TRINITY-ISE-III-READ-WRITE- C1-TB-GUIDE-WITH-MODELS 18/12/2015 2:02 Page 1

SELF-STUDY GUIDE
TRINITY-ISE-III-READ-WRITE- C1-TB-GUIDE-WITH-MODELS 18/12/2015 2:02 Page 1
SUCCEED IN TRINITY ISE III (C1) - Reading & Writing - Answers Explanations
TEST 1
Task 1
Questions 1-5
1. E. Throughout paragraph 1, it is clearly illustrated how
gossip is generally perceived: Gossiping certainly has had
a bad press or It is this type of gossip that has caused
gossiping to be viewed so negatively.
2. C. Paragraph 2 explains how the meaning of word
gossip changed in the past: Deriving from the Old Eng-
lish word godsibb, meaning godparents It was only in
the 16th century that the word began to take on a more
negative meaning, describing a woman who delighted in
talking about others resulting in the evolution of the
word gossip to mean idle, female talk.
3. A. In paragraph 3, gossip parallels blackmail: In fact,
so destructive is the action of gossiping perceived, that its
effects have been likened to blackmail. Both gossip and
blackmail involve the disclosure of a secret but with the
latter, the individual has more control over the informa-
tion as they have the option of silencing the blackmailer
with a bribe. With gossip there is no such recourse; the
gossip exposes the secret without warning.
4. D. Paragraph 4 refers to an experiment to show that
gossipers feel good. In the experiment, the observers
who sent a gossip note to the next player warning them
not to trust the cheater; reported feeling happier after-
wards than those participants not warning the other
player. This gossip note was an action that simultane-
ously worked to lower the participants (the observers)
heart rates.
5. F. Paragraph 5 points out the role of gossip as a means
of maintaining social order: gossip can play an impor-
tant role in maintaining social order gossip, as a means
for sharing reputational information about the past be-
haviours of group members gossip allowed group
members to track one anothers reputation With rep-
utational concerns foremost, group members were
forced to keep selfish motives in check or risk ostracism.
Questions 6-10 (in any order)
B. (Par.1) Such malicious gossip is usually an individuals
way of getting back at their enemies or advancing them-
selves
D. (Par.4) However, recent studies would seem to sug-
gest that gossiping is not all bad. In a recent study, under-
taken by psychologists at the University of California,
Berkeley, it was found that talking behind someones
back resulted in meaningful social benefits. The previous
paragraphs illustrate the negative aspects of gossiping so
these positive views are considered alternative views.
F. (Par.5) The conclusionsgossip can play an impor-
tant role in maintaining social order gossip allowed
group members to track one anothers reputation
With reputational concerns foremost, group members were
forced to keep selfish motives in check or risk ostracism.
G. (Par.3) Both gossip and blackmail involve the disclo-
sure of a secret but with the latter, the individual has
more control over the information as they have the option
of silencing the blackmailer with a bribe. With gossip
there is no such recourse; the gossip exposes the secret
without warning. This implies that the implications of
gossiping can be more devastating.
H. (Par.4) Physiological benefits: The gossip note
was an action that simultaneously worked to lower the
participants (the observers) heart rates. Psychological
benefits: Additionally, such participants reported feeling
happier afterwards than those participants not warning
the other player.
A is incorrect because it can be beneficial for others as
well, e.g. gossip can play an important role in maintain-
ing social order (Par.5).
C is incorrect because par. 2 refers to the origin and the
evolution of the word gossip and par 5 is about the so-
cial impact of gossip on our ancestors.
E is incorrect as in par.1, it is stated: It is this type of
gossip that has caused gossiping to be viewed so nega-
tively.
Questions 11-15
11. deservedly maligned. (Par.1) Undoubtedly the in-
stigator of catty, idle chatter that fuels so many office and
school rumours would be deservedly maligned.
12. negative connotations. (Par.2) Interestingly, the
origin of the word gossip originally bore no indication of
the negative connotations that would later be attributed
to the term. The expression it bore no indication of
means it was devoid of or it was entirely free from.
13. trustworthy. (Par.3) A study by Turner and col-
leagues showed that friends who passed on gossip in a
laboratory experiment lost their own friends respect and
as a result perceived them as less trustworthy,
afterwards.
14. meaningful social benefits. (Par. 4) However,
recent studies would seem to suggest that gossiping is
not all bad. In a recent study, undertaken by psychologists
at the University of California, Berkeley, it was found that
talking behind someones back resulted in meaningful
social benefits.
15. social order. (Par. 5) The conclusions drawn from
the study suggest that gossip can play an important role in
maintaining social order, a purpose that may have had
some evolutionary benefit. The rest of the paragraph
gives more information regarding the maintaining of so-
cial order. (Uphold means maintain).
Task 2
Questions 16-20
16. D. Lucy says, Doctors and nurses are the ones who
should receive huge pay packets. Not footballers and
celebrities! Alison says, Entertainers are important, but
doctors and nurses are vital to society.
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17. A. The text describes various payment methods, e.g.
card transactions, payment in exchange for commodi-
ties or ancient currencies.
18. B. The text discusses childrens spending potential:
It seems that todays youngsters are rolling in money
or that children today have a disposable income (par.1).
Also in par.2: the government is proposing to teach fi-
nance to schoolchildren as young as five years old per-
sonal expenditure of young people contributes around 5
billion annually to the economy.
19. C. The bar chart shows changes in pocket money in-
come from 1994 to 2014.
20. A. The text refers to practical issues at several
points: Portable and lightweight, cards are deemed
more convenient than bulky coinage. (par.1). Also in
par.2, Ancient currencies often came in many bizarre
shapes, sizes and formats, ranging from the edible (salt,
peppercorns) to the somewhat impractical (large immov-
able stones).
Questions 21-25 (in any order)
B. (Text B, par.1) Whether as a reward for completion
of homework or good performance at school, or as an
accumulation of points on a reward chart for good be-
haviour, children are literally coining in the money.
