group, rated currents and rated
voltages have been entered by the user, the differential protection
calculates off-line the matrix coefficients, which are then used in the
on-line calculations

10

Functionality
Two-winding transformer
Contribution Contribution
from W1 from W2
side to side to
differential differential
Differential
currents currents
currents (in
W1-side DCCL1_W1 DCCL1_W2
primary DCCL2_W1 DCCL2_W2
amperes) DCCL3_W1 DCCL3_W2

11

Functionality
Three-winding transformer
Contribution Contribution Contribution

from W1 from W2 from W3
side to side to side to
differential differential differential
Differential
currents currents currents
currents (in
W1-side DCCL1_W1 DCCL1_W2 DCCL1_W3
primary DCCL2_W1 DCCL2_W2 DCCL2_W3
amperes) DCCL3_W1 DCCL3_W2 DCCL3_W3

12

Functionality
Values for the A, B, C matrix coefficients depend on
Winding connection type, i.e. star (Y/y) or delta (D/d)
Transformer vector group, i.e. Yd1, Dy11 (which introduces a
phase shift between winding currents in multiples of 30)
Zero sequence current elimination set On / Off

13

Functionality
On-line compensation for on-load tap-changer (OLTC) movement
The OLTC is a mechanical device that is used to stepwise
change the number of turns within one power transformer winding
consequently the overall turns ratio of the transformer is
changed
Typically the OLTC is located on the HV winding (i.e. W1) by
stepwise increasing or decreasing the number of HV winding
turns, it is possible to stepwise regulate the LV-side voltage
As the turns ratio (transformation ratio) changes from the
nominal, the actual primary currents flowing will automatically
adjust in accordance with the actual turns ratio
Turns ratio = NLV/NHV

and
IHVNHV = ILVNLV

14

Functionality
However, as the transformation ratio changes from the nominal
NLV/NHV = Ur_W2 / Ur_W1
the differential function will calculate a resulting differential

current if the ratio Ur_W2 / Ur_W1 is fixed in the calculation
The differential function in IED 670 has a built-in feature to

continuously monitor the tap position and to dynamically

compensate on-line for changes in the power transformer turns
ratio

15

Functionality
Setting parameters define on which winding the OLTC is located,
and what the no-load voltage change is for a tap step
By knowing the actual tap position, the differential function can
then calculate the correct no-load voltage for the winding on
which the OLTC is located
For example, if the OLTC is located on the HV winding (W1), the
no-load voltage Ur_W1 will be treated as a function of the actual
tap position, and therefore for every tap position the
corresponding value for Ur_W1 will be calculated and used in the
differential current calculation

16

Functionality
By doing this, complete on-line compensation for OLTC
movement is achieved the differential protection will be ideally
balanced for every tap position and no false differential current
will appear irrespective of the actual tap position
Typically, the minimum differential protection pickup for power
transformers with OLTC is set between 30% to 40% - however,
with the OLTC compensation feature it is possible to set the
differential protection in IED 670 to more sensitive pickup values
of 15% to 20%

17

Functionality
Two-winding differential protection in IED 670 can compensate
on-line for one OLTC on the protected power transformer
Three-winding differential protection in IED 670 can compensate
on-line for up to two OLTCs on the protected power transformer

18

Functionality
OLTC position is determined within IEC 670 by function block
YLTC
Within this function block, the OLTC position value is
continuously monitored to ensure its integrity if any error with
the OLTC position value is detected an alarm will be given which
should be connected to the applicable OLTCxAL input of the
differential protection function block
Whenever an OLTCxAL input has a logical value 1, the
differential protection minimum pickup, originally defined by
setting parameter IdMin, will be increased by the set range of the
OLTC

19

Functionality
Differential current alarm
The fundamental frequency differential current level is monitored
all the time within the differential function as soon as all three
fundamental frequency differential currents are above a set
threshold, defined by setting parameter IDiffAlarm, a delay on
pickup timer is started; when the pre-set time, defined by setting
parameter tAlarmDelay, expires, the differential current alarm will
be generated and the output signal IDALARM will be set to logical
value 1
This feature can be effectively used to provide an alarm when
OLTC position compensation is used and something in the whole
compensation chain goes wrong
This alarm can also be used to desensitize the differential

function (with some additional IED configuration logic that
connects the IDALARM output to an OLTCxAL input)

