Measurement of Process Pressure

Identify the false statement

Referring to pressure measurement, seals are sometimes fitted between the process and measuring
element because
fluctuation in fluid pressure may cause fatigue fracture in measuring element
Choose the true answer The purpose of fitting a device marked "A" in the pressure gauge is...

To protect the pressure gauge from excessive process pressure surge and fluctuations
Referring to bellows type pressure gauges, choose the false statement.
Bellow gauges cannot be used for measuring absolute pressures
A "C" type bourdon gauge consists of the following basic elements:
Bourdon tube, gears and linkages

The atmospheric pressure is the pressure that an area experiences due to the force exerted by the
atmosphere . For engineering calculations typically the pressure used is the pressure at sea level.
Typically, the quantity used for engineering calculations is 1 atm, or 101 kPa . Gauge pressure is the
pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure. In other words, how much above or below is the
pressure with respect to the atmospheric pressure. Absolute pressure is the sum of the atmospheric
pressure and the gauge pressure. If the gauge pressure has a positive value, the absolute pressure
will be greater than the atmospheric pressure. If the gauge pressure has a negative value, the
absolute pressure will be less than the atmospheric pressure. Absolute pressure can be abbreviated
by P , or just P.
abs

Measurement of Fluid Level

With reference to level measurement, capacitance probes are suitable for measuring level of ....
Solid
What are the parameters needed to select an ultrasonic Level transducer for a particular task?
Tank height, dead band and fill height.
The reflected signal received by the Ultrasonic transducer will be delayed by ___ seconds from the
transmitted signal.
(2d/v)

Level can be used to infer [mass] by calculating the volume and multiplying by the [density] and
subjected to the container [geometry] plus additional complications that [temperature] or chemical
composition may affect the [density].
What are the 3 indirect level measurement methods?
Hydrostatic head, resistance and capacitance methods.

Fluid Flow Measurement

The output signal or reading of a magnetic flowmeter is:

proportional to volumetric flow rate
A liquid flowing through the pipe has a Reynolds's number of 2000. The effect of increase in flow
velocity would be
A corresponding rise in Reynolds's number if fluid density and viscosity remain unchanged.
Match the head meter primary devices with the application (select a single best answer for each
device):
Venturi tube High pressure recovery, Orifice plate Economy and accuracy are important, Flow
nozzle Sediment in liquid
A turbine flowmeter produces an output in the form of pulses. The total number of pulses is:
Directly proportional to total flow.
A differential pressure transmitter is calibrated 0 to 80 inches of water and transmit a 4 to 20 mA dc
signal. This transmitter is placed across an orifice plate which is sized to create 80 inches of water
differential at 6 gallons per minute. What is the flow rate when the output signal is 13 mA dc?
4.5 gpm

Temperature measurement.

Thermocouples are often chosen because of

ability to measure high temperature
o o
A temperature range between 149 C to 154 C must be measured with the greatest possible
accuracy. The best choice of system would be:
a nickel RTD
o
A K-type thermocouple produces 0 mV at a hot junction temperature of 20 C. The cold junction
temperature would be:
o
20 C
Pressure type thermometers, also called filled system thermometers are used for remote recording or
indication of temperatures. All of them utilizes a bulb, connecting capillary and Bourdon tube
mechanism, responding to pressure change from volume variation, for pointer operation.
Match the LHS with RHS
Expansion type temperature measurement Bimetallic thermometer, Electrical type temperature
measurement RTD, Pressure type temperature measurement Vapour filled thermometer
Other Measurements

Viscosity is the stickiness of a fluid and arises from the cohesion and interaction between fluid
molecules. Viscosity can be affected by the change in pressure and temperature. It should be noted
that the viscosity of liquids decrease with increasing temperature.

