Resin Penukar Ion

Karakteristik:

insoluble matrix (or support structure)

Butiran (1-2 mm diameter)
Diproduksi dari organic substrat polimer
Punya struktur pori di permukaan yang banyak, tempat
menangkap dan melepas ion
Umur pakai resin tergantung kualitas air yang akan
diolah. Biasanya 3 sampai 5 tahun
 Resin Penukar Kation Asam Kuat
(Strong Acid Exchanger )
typically, sulfonic acid groups, eg.
Resin Penukar sodium polystyrene sulfonate or
Kation
polyAMPS
Siklus H
Resin Penukar Kation Asam Lemah
(Weak Acid Exchanger )
Resin mostly, carboxylic acid groups
Penukar
Ion Resin Penukar Anion Basa Kuat

Resin Penukar (Strong Base Exchanger )

Anion quaternary amino groups, for
Siklus OH example, trimethylammonium
groups, eg. polyAPTAC

Resin Penukar Anion Resin Penukar Anion Basa Lemah

Siklus Cloride (Cl) (Weak Base Exchanger )
Resin Penukar Kation primary, secondary, and/or ternary
amino groups, eg. polyethylene
Siklus Sodium (Na) amine
 Resin SAC menetralkan basa kuat dan mengubah garam netral
menjadi bentuk asamnya.
SBA resins menetralkan asam kuat dan mengubah garam
netral menjadi bentuk basanya
WAC resins mengikat kation yang berikatan dengan alkanilitas,
menghasilkan asam karbonat:

WAC resins are not able to remove all of the cations in most water supplies.
Their primary asset is their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with
SAC resins. This high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to
regenerate the resin, thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing
disposal problems.

Strong acid cation exchangers function well at all pH ranges

Pertukaran Ion
Proses pelunakan (softening)
proses pengolahan air untuk mengurangi
kesadahan Ca atau Mg.
Melibatkan hanya resin penukar kation
saja
Biasanya digunakan resin siklus Sodium
(Na)
Peralatan hanya satu jenis kolom resin
Di produk air banyak garam sodium yang
berbahaya kalau dipakai air minum

demineralisasi
ditujukan untuk mengambil semua kation
dan anion dalam air
Melibatkan dua jenis resin penukar yaitu
kation dan anion
Biasanya digunakan resin siklus H/OH
Peralatannya lebih dari satu kolom,
biasanya 2 kolom
 Proses
Pertukaran Ion
Contoh aplikasi
penukar ion untuk
merecovery ion logam
Cu
 Reaksi Pertukaran Ion
Penukar Kation Siklus H

Reaksi Pertukaran:
Ca 2HCO3 Ca 2 H2CO3
Mg SO4 R H2 R Mg H2SO4
2Na 2Cl 2Na 2 HCl
2NO3 2 HNO3

Indikator Kejenuhan:
FMA turun : pH mendekati netral (saat in service pH
efluent rendah 4) atau Hardness mulai naik

Regenerasi:
Ca Ca
H2SO4
R Mg R H2 Mg SO4
2Na (4 %)
Na2
Sulfuric acid is normally used due to its affordable cost and its availability. However, improper use
of sulfuric acid can cause irreversible fouling of the resin with calcium sulfate. To prevent this
occurrence, the sulfuric acid is usually applied at a high flow rate (1 gpm per square foot of resin)
and an initial concentration of 2% or less. The acid concentration is gradually increased to 6-8% to
complete regeneration
 Penukar Anion Siklus OH
Reaksi Pertukaran:
2 H2CO3 2HCO3
H2SO4 R OH R SO4 2H2O
2 HCl 2Cl
2 HNO3 2NO3
Indikator Kejenuhan:
Kandungan silika (maksimum 0,12 ppm)
Regenerasi:
Cl NaCl
R SO4 NaOH
R OH Na2SO4
CO3 (4 %)
Na2CO3
The above reactions indicate that demineralization completely removes the cations and anions from
the water. In reality, because ion exchange reactions are equilibrium reactions, some leakage
occurs. Most leakage from cation units is sodium. This sodium leakage is converted to sodium
hydroxide in the anion units. There-fore, the effluent pH of a two bed cation-anion demineralizer
system is slightly alkaline
Demineralization using strong anion resins removes silica as well as other dissolved solids. Effluent
silica and conductivity are important parameters to monitor during a demineralizer service run
 To improve the removal of silica from the resin bed, the regenerant
caustic is usually heated to 120F or to the temperature specified by
the resin manufacturer. Silica removal is also enhanced by a resin bed
preheat step before the introduction of warm caustic
 Penukar Kation Siklus Na