E. (Text A, par.4) Some of the more practical curren-
cies, being portable, tended to double up as bodily orna-
ments. Made from cast iron, the serpent-shaped
amulets acted as a form of currency whilst supposedly
warding off danger. Similarly, inhabitants of the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo wore their currency, the
Katanga Cross around their necks as a decorative orna-
ment.
F. (Text C) Pocket money income from 1996-1998 av-
eraged 1.71p weekly. In 1996, it was 1.7 a week. In
1997, it was 1.67 a week, and in 1998, it was 1.76. So
pocket money remained fairly stable during this period.
G. (Text B, par.2) Probably personal expenditure of
young people contributes around 5 billion annually to
the economy.
H. (Text A, par.1) Cards as a form of currency: In the
modern world, card transactions are invariably favoured
over cash. Portable and lightweight, cards are deemed
more convenient than bulky coinage.
A is incorrect (Text A, par.2) Historically, people have
assigned monetary value to a diverse range of objects.
C is incorrect as in Text D, it is stated that a top foot-
baller earns around 100,000 a week! Thats more than
some top earners get annually! also Theyre paid to
have fun kicking around a ball all day. Doctors and nurses
are the ones who should receive huge pay packets. Not
footballers and celebrities!
D is also incorrect as from the bar chart in Text C we see
that in 2005 pocket money income was at its highest
level (8,37 weekly) while in 2014 it dropped to 6,35
weekly.
2
Questions 26-30
26. more convenient. Text A. (par.1) cards are
deemed more convenient than bulky coinage.
27. sizes and formats. Text A. (par.2) Ancient cur-
rencies often came in many bizarre shapes, sizes and for-
mats, ranging from the edible (salt, peppercorns) to the
somewhat impractical (large immovable stones). They
were not standard. They had very strange (bizarre)
shapes or they were very small (e.g. salt) or very big (e.g.
stones).
28. bodily ornaments. Text A. (par.3) Some of the
more practical currencies, being portable, tended to dou-
ble up as bodily ornaments.
29. Multiple sources. Text B. (par.1) A recent survey
by The Childrens Mutual has revealed that children are
now deriving income from multiple sources.
30. in proportion. Text D. Alison says: Yes, but its all
about getting things in proportion, isnt it? Entertainers
are important, but doctors and nurses are vital to soci-
ety. So things are not in proportion because footballers
are not as qualified as doctors or nurses, whose role is
vital in society.
Task 3 Article
Modern Society and Income
Nowadays we make card transactions daily without a
second thought. We make money and we spend money,
just as societies have always done. But do we appreciate
the value of money and more to the point, do our children?
If we look at the income of footballers and celebrities, it
would seem that we have lost our moral compass with
regard to money. Talented as such people might be, such
astronomical incomes can never be justified.
It is small wonder that as adults we have little apprecia-
tion of the value of money, since we raise our children to
believe that money just grows on trees. A child in 2014
for example, enjoyed around a 600% increase in pocket
money compared to what children received in 1994.
Whats worse is that not only do we fail to appreciate the
value of money but we even underestimate the value of
things such as education and healthcare. This is reflected
in the ridiculously low wages paid to teachers and those
working in the medical profession.
In order for modern society to appreciate the value of
money and assign incomes that reflect ability and worth,
we need to teach children about finance from an early
age. That means educating children at school but also
making children work for their pocket money. Only by
doing this can we as a society reward those who really
deserve it with a good income.
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Task 4 Essay
Nowadays changes need to be made regarding the
school curriculum, so that it can meet the needs of
society. Discuss.
It has been argued that the modern day school curricu-
lum is out of step with the needs of society. Teaching Arts
subjects such as Languages and Literature is thought to
have little relevance in a society that has one global lan-
guage and needs technology not the Arts, to evolve. This
however is both untrue and unhelpful.
Firstly, those who argue in favour of a more practical
curriculum teaching skills such as Computer Science and
Technology, overlook the value of more traditional Arts
subjects, such as Literature and Languages. Each of these
subjects sharpens cognitive thinking and develops critical
awareness; all skills that can be applied to the modern
workplace.
Secondly, technology and science have benefitted greatly
from imagination that is cultivated through the Arts. Da
Vinci, one of the greatest scientists of all time, is a case in
point. His drawings were vehicles for his imagination
which fed into his inventive skills.
Finally, by dismissing traditional subjects such as English
Literature and Art as superfluous, we are overlooking the
contribution made by our great writers and artists to so-
ciety as a whole. Where would we be without Shake-
speare, or Picasso, for example?
It would be folly to tamper with the school curriculum
therefore. It is still relevant to modern society and forms
the basis of all great ideas and inventions today.
TEST 2
Task 1
Questions 1-5
1. E. In terms of diet, people in the past were better role
models because their diet was better: In fact, our pres-
ent day diet bears little relation to that of our predeces-
sors, which was nutritionally rich Most at risk are those
born from the 60s onwards, who are most likely to
exhibit the outcome of eating a poor diet.
2. B. People need to grow a variety of crops because
The favouring of monoculture farming is in direct oppo-
sition to nature. Monocultures drain the soil of specific
nutrients that would have been otherwise replaced by
growing different crops.
3. D. The addition of certain minerals to the soil to
stimulate uptake of micronutrients from the earth further
3
depletes minerals in grown vegetables. It depletes min-
erals means that it reduces them. One mineral particu-
larly affected is selenium (Se). Selenium should be
replaced but this is not happening, leading to the ap-
pearance of chronic diseases in the population that are
related to selenium deficiency.
4. F. The paragraph points out that we shouldnt just
blame modern farming for our poor diet, because we are
responsible for our diet too. We too are to blame
woeful eating habits sugar consumption has in-
creased dramatically.