20

Functionality
Bias current
Single circuit breaker applications
Calculated as the highest fundamental frequency current
amongst all the current contributions to the differential
current calculation
This highest individual current contribution is taken as the
single common bias current for all three phases
DCCL1_W1 DCCL1_W2
= DCCL2_W1 + DCCL2_W2
DCCL3_W1 DCCL3_W2

21

Functionality
Bias current
Single circuit breaker applications
The current contributions from all windings are already
referred to the magnitude reference (W1) side (for this
reason, the bias current is usually expressed in HV-side
primary Amperes) and can therefore be directly compared
regarding their magnitudes
i.e. Ibias = MAX [DCCLx_W1; DCCLx_W2]


22

Functionality
Through-fault stability for multi-breaker arrangements
Ideal CTs, external current summation
+A
+B Idiff
-A -B
To Diff Prot
+A -A -B -B
IDIFF = +B -B = 0
IBIAS = MAX(-B; +B)
Ibias

23

Functionality
Real CTs, external current summation
+A
+B Idiff
-A -B
To Diff Prot
+A -A -B error -B error
IDIFF = +B -B error = error

IBIAS = MAX(-B error; +B)
Ibias

24

Functionality
Real CTs, internal current summation
+A
+B Idiff
-A -B
To RET 670
+A
-A -B error
T2D1
to IBIAS calculation Ibias

to IDIFF & IBIAS calculation

IDIFF = +A -A -B error +B = error
IBIAS = MAX(-B error; +B; +A; -A -B error)

25

Functionality
Bias current
Multiple circuit breaker applications, on any or all sides
From any side, the current contributions from the two T-side
CTs are included in the bias current calculation, as well as
the resultant current contribution for that transformer winding
(which is the calculated sum of the two separate CT
contributions)
to IBIAS calculation
to IDIFF & IBIAS calculation

26

Functionality
Bias current
IL1_W1CT1 DCCL1_W1CT1
From W1 CT1: A* IL2_W1CT1 = DCCL2_W1CT1

From W1 CT2: A* IL2_W1CT2 = DCCL2_W1CT2

From W2 CT1: (Ur_W2 / Ur_W1) * B * IL2_W2CT1 = DCCL2_W2CT1

From W2 CT2: (Ur_W2 / Ur_W1) * B * IL2_W2CT2 = DCCL2_W2CT2


27

Functionality
Bias current
Therefore, in principle, want to include the following
contributions in the bias current calculation
DCCLx_W1CT1/2; DCCLx_W2CT1/2;
DCCLx_W1CT1+DCCLxW1CT2; DCCLxW2CT1+DCCLxW2CT2
However, for applications with two restraint CT inputs on one
side (such as for breaker-and-a-half applications), the
primary ratings of the CTs can be much higher than the
rating of the protected power transformer
In order to determine the bias current for such T-
configurations, the currents flowing on the T-side can be
separately scaled by an additional setting this is done in

order to prevent unwanted de-sensitizing (over-biassing) of
the overall differential protection

28

Functionality
Bias current
When 1pu primary current flows through the T-side CT, want
this to contribute a 1pu component to the bias calculation
e.g.
Irated pri_CT = 1000A
Irated_W1 = 500A
1000/1 Irated_W1 = 500A


29

Functionality
Bias current
If no other action were taken, the contribution to the bias
calculation from the 1000A (= 1pu of the CT primary rating)
flowing through the T-side CT would be
= 1000A (= 2pu!!!)
Ibias (pu) = Ibias (pri A) / IBase, where IBase = Irated_W
Therefore, a scaling factor needs to be introduced (setting
parameters CT1RatingW1, CT2RatingW1, CT1RatingW2,
CT2RatingW2)
By applying the scaling factor, the contribution to the bias
calculation from the 1000A flowing through the T-side CT is

then determined as follows:
(I / CT1RatingW1)*Irated_W1 = (1000/1000)*500
= 500A (=1pu!!!)

30

Functionality
Bias current
curr(1) = MAX [DCCLx_W1CT1 + DCCLx_W1CT2]
curr(2) = MAX [DCCLx_W2CT1 + DCCLx_W2CT2]
curr(3) = MAX [DCCLx_W1CT1] * (1 / CT1RatingW1) * RatedCurrentW1
curr(4) = MAX [DCCLx_W1CT2] * (1 / CT2RatingW1) * RatedCurrentW1
curr(5) = MAX [DCCLx_W2CT1] * (Ur_W1 / Ur_W2) * (1 / CT1RatingW2) * RatedCurrentW1
curr(6) = MAX [DCCLx_W2CT2] * (Ur_W1 / Ur_W2) * (1 / CT2RatingW2) * RatedCurrentW1
i.e. Ibias = MAX [curr(1);.curr(6)]