Reaksi Pertukaran:
Ca 2HCO3 Na2CO3
Ca
Mg SO4
2Cl
R Na
R Mg Na2SO4
NaCl

Indikator Kejenuhan:
Hardness mulai naik di effluent
Regenerasi (25 min contact time):
Ca 2NaCl Ca
R Mg R Na
(4 %) Mg 2Cl
Penukar Kation Siklus Na
H2CO3 = H2O + CO2
 DEALKALIZATION: SALT SPLITTING PROCESS
menurunkan alkalinitas air
strong base anion exchange resin in the
chloride form
For best results, the dealkalizer should be
preceded by a water softener using strong
acid cation resins
exchanging bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate,
and nitrate anions for chloride anions.

Sodium chloride, NaCl, is used to regenerate, 5% at 0.5 gpm/ft3 (4.0 (m3/h)/m3)

If a supply of soft water is unavailable, a water softener should be placed ahead
of the dealkalizer
DEALKALIZATION juga bisa menggunakan WEAK ACID CATION RESIN
PROCESS
 Selektifitas Ion pada larutan Selektifitas Kation dan
Anion
suhu rendah dan encer
Kation Anion

pertukaran ion meningkat Fe3+ CrO4-2

dengan peningkatan valensi Al3+ SO4-2

ion yang dipertukarkan Pb2+ SO3-2

Th4+ > Al3+ > Ca2+ > Na+ Ba2+ HPO4-2

Sr2+ CNS-
PO43- > SO42- > Cl-
Cd2+ CNO-
Zn2+ NO3-
pertukaran ion meningkat
Cu2+ NO2-
dengan peningkatan berat
Fe2+ Br-
atom ion yang dipertukarkan Mn2+ Cl-
Ca2+ CN-
Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+ Mg2+ HCO3-

Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ K+ HsiO3-

> Be2+ NH4+ OH-
Na+ F-
H+ , Li +
 Kapasitas Penukaran
Kemampuan resin untuk menukarkan ionnya merupakan ukuran
penting dalam aplikasi ndustri. Dengan mengukur kapasitas resin
maka kita dapat memilih resin yang terbaik dengan harga murah.

Selain itu, dengan mengetahui kapasitas resin maka kita dapat

mendesain alat serta mengevaluasi kerusakan resin. Kapaitas
penukaran adalah jumlah ion yang dapat ditukar oleh resin per satuan
volume atau berat.

Untuk kation : 2-3 meq/ml

Untuk Anion : 1-2 meg/ml

Data kapasitas resin mutlak diperlukan dalam setiap aplikasi

pembuatan atau desai peralatan untuk menentukan jumlah resin
dipakai.

Total resin volume design requirement is sufficient resin for 8 hours

minimum continuous operation (lebih baik 12 jam)
 Peralatan Kolom Resin
Usually, the softener tank is a vertical steel pressure
vessel
Major features of the softening vessel include an inlet
distribution system, free-board space, a regenerant
distribution system, ion exchange resin, and a resin-
retaining underdrain collection system
The inlet distribution system is usually located at the top of
the tank. The inlet system provides even distribution of
influent water. This prevents the water from hollowing out
flow channels in the resin bed, which would reduce system
capacity and effluent quality. The inlet system also acts as
a collector for backwash water.
The volume between the inlet distributor and the top of the
resin bed is called the free-board space.. The free-board
allows for the expansion of the resin during the backwash
portion of the regeneration without loss of resin It should
be a minimum of 50% of the resin volume (80% preferred)
ketinggian unggun minimum 24 in. dan maximum 72 in
The underdrain system, located at the bottom of the
vessel, retains ion exchange resin in the tank, evenly
collects the service flow, and evenly distributes the
backwash flow
The equipment used for cation-anion
demineralization is similar to that used
in zeolite softening. The primary
difference is that the vessels, valves,
and piping must be made of (or lined
with) corrosion-resistant materials.
Rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
are commonly used for ion exchange
vessel linings
Permasalahan Resin Penukar Ion
Permasalahan Resin Penukar Ion
strong acid cation resin fouled with iron
exchanger