5. A. 86% of girls, for example, are getting below the
recommended daily amount of iron, which is critical for
good health. This is creating potential major problems for
our young as they grow older in terms of chronic disease
patterns related to a breaking down of the immune sys-
tem; In addition, children should be weaned off a high
fat diet that in adulthood can lead to high levels of (blood)
cholesterol land, in worst case scenarios, to high blood
pressure, strokes and heart attacks.
Questions 6-10 (in any order)
A. (par.4) Children are especially liable to eat nutrition-
ally poor diets. Over the last 50 years there has been a
reduction in calorie intake...
D. (par.3) Replenishing the soil with the depleted min-
erals may prove costly...
E. (par.3) However, in the interests of crop yield and
maximum productivity, this is not happening, leading to
the appearance of chronic diseases in the population that
are related to selenium deficiency. Selenium deficiency
shows that the crops are of bad quality.
F. (par.5) 86% of girls, for example, are getting below
the recommended daily amount of iron, which is critical
for good health.
H. (par.3) However, in the interests of crop yield and
maximum productivity, this is not happening, leading to
the appearance of chronic diseases in the population that
are related to selenium deficiency.
B. is incorrect as in par.2, it is stated, This has a knock-on
effect, creating crops that are less nutritious, being
deficient in vital minerals. Also in par.5, Poor diets of
school children are being made even more nutritionally
deficient by the increasing consumption of processed
foods, like meat and cheese. A staggering 70-80% of the
food we eat in the West is processed in some way,
thereby reducing the mineral and vitamin content of
food.
C. is incorrect as in par.5, it is stated that Neither are
schools blame-free for the nutritionally deficient diets of
schoolchildren.
G. is incorrect as it is not stated that the effects only
become evident in later life. Also, in par.4, it is stated that
childrens immune system can be weakened resulting in
susceptibility to disease. This implies that it will happen
while they are children, not adults.
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Questions 11-15
11. Degenerative diseases / Chronic disease pat-
terns. (par. 1) The decline in a nutrient-rich diet, exac-
erbated by an increasingly unhealthy lifestyle, is to blame
for the recent and rapid rise in degenerative diseases
amongst Westerners. Most at risk are those born
from the 60s onwards, who are most likely to exhibit the
outcome of eating a poor diet, which increases the inci-
dence of chronic disease patterns occurring later in life.
12. less nutritious /nutritionally deficient. (par. 2)
Monocultures drain the soil This has a knock-on ef-
fect, creating crops that are less nutritious, being defi-
cient in vital minerals., also (par.5) Poor diets of school
children are being made even more nutritionally defi-
cient by the increasing consumption of processed foods,
like meat and cheese.
13. to blame. (par. 4) We too are to blame ...,
(par.5) Neither are schools blame-free for the nutri-
tionally deficient diets of schoolchildren.
14. the immune system. (par. 5) 86% of girls, for
example, are getting below the recommended daily
amount of iron, which is critical for good health. This is
creating potential major problems for our young as they
grow older in terms of chronic disease patterns related
to a breaking down of the immune system. When we
say that the immune system is compromised, we mean
that it is weakened and harmed because of a problem. In
this case it is compromised because of the low standards
of the diet.
15. is processed. (par. 5) A staggering 70-80% of the
food we eat in the West is processed in some way,
thereby reducing the mineral and vitamin content of food.
Task 2
Questions 16-20
16. C. It sets out guidelines for those who are interested
in applying for the show.
17. A. It offers a lot of detailed information about the
show: its origin, the format, its little variation and its
popularity.
18. B. Annette says, They humiliate the participants.
Then Lucy says, Also they can have a negative impact on
participants self-esteem.
19. D. The bar chart links the popularity of reality TV to
social factors (socio-economic level and education).
20. B. They humiliate the participants. Also they
can have a negative impact on participants self-esteem.
But such shows just create bad role models for society.
Thats why societys in such a mess, today.
Questions 21-25 (in any order)
A. (Text A, par.1) The show controls in a clever way
(manipulates) its guests and the audience because it
encourages conflict between studio guests and the
audience.
C. (Text B) Annette says, They humiliate the participants.
D. (Text C, par.2) There is a high level of interest for
places on the show, so only successful candidates will be
notified.
E. (Text C, par.1) All candidates should submit a writ-
ten resume of skills, abilities and reasons for wanting to
participate in the show. also (par.2) Selected candi-
dates will be invited to an initial screening interview.
F. (Text D) Popularity of reality TV shows is more
strongly correlated with education than socio-economic
status.
B is incorrect: the confrontation changes from the ver-
bal to the physical (Text A, par.2).
G is incorrect as the opposite is true according to text D:
Reality TV shows are least popular amongst those who
have completed the highest level of education e.g. post-
graduate (14.3%).
H is incorrect: Popularity of reality TV shows is more
strongly correlated with education than socio-economic
status. (Text D)
Questions 26-30
26. (full scale) punch-up. Text A. (par2) This then
causes the level of aggression to escalate until nearly
reaching a full scale punch-up.
27. physical. Text A. (par.2) the confrontation
changes from the verbal to the physical.
28. self-esteem. Text B. Lucy says, Also they can have
a negative impact on participants self-esteem.
29. fame / celebrity status. Text B. Yes, also think of
the fame and celebrity status you could enjoy!
30. (earn) big money Text B. Mark says, Winners of
Big Brother earn big money.
Task 3 Article
The Appeal of Reality TV
Reality TV hasnt fallen out of vogue since shows like The
Jerry Springer Show first hit our screens in 1991. Since
then, Big Brother and Im a Celebrityget me out of here!
I have enjoyed similar, if not as great a success, as The
Jerry Springer Show. So why are these controversial shows
so popular and what makes people want to participate in
them?
Regarding the appeal of reality shows, what draws most
audiences in, is their sheer unpredictability. In a typical
Jerry Springer show, guests and even the audience end up
brawling on screen. In other instances, it is the exotic setting
of some reality shows like Jungle Survival that appeals.