31

Functionality
Zero sequence current elimination
Selectable (per winding) Setting: On / Off per winding
Elimination of the zero sequence currents is necessary to avoid
unwanted trips for external earth faults whenever
The protected power transformer cannot transform the zero
sequence currents to the other side
The zero sequence currents can only flow on one side of the
protected power transformer
The zero sequence currents should be subtracted from the side
of the power transformer where the zero sequence currents can
flow for external earth faults

32

Functionality
In most cases power transformers do not properly transform the
zero sequence currents to the other side a typical example is a
power transformer of the star-delta type (e.g. YNd1)
Transformers of this type do not transform the zero sequence
currents, but zero sequence currents can flow in the earthed star-
connected winding (e.g. an external earth fault on the star-side
causes zero sequence currents to flow on the star-side, but not
on the delta-side)

33

Functionality
This results in false differential currents that consist exclusively of
the zero sequence currents if high enough, these false
differential currents can result in the unwanted operation of the
differential function (and unwanted disconnection of the healthy
power transformer)
The star-winding zero sequence currents must therefore be
subtracted from the fundamental frequency differential currents if
an unwanted trip is to be avoided
For delta-windings, this feature should be enabled only if an
earthing transformer exists within the differential zone on the
delta-side of the protected power transformer

34

Functionality
If the zero sequence currents are subtracted from the current
contribution of any side to the differential currents, they are
automatically eliminated from the bias current contribution as well
Removing the zero sequence current from the differential
currents decreases to some extent the sensitivity of the
differential protection for internal earth faults
However, the automatic subtraction of the zero sequence
currents from the bias current as well counteracts this effect to
some degree
DCCL1_W1 DCCL1_W2
= DCCL2_W1 + DCCL2_W2
DCCL3_W1 DCCL3_W2

35

Functionality
Three-section operate/restrain characteristic
Highset unrestrained limit
Reset ratio 0.95
Idiff
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
Idunre Settings:
IdMin
IdUnre
Slope Slope EndSection1
Section 2 Section 3
EndSection2
SlopeSection2
Idmin
SlopeSection3
End of End of Ibias
Section 1 Section 2

36

Functionality
Unrestrained (i.e. non-stabilized) limit
This limit determines the pickup (operate) threshold for big
differential currents for which there should be no doubt that the
fault is internal
This limit is constant
For measured differential currents greater than this limit,
instantaneous tripping is allowed, i.e. no supervision by blocking
criteria (waveform or harmonic restrain) is applied

37

Functionality
Restrained (i.e. stabilized) characteristic
This characteristic determines the pickup (operate) threshold for
differential currents with magnitude less than the unrestrained
limit it is possible for these differential currents to occur and
cause pickup for reasons other than internal faults
The pickup (operate) threshold is mostly not constant, as after
Section 1 it increases with increasing bias current magnitude in
this way the magnitudes of the individual fundamental frequency
differential currents are compared to an adaptive limit that is
dependent on the bias (i.e. restrain) current magnitude
Following a start (pickup), blocking criteria (waveform and
harmonic restrain) are applied before tripping is permitted, i.e. a
trip will only be released if not prevented by one of the blocking

criteria

38

Functionality
Section 1
Most sensitive part
Characteristic a straight line
Current flow normal load current
Typical reason for existence of false differential currents in
this section is non compensation for tap position
Section 2
First slope (low percentage)
Caters for false differential currents when higher than normal
currents flow through the current transformers

39

Functionality
Section 3
Second slope (higher percentage)
Provides higher tolerance to substantial current transformer
saturation for high through fault currents, which can be
expected in this section
The characteristic settings should be made such that
for internal faults, the differential currents are always safely
above the characteristic
for external faults, any unwanted (false) differential currents
are always safely below the characteristic

40

Functionality
Blocking criteria (phase segregated)
The two blocking criteria are the waveform restrain and the
harmonic restrain these two criteria have the power to block
(i.e. to prevent) a trip command being given by the differential
protection whose operate-restrain characteristic has measured an
operate condition (registered a start)
Instantaneous differential currents are calculated on which the
waveform and harmonic analyses are performed the same
matrix equations are used as for the fundamental frequency
currents, except now instantaneous values (i.e. sampled values)
are used instead

41

Functionality
Blocking criteria
Waveform restrain
Based on waveform recognition looks for the intervals
within each power system cycle with low rate-of-change in
the instantaneous differential currents that are typical to
power transformer inrush currents