Fouling
and
degradasi

strong base anion

exchanger Fouling karena senyawa organik
 Regenerasi
Softener
1. In service

2. Back washing

3. Aliran regeneran

4. Slow rinsing
5. Fast rinsing
6. Stand by
 Anion resin is much lighter than cation resin. Therefore, the backwash flow
rates for anion exchange resins are much lower than those for cation resins,
and anion resin expansion is affected by the temperature of the water more
than cation resin expansion. The water used for each step of anion resin
regeneration should be free from hardness, to prevent precipitation of
hardness salts in the alkaline anion resin bed.
 MIX BED RESIN
Due to increasing boiler operating pressures and the
manufacture of products requiring contaminant-free water,
there is a growing need for higher water quality than cation-
anion demineralizers can produce.
Therefore, it has become necessary to modify the standard
demineralization process to increase the purity of the treated
water.
The most significant improvements in demineralized water
purity have been produced by mixed bed exchangers.
A mixed bed exchanger has both cation and anion resin
mixed together in a single vessel. As water flows through the
resin bed, the ion exchange process is repeated many times,
"polishing" the water to a very high purity
 Prosedur Loading dan start Up MIX BED RESIN
Sebelum loading resin, lakukan inspeksi detil vesel kosong

bersihkan kotoran dan sisa resin sebelumnya

bersihkan distributor dan kolektor, dan periksa adanya penyumbatan
periksa rubber lining jika ada kerusakan

Proses Loading
isi vesel dengan air sampai 1/3 untuk mencegah kerusakan resin
isi resin kation sampai 5 cm di bawah ketinggian yang diinginkan
backwash resin pada 12 - 15 m/jam selama 30 menit
endapkan dan drain unggun sampai 5 cm di atas permukaan resin dan isi sisa
resin sampai ketinggian colector/distributor
lakukan backwash kedua 10 menit dan endapkan. pastikan permukaan resin pada
ketinggian yang diinginkan
isi air sampai ketinggian 1 m di atas permukaan resin kation, lalu isi anion resin.
lakukan backwash 5 m/jam selama 5 menit
bilas unggun dengan air bersih dari atas selama 30 menit
pertahankan level air 5 cm di atas mixbed resin
lakukan air mixing selama 15 menit
start up dan monitor air bilasan sampai nilai konduktifitas atau silika tercapai
1. In service
2. Back washing Regenerasi Mix Bed
3. Regenerasi resin
kation
4. Regenerasi resin anion
5. Rinsing
6. Drain
7. Air mixing
8. Refilling
9. rinsing
Inspection and Cleaning.
pengawasan dan pembersihan secara regular diperlukan agar resin
awet

Prosedur Pembersihan resin:

Warm (120F) brine and caustic.

Hydrochloric acid. When resins are also fouled with significant
amounts of iron, hydrochloric acids are used.
Solutions of 0.25-0.5% sodium hypochlorite. This procedure destroys
the organic material but also significantly degrades the resin.
Hypochlorite cleaning is considered a last resort.