Typically, the shows are most likely to appeal to those of
lower educational levels, in particular, primary school
graduates, who accounted for 22.6% of viewers of reality
TV in one sample study. It would seem therefore, that
level of education plays a large role in determining the
popularity of reality TV.
With regard to why people participate in such shows, the
answer is simple; the promise of fame and fortune.
Winners of shows such as Big Brother enjoy huge cash
rewards as well as instant celebrity.
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So it seems that reality TV shows have all the most pow-
erful ingredients to entertain an audience and to encour-
age participation in such shows. Whether you like them
or loathe them, reality TV it seems, is here to stay, at
least for the foreseeable future.
Task 4 E-mail
Do social media networks cause more harm than
good?
Dear Mr. Hartnell,
As a frequent user of social media sites such as Twitter
and Facebook, I would like to make the case for social
media being an essential tool for modern society.
Too many detractors of social media sites claim that such
sites are distracting, unnecessary and even dangerous.
They believe that schoolchildren are lured away from
studying by such sites which only function to exchange
gossip.
Furthermore, it is argued that a heavy reliance on social
media sites makes both children and adults less socially
adept, as they substitute face-to-face interaction for chat-
ting to friends on social media networks.
I really think though, that such criticism is entirely un-
founded. Social media for a start, is not a distraction from
education as it is an educational tool in itself. You learn a
lot from friends and other social media users about the
world and different cultures. Social media is not just a
tool for gossip!
Furthermore the argument that social media sites make
users socially awkward, is ridiculous. This is only true if
individuals allow themselves to be ruled by such sites, ne-
glecting all human company for a tablet or computer
screen. Such cases are in the minority and should not be
regarded as the norm.
So as you can see, I believe that the case can be made for
social networks being valuable for todays society. Per-
sonally, my life would be a lot less rich without being able
to access such sites.
Yours,
Daniel
5
TEST 3
Task 1
Questions 1-5
1. E. The paragraph starts with a question, asking for rea-
sons why someone would choose a private school in-
stead of a state one. Then it continues with some facts
about schools, which usually help parents to make a deci-
sion. The paragraph ends by explaining, Its a case of
weighing up the pros and cons of both systems and de-
ciding what is best, not only for your offspring, but for
the entire family.
2. C. In private schools there are smaller numbers of stu-
dents so your child will not get lost in the shuffle. Your
child will get the personal attention that she or he needs
and craves. The numbers of students in classes are small
too so If a student is struggling with a lesson, in a small
class the teacher will realise this very quickly and will be
able to address the learning issue on the spot rather than
waiting weeks or months to fix it. Quality is associated
with smaller classes and more individual attention.
3. F. When a private school Head of Department or
Head teacher hires teachers, they look for competence
in and passion for the subject a candidate will teach. They
then review how the teacher actually teaches. They will
look for charisma, an ability to instil discipline and an indi-
vidual flair in their teaching style that will inspire their stu-
dents., ...discipline is rarely an issue in private schools
as students know that if they are disruptive they will be
dealt with swiftly and without recourse.
4. A. The paragraph is about the variety of resources and
facilities available that enable a broad educational experi-
ence, Libraries, which are now called media centres
research materials of every conceivable kind first rate
athletic facilities Choirs, orchestras and drama groups
are the norm in private schools.
5. D. While the major focus at most private schools is
preparing you for college, your personal maturation and
development go hand in hand with that academic prepa-
ration., However, at a private school, rather than be-
coming an object of social ridicule, the smarter you are,
the more respect you will get from your peers and the
school will do its best to stretch your intellectual limits.
Thats one of the things private schools do exceptionally
well.
Questions 6-10 (in any order)
A. (par.1) The school seems to get plenty of students
into good colleges and universities.
B. (par.2) Your child will get the personal attention that
she or he needs and craves.
D. (par.3) ...the majority of teachers in private schools
have a first class degree in their subject and a high percent-
age, about 70 - 80 %, will also have a masters degree.
F. (par.4) Libraries, which are now called media cen-
tres, are now the focal point of some of the best private
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schools. Money has never been an object at these schools
and similar older schools when it comes to books and re-
search materials of every conceivable kind. But media or
learning centres are the centre piece of almost every pri-
vate school, small or large.
G.(par.4) Choirs, orchestras and drama groups it is
these extracurricular activities that are the first to be cut
when a state school finds itself strapped for cash and
needs to tighten its belt.
C is incorrect. This is not mentioned or implied in the texts.
E is incorrect. This comparison is not made in the texts.
H is also incorrect: In a private school its cool to be
smart the smarter you are, the more respect you will
get from your peers and the school will do its best to
stretch your intellectual limits. (par.5)
Questions 11-15
11. pros and cons. (par.1) Its a case of weighing up
the pros and cons of both systems and deciding what is
best, not only for your offspring, but for the entire family.
12. ratios. (par.2) Teacher to student ratios are typically
1:8 and class sizes are 10 - 15 students. Why are small class
sizes and low teacher to student ratios important?
13. three references. (par.3) Finally they check out
the three references (or sometimes more) from the
candidates previous employers to ensure that they are
hiring the best candidate for the position.
14. cut. (par.4) Choirs, orchestras and drama groups
it is these extracurricular activities that are the first to
be cut when a state school finds itself strapped for cash
and needs to tighten its belt.
15. intellectual limits. (par.5) However, at a private
school the smarter you are, the more respect you will
get from your peers and the school will do its best to
stretch your intellectual limits.
Task 2
Questions 16-20
16. B I felt that I really had to write to voice my objec-
tion over the billions of dollars spent on space explo-
ration annually., Our health service is in dire need of
funds, as is our educational system.
17. B. I only hope that people like myself will be able to
stir up opposition to the space programmes and make
the government see sense before our country runs out of
money for public funding. The phrase to stir up opposi-
tion suggests political action.