42

Functionality
Blocking criteria
Waveform restrain
The waveform restrain function will activate a restrain signal
in those phases where this wave shape is detected
If the operate-restrain characteristic registers a start in a
particular phase, then the status of the waveform restrain
output for the same phase will be assessed, and if activated,
a block signal for that phase will be established
The BLKWAVLx output from the function block will only
become logic 1 if the waveform restrain output in phase Lx is
activated, and the operate-restrain characteristic has
registered a start in the same phase

43

Functionality
Blocking criteria
Harmonic restrain
Required to prevent unwanted tripping due to magnetizing
inrush currents, or due to magnetizing currents caused by
overvoltages magnetizing currents flow only on one side of
a power transformer, and are therefore always a cause of
false differential currents
Harmonic analysis (2nd and 5th harmonic) is performed on the
instantaneous differential currents, but only after the operate-
restrain characteristic has registered a start i.e. if the
operate-restrain characteristic registers a start in a particular
phase, then the harmonic analysis on the instantaneous
differential current in that phase will be started (phase

segregated)

44

Functionality
Blocking criteria
Harmonic restrain
For example, if the operate-restrain characteristic has
registered a start in phase L1, then the harmonic analysis on
the instantaneous differential current in phase L1 will be
started if the content of the 2nd harmonic in the
instantaneous differential current of this phase is above the
setting I2/I1Ratio, then a block signal for this phase will be
established

45

Functionality
Blocking criteria
Cross-blocking between phases
If a blocking condition is established in any phase, this phase
can cross this blocking condition to the other phases, i.e. a
phase may only cross-block the other phases if it itself is
blocked (and it can only be blocked if its operate-restrain
characteristic first registered a start)
IdiffL1 IdiffL2/3
Phase L1
blocked
cross-block
Ibias Ibias

46

Functionality
Blocking criteria
Waveform inrush
Settings: None
2nd harmonic inrush, CT saturation
Settings: settable level in % of fundamental
5th harmonic overexcitation
Settings: settable level in % of fundamental
Cross-blocking between phases
Setting: On / Off

47

Overview of traditional transformer differential protection function
Blocking condition:
&
2nd harmonic, 5th harmonic
waveblock, cross block
restrained 1 TRIP
unrestrained
START

48

Functionality
Switch on to fault feature
The transformer differential function in IED 670 has a built-in
switch on to fault feature that ensures quick differential protection
tripping in cases where a transformer is energized with an
internal fault
This feature can be enabled or disabled by a setting parameter
SOTFMode
The principle of operation is based on the fact that a current gap
will exist within the first power system cycle when a healthy
power transformer is energized, and conversely will not exist if
the power transformer is unhealthy (is switched on to a fault)

49

Functionality
Switch on to fault feature
If this gap does not exist, the waveblock criterion will reset
quickly, i.e. within a time window that started when the
transformer was switched in
This quick resetting (within the time window) of the waveblock
criterion will temporarily disable the second harmonic blocking
feature, which then ensures fast operation of the transformer
differential function for a switch on to fault condition
This feature is only active during initial power transformer
energizing
When the switch on to fault feature is disabled, or once the time
window following switch-in has elapsed, the waveblock and
second harmonic blocking features work in parallel and are

completely independent of each other

50

Internal / External fault discriminator
Fault position (internal / external) can be determined by comparing the
direction of flow of the negative sequence currents on all sides of the
transformer
This is done by simply determining the position of the source of the
negative sequence currents with respect to the zone of protection
the source of the negative sequence currents is at the point of fault
External fault: the negative sequence currents will have a relative
phase displacement of 180
Internal fault: the negative sequence currents will have a relative
phase displacement of about 0

51

What about transformation ratio and phase shift?
Before comparison, the negative sequence current contributions must
first be referred to the same phase reference, and put to the same
magnitude reference
Modern numerical transformer differential relays use matrix equations
to compensate for vector group and turns ratio
Negative sequence differential current contributions can be calculated
using the same matrix equations in this way all negative sequence
current contributions are automatically compensated for power
transformer vector group and turns ratio
The 0 / 180 criterion is then still valid

52

Example YNd5 transformer
IDL1 _ NS 2 1 1 INS _ W 1 1 0 1 INS _ W 2

IDL 2 _ NS = 1 1 2 1 a INS _ W 1 + Ur _ W 2 1 1 1 0 a INS _ W 2
3 Ur _ W 1 3
IDL3 _ NS 1 1 2 a 2 INS _ W 1 0 1 1 a 2 INS _ W 2
NS contribution from W1 NS contribution from W2
NS
side to NS side to NS
differential
differential differential
current
currents currents