What are the factors that can affect viscosity?

pressure and temperature
When used as a [tachometer] in measuring systems the output [voltage] from the [tachogenerator] is
measured on a conventional [voltmeter] calibrated in terms of [rotational speed].
In addition, [mechanical] type tachometers are based on [centrifugal] action, linked to produce lateral
travel.
Which of the following is NOT a tachometer?
Torductor
Gases can generally be classified as either [diamagnetic] or [paramagnetic], the former seek the
[weakest] part of a magnetic field and the latter the [strongest]. Most of the common [gas] are
diamagnetic but [oxygen] is paramagnetic and use is made of this in this type of analyser.

Alarm Circuits

Match the correct label on the following image.

A solide-state relay accomplishes the same result as the electromechanical relay but with silicon
controlled rectifiers
True
Which is not a semiconductor material?
Photo-couple
Select the most appropriate statements onto each question.
What is the weakness of Solid-State Relays? Can switch only AC or DC., What is the strength of
Solid-State Relays? Different switching modes., What is the weakness of Electromechanical
Relays? Contacts can wear out., What is the strength of Electromechanical Relays? Normally
have multithrow, multipole contact arrangements.
When alternating current solenoids are used, a very heavy initial current flows to start the solenoid
moving and if, for any reason, the solenoid cannot complete its stroke, the heavy current will damage
the coil. To overcome this problem, it is common to use the solenoid to operate a small pivot valve,
the pilot air then being applied to move the main pool.

Signal Generation & Transmission

Select the most appropriate answer for the question.

When the flapper fully block the nozzle, back pressure at the nozzle will reach maximum value., The
flapper nozzle receive 20 PSI air supply and output air signal of 3-15 psi.

The air signal produced by a flapper nozzle device is essential supplied via a restrictor, which is a
very small opening . Thus it will take a considerable amount of time for the air signal to reach a
distant instrument such as an indicator or controller.

The [LVDC] is another electrical device for sensing small [displacement] signal as in electronic
transmitter. From the [capacitor] equation below, the value of [capacitance] of two parallel plates can
be said to be dependent on the [distance] between its plate, provided all other parameters in the
equation are constant.

Which is not the advantage of Pneumatic signal?

Preparation

Pneumatics and Hydraulics

The quantity of compressed air is defined by the intake condition which relate size, capacity and
consumption., Air conditioning is to ensure the air supply is clean and dry., The quality of
compressed air requires the filtration unit to remove solid particles, oil and water.
Hydraulic filters is : a porous device to remove debris in oil., One of the tasks of fluid in a hydraulic
system is lubrication of components., The reservoir in a hydraulic system serves as: storage tank
for oil.

DCV in hydraulic circuit represents:

Directional control valve
Compressors are either arranged to run [continously], fitted with unloading devices to allow [running
light ] when pressure supply is reached, or have pre-set [cut-in and cut-out] pressure switches.
Machine capacity should be such that [50%] time loading only is required; a 3kW unit(4 bar) would
meet this criteria when delivering output of standard condition for up to [ten] instruments.
Control Valves

The type of control valve that is held open by the valve spring is classified as ____.
Air-to close

The flow rate is related to the percent the valve opening changed in an incremental manner. For
example, if the valve changed from 20% open to 30% open and produced a 70% change in flow rate.
In the event of a plant instrument [air] failure it is important that all control [valves] fail in a safe
position should fail [closed] and its coolant system valves fail [open].

In the event of a plant instrument [air] failure it is important that all control [valves] fail in a safe
position should fail [closed] and its coolant system valves fail [open].

The control valve is considered as _____ in a control system.

final control element
Calibration.

Any given instrument is prone to errors either due to aging or due to manufacturing tolerances. Here
are some of the common terms used when describing the performance of an instrument

Repeatability is caused by friction or erratic fault in system., The accuracy is stated as a % of the
range or full scale deflection., the reliability is ranging from zero to 1.0., the common cause of
Stability is adverse environment factors.

Most instruments contain a facility for making three adjustments, i.e. range, zero and scale.
False