18. D. Relative cost of recent Indian Mars missions com-
pared to US expenditure for film Gravity. or Gravity
cost nearly a seventh of the amount spent on the most
expensive mission ($671 million).
19. A. Pros: I think space travel opens up so many pos-
sibilities for mankind. Cons: Waste of money if you ask
me. That money could be spent on better things, like
education.
20. C. In the second paragraph, space exploration is
linked to technological advances: water purification
techniques which are now used in Third World coun-
tries; space-driven technology to improve crops;
more accurate thermometers in medicine. And these
are just to name but a few of the space-driven technolo-
gies that are currently benefiting mankind.
Questions 21-25 (in any order)
A. Text A. In text A, the people have conflicting views
on space exploration.
D. Text C. In par.2, and par.3, the writer refers to the
purification techniques and the environmental benefits
respectively.
E. (Text C, par.3) It would be folly to put a stop to
space exploration now when we are beginning to dis-
cover so much that will ultimately benefit all of human-
ity. So the humanity will benefit more from space
exploration in the future.
F. (Text C) The developed world: greater yields of
crops; advances in medicine; valuable data about how our
atmosphere is evolving. The Third World countries:
water purification techniques are preventing disease and
saving lives.
G. (Texts A & B) Some people from Text A argue
against space exploration, and Vera Browning from Text
B implies that there are people who share the same
views as her, by saying I only hope that people like my-
self will be able to stir up opposition to the space pro-
grammes
B is incorrect as Text C points out various benefits such
as the water purification techniques in par.2.
C is incorrect: The environmental benefits, too, are
wide-ranging, as satellites in orbit provide valuable data
about how our atmosphere is evolving. Data from studies
of other planetary atmospheres in the solar system help
us to understand ours. (Text C, par.3)
H is incorrect as none of the texts states or implies this.
Questions 26-30
26. space colonies. Text A. I think we may need to
form space colonies on other planets soon if we con-
tinue to destroy our Earth!
27. suffering and poverty. Text C. Indeed the billions
spent on isolated projects do make the vast majority of
people question the morality of such expenditure when
there is so much suffering and poverty in the world.
28. health (service) and/or education(al) (system).
Text B. Shuttle programme alone amounts to $1.5 bil-
lion per flight, the total cost of NASAs US Space Shuttle
programme amounting to a staggering $200 billion!
Our health service is in dire need of funds, as is our edu-
cational system. Here it is implied that more money is
spent on space exploration.
29. Space Shuttle programme. Text B. Space Shut-
tle programme alone amounts to $1.5 billion per flight
30. Mars orbiter missions. Text D. The bar chart com-
pares the cost of recent Indian Mars orbiter missions to
US expenditure for the film Gravity. The total cost is
$1,437 million.
6
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Task 3 Article
Is Money Spent on Space Exploration Excessive and
Wrong?
Big budgets for space exploration, running into millions,
has stirred up a lot of controversy. Some believe that the
money could be better spent, on vital necessities, such as
health and education. However there are many benefits
gained from space exploration that will help mankind
both now and in the future.
Admittedly, some space exploration budgets can verge on
the excessive: the total cost of NASAs Space Shuttle pro-
gramme has so far amounted to $200 billion, whilst the
total cost for one Mars Orbiter Mission amounted to
$671 million. Many argue therefore that the money could
have been better spent on health and education, or
directed towards helping the developing countries.
Ironically, however, spending money on space exploration
actually helps developing countries. For example, water
purification techniques that were developed for space
exploration are now being employed in Third World
countries. Humankind has also benefited from space
exploration in many other ways ranging from the devel-
opment of medicines to increasing crop yield.
Those are just the present benefits that we have gained
from space exploration. In the future, we may gain fur-
ther from money spent on such a venture, as overpopula-
tion leads us to seek alternative planets to inhabit, in the
future.
Space exploration does not exist therefore just to satisfy
mans curiosity. It is a valid and vital venture that is and
also will be, of untold benefit to mankind in the future.
Task 4 Letter
Since more people are travelling abroad nowadays,
it is necessary for individuals to have a greater
awareness of other cultures. Discuss.
Dear Sir/madam,
I recently read your article about the need for people to
be more aware of different cultures and customs and I
really couldnt agree more.
It is a fact that there are more people travelling today
than ever before. People from different cultures are sud-
denly being brought into close proximity to one another.
This necessitates a greater awareness of foreign cultures
than previously, both for the sake of etiquette and to
avoid offence.
Furthermore, I think that it is no use going abroad, be-
having according to the traditions of ones one culture.
Not only does it demonstrate a degree of ignorance but
also an unwillingness to learn about the country one is
7
visiting. For these reasons alone, it is important to be
aware of another countrys culture.
Quite apart from these reasons, not being aware of an-
other countrys etiquette can lead to misunderstandings
and offence. Not knowing that it is offensive to point
ones feet at someone from an Asian country, is one such
example. If foreign visitors take the trouble to learn what
will cause offence in the country being visited, this will
help avoid unpleasant situations. Obviously it will also
make the visitors stay a lot more pleasurable.
In conclusion, I would like to say that there is no excuse
for not making an effort to learn something about a coun-
trys culture when travelling abroad. It is folly not to do
so. The foreign visitor can only but gain, however, by
being more culturally aware on a foreign visit.
Kind regards,
Celia Johnson
TEST 4
Task 1
Questions 1-5
1. B. Most people would not participate in such a project
because space is a dangerous place for fragile humans.
The people who take part will have to face health haz-
ards, such as extreme temperatures, cramped quarters,
long periods of isolation and the debilitating physiological
effects of life without gravity. Therefore, this project is
not for everyone.
2. F. Amongst the myriad of hazards associated with
deep-space travel is prolonged exposure to unrelenting
cosmic radiation. Such exposure is detrimental to DNA
and can radically change its structure, thereby increasing
the risk of diseases, such as cancer a further problem:
brain damage.