53

Two-winding transformers
Operation of the internal / external fault discriminator is based on
the relative position of the two phasors representing the HV/LV
(W1/W2) negative sequence current contributions, i.e. on a
directional comparison between these two phasors
Three-winding transformers
Operation of the internal / external fault discriminator is based on
similar principles
Three directional comparisons are made

54

The Internal / External fault discriminator works equally well for
symmetrical 3-phase faults
When a symmetrical 3-phase fault occurs, negative sequence
currents (the negative sequence current source) will be present
until the dc component in the fault currents die out
This interval of time is long enough for the internal / external fault
discriminator to declare either an internal or an external fault

55

Characteristic
Settings:
IMinNegSeq
NegSeqROA

56

Operation (two-winding transformer)
The LV-side phasor is positioned along the zero degree line
then the relative position of the HV-side phasor in the complex
plain is determined
To perform the directional comparison, the magnitudes of both
phasors must be high enough to ensure that they are due to a
fault, i.e. both must be greater than the settable limit IminNegSeq
To guarantee good sensitivity, this IminNegSeq limit must not be
set too high
If the magnitude of any one of the phasors is below the limit, no
directional comparison will be made the internal / external fault
discriminator will not operate during transformer energization
(inrush)
The settable relay operate angle NegSeqROA determines the
boundary between the internal and external fault regions

57

CT saturation
During heavy faults, CT saturation might cause the measured
phase angle to differ from 180 for external faults, and from about
0 for internal faults
Effective means to counteract the negative effects of main CT
saturation have been integrated into the algorithm
At heavy faults, approximately 5ms time-to-saturation of the main
CT is sufficient in order to produce a correct discrimination
between internal and external faults

58

Features of Internal / External fault discriminator
Discriminates between internal and external faults with very high
dependability
Detects even minor faults with high sensitivity and high speed
High performance differential protection is achieved by combining the
good properties of traditional differential protection with advanced
features of the internal / external fault discriminator
Unrestrained negative sequence differential protection
Sensitive negative sequence protection

59

Unrestrained negative sequence differential protection
A start from the ordinary differential protection is required to
activate the unrestrained negative sequence differential
protection
If the internal / external fault discriminator categorizes this same
fault as internal, the blocking supervision is bypassed, and the
trip output is generated without any further delay
This logic guarantees a fast operating time, even for heavy
internal faults with severely saturated current transformers
harmonic distortions do not slow down the differential protection
operation
If the fault is categorized as external, the traditional differential
protection is NOT blocked, but additional trip criteria are posed to

ensure high external fault stability

60

Overview of unrestrained negative sequence differential protection in
conjunction with traditional transformer differential protection
Blocking condition:
&
Neg Seq Int /

Ext Fault internal
Discriminator &
restrained 1 TRIP
unrestrained
START

61

Sensitive negative sequence protection
Gives sensitive turn-to-turn fault protection
Independent from the traditional differential protection
No start from the ordinary differential protection is required to
activate the sensitive negative sequence differential protection
If the internal / external fault discriminator categorizes the
disturbance as internal, a separate trip request is placed this
trip request must be confirmed several times in succession before
the final trip request is placed this security feature results in an
increase in the operating time
Nevertheless, an operating time of about 30-50ms is achieved for
very low-level turn-to-turn faults

62

Overview of sensitive negative sequence protection
Blocking condition:
&
Neg Seq Int / internal

Ext Fault &
I- start &
Discriminator internal
restrained 1 TRIP
unrestrained
START

63

Functionality
Open CT detection feature
The purpose of the open CT detection feature is to prevent a
maloperation of the transformer differential function if a loaded
main CT connected to the differential protection is by mistake
open-circuited in just one phase on the secondary side
Note: This feature is able to detect an open CT condition
(interruption) in one phase only it is not able to detect the
simultaneous interruption in two or three phases, for which
the differential function will operate and give a trip output if
the false differential current is high enough
This feature can be enabled or disabled by the setting parameter
OpenCTEnable

64

Functionality
In order to prevent an unwanted operation of the differential
function for an open-circuit condition, the open CT detection
feature must operate within 10ms, to ensure in-time blocking of
the differential function
It is required to work only during normal load conditions, and is
automatically disabled during external faults, big overloads and
inrush conditions
Its principle of operation is based on the fact that, for an
interruption in one phase, the current in that phase will suddenly
drop to zero, while the currents in the other two phases will
continue as before