It is important to clean an organically fouled resin before excessive

permanent degradation of the strong base sites occurs
konfigurasi sistem demineralisasi
 Sistem Aplikasi Tipikal efluent Keuntungan-
Demineralisasi kelemahan

Silica tak di- DHL 10 20 regenerasi

S W permasalahkan mhos/cm murah
A B D Pemisahan CO2 Silica tak berubah memerlukan
diperlukan repumping

Air baku DHL 5 15 mhos/cm alat murah

S S alkalinitas rendah Silica 0,02 0,1 ppm Tak ada
A B Perlu
penghilangan repumping
silica Biaya chemical
tinggi

Alkalinitas tinggi DHL 5 15 mhos/cm B

iaya chemical
S S Memerlukan Silica 0,02 0,1 ppm rendah
A D B penghilangan silica Memerlukan
repumping

Alkalinitas, DHL 5 15 mhos/cm Biaya chemical

S W S sulfat, cloride Silica 0,02 0,1 ppm rendah
A B D B tinggi alat mahal
Penghilangan repumping
silica
 Hardness, alka- DHL 5 15 Biaya
chemical
linitas, sulfate, mhos/cm paling rendah
W S W S
A A D B B cloride tinggi Silica 0,02 0,1 alat mahal
Penghilangan silica ppm repumping

alkalinitas,
sodium DHL 1 5 Biaya
chemical
tinggi mhos/cm rendah
S S S S
A D B A B air kualitas tinggi Silica 0,01 0,05 alat mahal
ppm repumping

Total solid rendah DHL kurang dari 1 Chemical mahal

M Air kualitas tinggi mhos/cm Peralatan murah
B Silica 0,01-0,05
ppm

Alkalinitas,
TDS DHL kurang dari 1 Biaya
chemical
S S M tinggi mhos/cm lebih rendah
A D B B Air kualitas tinggi Silica 0,01 0,05 alat mahal
ppm repumping
 Kekurangan & kelebihan
Keuntungan
air terolah menjadi nonscaling (hardness efluen kurang dari
2 ppm)
operasional mudah dan handal
regenerasi mudah dan murah
tidak ada limbah sludge
tidak tergantung pada variasi debit

Batasan/Kendala
kandungan total solid, alkalinitas dan silica tak berubah
(untuk penukar kation)
air dengan kekeruhan tinggi mengganggu efisiensi resin
kekeruhan influen lebih 1 JTU secara kontinu bisa jadi
fouling, service run pendek, kualitas efluen jelek
logam berat (iron dan aluminium) bisa menyebabkan fouling
zat pengoksidasi kuat dapat menyerang dan mendegradasi
resin, seperti clorine.
 Catatan
Fe2+ dan Mn2+ dapat juga dipisahkan dengan resin penukar ion, meskipun
harus hati-hati karena proses oksidasi dengan adanya oksigen akan
mengubah senyawa tersebut menjadi Fe3+ dan Mn4+ yang bisa mengendap
dan menyebabkan fouling
Like other ion exchange systems, demineralizers require filtered water in order
to function efficiently
Resin foulants and degrading agents, such as iron and chlorine, should be
avoided or removed prior to demineralization.
Demineralizing Plant PT Petrokimia Gresik)

Fil-1202
ABCD
D-1208
ABCD D-1221
D-1209
ABCD
D-1210
ABC

Anion exchanger
Operation (16Cation
hrs): Exchanger
Mixed-Bed
Operation
SO42- > Cl- > CO 2 > SiO2
hrs):Degassifier
(16exchanger
2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ Remove
[R-(OH)
Sand2+HCl &Output:
filterCa
R-Cl
gravel2+H2O]
TK-1201 Cond.
[R-H +CaCl soluble
: max 2 s
Output;
Menyaring padatan 2 2 R-Ca+2HCl]
(15.000 m3) SiO
Cation : gasses,
max esp.
0,2 ppm
Cond. : max2 Reactivity
22 s FMA
pH
Output; TH : 0 : 6-8CO2
pH : min 7,5
P-1203 ABC SiO2 : max 0,2 ppm
(65 m3/h)
C-1243 P-1241 ABC

TK-1206
(190 m3)
TK-1102
P-1213 CD

TK-1209
(90 m3)
P-1108 AB P-1218 AB
(190 m3/h) (20 m3/h)

3
9
PID Demineralizer