3. C. Previous studies showed that radiation exposure
could cause cognitive impairment leading to the onset of
Alzheimers-like dementia later in life. But Now, recent
research has turned up the worrying possibility that such
trauma to the brain may manifest itself much earlier.
4. A. These physical effects are visible in mice: As a re-
sult of exposure to the mind numbing effects of radia-
tion, free radical reactions in cells, known to instigate
cancer, occurred within milliseconds. The physical effects
of such reactions then became evident within weeks...
5. D. while such findings (regarding the negative
impact on health) are cause for concern, they might not
be quite as disturbing as they might first appear.,
Nevertheless, scientists are pressing ahead with ad-
vanced shielding technologies that could better protect
astronauts on long-term missions into deep space. In ad-
dition, Limoli and his team are investigating pharmacolog-
ical interventions that could protect brain tissue from
cosmic radiation.
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Questions 6-10 (in any order)
A. (par.1) The initial one hundred candidates selected
range from an archaeologist to a singer and a 19-year-old
student. Despite the fact that the candidates come from
many different walks of life
C. (par.2) Amongst the myriad of hazards associated
with deep-space travel is prolonged exposure to unre-
lenting cosmic radiation. Such exposure is detrimental to
DNA and can radically change its structure, thereby in-
creasing the risk of diseases, such as cancer, developing.
This implies that it is not just prolonged exposure to cos-
mic radiation that can be detrimental but even short-
term exposure.
D. (par.3) According to par.3, in previous studies sug-
gested that such effects were evident later in life, but
now, it is believed that these detrimental effects can
occur earlier in just a few months. So that implies that
these effects may not be immediately apparent.
F. (par.5) Nevertheless, scientists are pressing ahead
with advanced shielding technologies that could better
protect astronauts on long-term missions into deep space
investigating pharmacological interventions that could
protect brain tissue from cosmic radiation.
H. (par.4) The damage seen in the mice affected was
akin to the defects seen in human brains suffering from
neurodegenerative conditions which occur over the
course of ageing.
B. is incorrect as these effects are visible: As a result of
exposure to the mind numbing effects of radiation, free
radical reactions in cells, known to instigate cancer,
occurred within milliseconds. The physical effects of such
reactions then became evident within weeks... (par.4)
E. is incorrect as in par.5, scientists seem to have a more
optimistic view about space travel health issues: that
while such findings are cause for concern, they might not
be quite as disturbing as they might first appear scien-
tists are pressing ahead with advanced shielding technolo-
gies that could better protect astronauts on long-term
missions into deep space.
G is incorrect as in par.2, it is stated that Such exposure
is detrimental to DNA and can radically change its struc-
ture... Also in par.4, it is stated that the effects were
irreversible.
Questions 11-15
11. (considerable) reservations. (par.1) The majority
of us, though, would probably have considerable reser-
vations in voluntarily committing ourselves to such a
project, as space is a dangerous place for fragile humans.
12. myriad of hazards. (par.2) Amongst the myriad of
hazards associated with deep-space travel is prolonged
exposure to unrelenting cosmic radiation.
13. complex maintenance tasks. (par.2) how can
astronauts operate highly sophisticated equipment and
perform complex maintenance tasks if they suffer cog-
nitive impairment to any degree?
14. within milliseconds. (par.4) As a result of expo-
8
sure to the mind numbing effects of radiation, free radi-
cal reactions in cells, known to instigate cancer, occurred
within milliseconds.
15. as disturbing as. (par.5) Nathan Schwadron, As-
sociate Professor of Space Plasma Physics at the Univer-
sity of New Hampshire, believes that while such findings
are cause for concern, they might not be quite as dis-
turbing as they might first appear.
Task 2
Questions 16-20
16. B. This text includes an exchange of opinions about
the usefulness of school subjects in life: But I can hon-
estly say Ive never had to use any of it (algebra and
geometry) in my life. Maybe if youd understood it,
youd find its useful after all. there are plenty of
things we learn at school that we dont realise are rele-
vant until later in life.
17. D. The bar chart analyses peoples regrets because it
shows the eight most common skills that the adults who
were questioned in the poll wished they had learnt at
school, and it also shows the percentage of the adults
who wished they had been taught each skill.
18. A. The mid- to late-1960s are known as a time
when people were questioning the status quo and setting
out alternative visions of how things should be done
the origins of Summerhill go back as far as 1921 (para. 1)
19. C. in the third year all pupils spend a day doing
work experience at a local company. Two years later, this
becomes a whole week spent with a different com-
pany (para. 2)
20. C. Before they even join the school, prospective
pupils attend an informal interview at their primary school
to discuss their hopes and preferences for the future. The
emphasis on employment continues during the first two
years at Stevendon, then in the third year all pupils spend
a day doing work experience at a local company. Two
years later, this becomes a whole week spent with a
different company, usually arranged by the students
themselves. (para. 2)
Questions 21-25 (in any order)
B. (Text A, par.2) The media labelled Summerhill as a
freedom school or, less complimentary, the do-as-you-
please school. Neill himself was often portrayed as a
hopeless idealist who encouraged anarchy in the class-
room and the world outside
D. (Text B) Tony: I remember when I was at school I
had to learn stuff like algebra and geometry. After a while
I just switched off and I never managed to grasp the
idea.
E. (Text B) Tina says, More generally, though, as a lot of
people say, there are plenty of things we learn at school
that we dont realise are relevant until later in life.
F. (Text C, par.3) Head Teacher Muriel Greenwood be-
lieves its money well spent. She says: Schools often
think theyre fulfilling their commitments by offering final
year pupils a lesson every week, taught by existing staff
TRINITY-ISE-III-READ-WRITE- C1-TB-GUIDE-WITH-MODELS 18/12/2015 2:02 Page 9
Teachers arent trained to be careers advisors, so we
bring in professional help.