65

Functionality
If the load currents are very low, or zero, an open CT condition
cannot be detected the open CT algorithm will only detect an
open CT condition if the load on the power transformer is in the
range 10 110% of the rated load
The search for an open CT condition starts 60 seconds (50
seconds in 60 Hz systems) after the bias current enters the 10
110% range

66

Functionality
If an open CT is detected, all the differential functions, except the
unrestrained (instantaneous) level, will be blocked immediately
The unrestrained level will also be blocked after a settable time
delay tOCTUnrstDelay
An alarm signal will be given after a settable delay
tOCTAlarmDelay
The open CT algorithm provides detailed information about the
location of the open CT secondary circuit
Transformer side,
CT input, and
Phase
in which the open CT condition was detected

67

Functionality
A detected open CT condition will be reset automatically by the
differential function itself once the condition has been repaired it
is not possible to externally reset the open CT detection
After reset, the open CT detection algorithm will again start to
search for an open CT condition within the protected zone

68

Functionality
The automatic reset of the open CT detection requires the
following conditions to be fulfilled
The bias current must be in the range 10 110% of the rated
load for at least one minute
The current asymmetry must disappear, i.e. the open CT
condition must be repaired
Note: not only must the current asymmetry disappear, but
current symmetry must be detected
The above two conditions must be fulfilled for the time
interval defined by the setting parameter tOCTResetDelay
the differential functions will remain blocked until this time
delay has elapsed (the reason for this is to prevent a

maloperation immediately following the reconnection of the
open CT circuit)

69


70

Simplified logic diagram for phase L1

71

Simplified logic diagram for internal / external fault discriminator
Internal/ EXTFAULT
External INTFAULT
IDNSMAG
Fault
discrimin
ator TRNSSENS
t
AND
OpNegSeqDiff=On
IBIAS
a
b>a
b
Constant
BLKNSSEN
BLKNSUNR
BLOCK
TRNSUNR
STL1 AND
STL2
OR
STL3

72

Internal grouping of Trip signals
TRIPRESL1
TRIPRESL2 TRIPRES
OR
TRIPRESL3
TRIPUNREL1
TRIPUNREL2 TRIPUNRE
OR
TRIPUNREL3
TRIP
TRNSSENS OR
TRNSUNR

73

Internal grouping of Start and Block signals
STL1
STL2 START
OR
STL3
BLK2HL1
BLK2HL2 BLK2H
OR
BLK2HL3
BLK5HL1
BLK5HL2 BLK5H
OR
BLK5HL3
BLKWAVL1
BLKWAVL2 BLKWAV
OR
BLKWAVL3

74

Differential current alarm

75

Functions blocks for two- and three-winding functions
Analog quantity
Inputs for 2-W Trip outputs Analog quantity
Inputs for 3-W
OLTC inputs
Start outputs
Block inputs OLTC inputs
Block outputs
Diff current alarm CT output

Open CT outputs
Analog quantity
outputs

76
RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection - Settings

77

Settings
General settings
Differential protection
TransformerDiff3Wind(PDIF,87T)

78
Settings
General settings

79


80
WYE (Y); Delta (D)
0 [0 deg]; 1 [30 deg lag];

2 [60 deg lag]; 3 [90 deg lag];
4 [120 deg lag]; 5 [150 deg lag];
6 [180 deg]; 7 [150 deg lead];
8 [120 deg lead]; 9 [90 deg lead];
10 [60 deg lead]; 11 [30 deg lead]

81
Off; On

82
No; Yes
No; Yes
No; Yes

83
Not Used
Winding 1 (W1)
Winding 2 (W2)
Winding 3 (W3)

84
Not Used
Winding 1 (W1)
Winding 2 (W2)
Winding 3 (W3)

85

Settings
Settings group N1
Off; On
Off; On
Off; On
Off; On
Off; On

86

Service values

87

Service values

88

Service values

89

Service values

90

91

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Substation Automation and RET 670

Protection Training Transformer Protection

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

Different types of current transformers

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

All current contributions are phase shifted with reference to

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

Contribution Contribution Contribution

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

Turns ratio = NLV/NHV

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

NLV/NHV = Ur_W2 / Ur_W1

the differential function will calculate a resulting differential

The differential function in IED 670 has a built-in feature to

continuously monitor the tap position and to dynamically

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

This alarm can also be used to desensitize the differential

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

RET 670 Transformer Differential Protection

Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)