H. (Text D) From the bar chart, in Text D, which points
out the eight most common life skills that people wish
they had taught at school, we can see that four are about
finance: Managing household budgets, How loans and
interest work, The process of buying a house, Open-
ing a bank account.
A is incorrect because in the text it is not mentioned
whether people now realise that his ideas were ahead of
their time.
C is incorrect as in Text A in the last paragraph, it is
stated that In contrast, Summerhill graduates left the
school with a sense of self-worth and a range of what
business people now value as soft skills, like communi-
cation, empathy and teamwork. So we can say that one
aim of the school was to make its students more confi-
dent and to equip them with necessary skills in order to
succeed at work.
G is also incorrect. Almost half of adults (not students) in
a recent poll said...
Questions 26-30
26. alternative visions. (Text A, par.1) The mid-to
late- 1960s are known as a time when people were ques-
tioning the status quo and setting out alternative visions
of how things should be done
27. relevant. (Text B, Tina) More generally, though,
as a lot of people say, there are plenty of things we learn
at school that we dont realise are relevant until later in
life.
28. work experience. (Text C, par.2) The emphasis
on employment continues during the first two years at
Stevendon, then in the third year all pupils spend a day
doing work experience at a local company.
29. employment options. (Text C, par.3) Its part of
a co-ordinated programme that aims to make students
aware of the employment options available, and how to
make the most of them.
30. life skills. (Text D) Here are eight of the most
common life skills people wish theyd been taught
Task 3 Essay
Education for Life?
According to our forebears, if you wanted to get on, you
had to have a good education. It was taken for granted
that the school curriculum based around the Three
Rs-Reading, Writing and Arithmetic always stood school-
children in good stead for the future. However, many be-
lieve that the school curriculum has failed and is continuing
to fail countless generations in preparing them for adult
life.
Undoubtedly core subjects such as the Three Rs are in-
dispensable for later life. Whether we need simple geom-
etry skills to work out how much wallpaper we need to
cover our room or basic maths to add up a grocery bill,
the skills we learnt at school are invaluable.
The sad truth is, however, that few of us actually use such
skills when we grow up. We resort to calculators to per-
form basic calculations or call in a professional to carry
out D.I.Y tasks that involve numerical skills.
Furthermore, as adults, we discover to our dismay that
our schools neglected to teach us the very things that we
need to know, such as how loans work and basic electrics.
In some ways, therefore, schools leave us woefully
equipped for adult life. Maybe schools would do better to
take a leaf out of the books of alternative schools such as
Summerhill and teach real life skills such as communica-
tion, empathy and teamwork. Better still, teach students
about work by placing them in work placements where
they can learn about real life.
Task 4 Letter
The decline in quality of TV programmes
Dear Mr. Branning-Smith,
It is with total dismay that I am writing to you. I have just
glanced at this weeks T.V programmes and am in a state
of disbelief. Yet again this weeks programmes are domi-
nated by reality TV shows, game shows and other low-
brow forms of entertainment. Since this has now become
the rule rather than the exception, I felt obliged to write
to you forthwith.
I remember a time, well over a decade ago, when there
were quality programmes on TV. One could choose from
a variety of programmes on offer, such as documentaries,
costume dramas and current affairs programmes.
Nowadays however, we are fed a constant diet of low
quality programmes that appeal to the lowest common
denominator in TV audiences. Reality TV shows abound
whilst quality programmes seem to have been withdrawn
from the TV schedule.
I understand that TV is about entertainment, but quality
programmes are entertaining in their own right, too. TV
programmes however, now seemed to be aimed at a cer-
tain type of audience that is fairly uncritical. It is a shame,
as TV should be a source of entertainment for everyone,
including those who are more demanding and want to
watch higher calibre programmes.
I hope that you will take my views into account and that
soon we may see a turnaround in the type of pro-
grammes aired on TV.
Yours sincerely,
Mrs. J. Swift
9
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TEST 5 nicate non-verbally that will make or break a situation.,

Your body language can have a significant impact on how
you are perceived, The average time it takes for an
Task 1 interviewer to decide whether a candidate will be
Questions 1-5 accepted for a job is within a time frame of 3 minutes
1. D. The paragraph explains that sometimes people can often even less.
tell when someone is lying to them because they pick up G. (par.5) Other factors that complicate the interpreta-
that persons unintentional, subconscious messages tion of non-verbal communication are cross-cultural
which indicate their real thoughts. differences. Whilst in some countries, such as Japan, pro-
2. C. The paragraph states what verbal language includes: longed eye contact can be seen as disrespect, in Western
facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, ges- cultures it signifies interest. Additionally, personal spacing
tures displayed through body language (kinesics) and the in British culture is significantly greater than in Middle-
physical distances between the communicators (prox- Eastern cultures, leading to confusion and often
emics). discomfort if such differences are not understood.
3. B. The whole paragraph is about the information that C is incorrect. Par.1 is asking the reader (not an expert),
is conveyed through body language: Such non-verbal Ever had an uneasy feeling when someone was telling
cues can relay a wealth of information to the listener... , you something that didnt ring true, even when you had
Non-verbal messages can convey the speakers real feel- no grounds for suspicion that the communicant wasnt
ings..., Classic examples of acceptance and encourage- telling the truth? And then continues to explain that If
ment are a held gaze, closeness of body position and so, you were probably picking up on unintentional,
relaxed posture., Mirroring is another way that we can subconscious messages being conveyed by the speaker,
ascertain our relationship to the speaker. Matching of the indicating their real thoughts, in conflict with what they
listeners posture, in facial expressions or gestures, indi- were overtly communicating to you.
cates liking and acceptance. D is incorrect because in par.2 it is stated that Social
4. F. The paragraph is about the importance of body lan- psychologist, Desmond Morris, is to be credited with
guage in two significant parts of peoples lives: work and bringing non-verbal communication into the public eye.
relationships: Whether we are sizing up a potential part- Author of The Naked Ape (1967) and Body Watching
ner or attending a job interview, it is often what we com- (1985) to unravel the hidden meaning behind our
municate non-verbally that will make or break a forms of non-verbal communication employed in
situation., Your body language can have a significant im- everyday life.
pact on how you are perceived, The average time it H is incorrect because in par.5 it is stated that The same
takes for an interviewer to decide whether a candidate self-help books that teach people to interpret body lan-
will be accepted for a job is within a time frame of 3 min- guage, also convey the information, unwittingly or other-
utes often even less. wise, as to how to fake non-verbal signals, such as
5. A. The paragraph warns readers that the interpreta- gestures and eye contact. An individual can easily learn to
tion of body language is not infallible and explains that simulate interest in a person or job and to hide their real
people can be taught how to use body language in order feelings, for example.
to convey the message they want. It also explains how
possible misunderstandings can occur due to cultural dif- Questions 11-15
ferences: Whilst in some countries, such as Japan, pro- 11. in conflict with. (par.1) If so, you were probably
longed eye contact can be seen as disrespect, in Western picking up on unintentional, subconscious messages being
cultures it signifies interest. conveyed by the speaker, indicating their real thoughts, in
conflict with what they were overtly communicating to
Questions 6-10 (in any order) you.
A. (par.2) Tellingly, these non-verbal signals can give 12. overtly communicating. (par.1) If so, you were
clues, additional information and meaning over and above probably picking up on unintentional, subconscious mes-
spoken or verbal communication. sages being conveyed by the speaker, indicating their real
B. (par.5) One factor is conscious manipulation of body thoughts, in conflict with what they were overtly com-
language by the speaker. The same self-help books that municating to you.
teach people to interpret body language, also convey the 13. additional information. (par.2) Tellingly, these
information, unwittingly or otherwise, as to how to fake non-verbal signals can give clues, additional information
non-verbal signals, such as gestures and eye contact. and meaning over and above spoken or verbal
E. (par.3) Such non-verbal cues can relay a wealth of communication.
information to the listener, although often at a 14. distancing or reinforcing. (par.3) Non-verbal
subconscious level. messages can convey the speakers real feelings, thereby
F. (par.4) Whether we are sizing up a potential partner providing negative or positive feedback to the other per-
or attending a job interview, it is often what we commu- son, distancing or reinforcing a relationship.
15. is not infallible. (par.5) A word of warning, how-
10
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ever, to the uninitiated: the interpretation of body lan-
guage is not infallible, since several factors may obfus-
cate non-verbal messages and how they are interpreted.
Task 2
Questions 16-20
16. C. Text C illustrates the sleep requirements for dif-
ferent age groups.
17. A. The text informs the reader of the different sleep-
ing disorders, which can be grouped into four main cate-
gories: problems falling and staying asleep (insomnia),
problems staying awake (excessive daytime sleepiness),
problems sticking to a regular sleep schedule (sleep
rhythm problem) and unusual behaviours, such as sleep-
walking during sleep (sleep-disruptive behaviours).
18. B. The text offers advice to people who have diffi-
culty in sleeping, e.g. to eliminate caffeine and to learn to
breathe deeply.
19. D. The text refers to some famous peoples sleeping
patterns to illustrate how adults sleeping patterns vary:
The link between Napoleon, the late former UK Prime
Minister, Margaret Thatcher, and Leonardo da Vinci is not
immediately apparent. However, all fell within extreme
ends of the sleeping spectrum.
20. D. His (Leonardo da Vincis) contributions to the
world of technology and art made him an outstanding in-
dividual and so it seems fitting that Leonardo failed to
conform to the normal sleeping habits of ordinary peo-
ple, either.
Questions 21-25 (in any order)
B. (Text C) According to the bar chart, adults need ap-
proximately 7.75, not 8 hours of sleep. Also Text D in-
forms the reader that some (last paragraph): lesser
mortals, too, may require seemingly excessive or minimal
amounts of sleep.
C. (Text A, par.2) According to Text A, the reasons for
some sleeping disorders may reveal an underlying physi-
ological problem, such as a low thyroid function. A phys-
iological problem is related to the body, not to
environmental factors.
D. (Text A, par.2) However, when any of the condi-
tions become chronic, it is time to seek medical atten-
tion, since some disorders, such as excessive daytime
sleepiness, may reveal an underlying physiological prob-
lem, such as a low thyroid function.
E. (Text A, par.2) In some cases, sleep disruption, such
as insomnia, may be acute and not require medical atten-
tion. However, when any of the conditions become
chronic, it is time to seek medical attention...
G. (Text C) According to the bar chart, babies who are
1-4 weeks old need just over 15 hours of sleep. This
number is gradually reduced, so children who are 4-6
years old need 11 hours of sleep. Then it is reduced to 9
hours for the group age 13-18 and adults need even
fewer hours, approximately 7.75.
A is incorrect because in Text D, it is stated that Un-
11
usual sleeping patterns are not merely the province of ge-
niuses and high achievers; lesser mortals, too, may re-
quire seemingly excessive or minimal amounts of sleep.
F is incorrect because this statement is not mentioned or
implied in the texts.
H is incorrect because in Text A (last sentence), it is
stated that psychological counselling could also prove
useful when medical intervention fails.
Questions 26-30
26. underlying physiological problem. (Text A,
par.2) However, when any of the conditions become
chronic, it is time to seek medical attention, since some
disorders, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, may re-
veal an underlying physiological problem, such as a low
thyroid function.
27. psychological counselling. (Text A, par.2) Other
disorders, such as insomnia, are often stress-related and
so psychological counselling could also prove useful
when medical intervention fails.
28. need more sleep. (Text C) Teens may need more
sleep than the number shown in the bar chart.
29. bedtime gets later. (Text C) 7-12 years; Bedtime
gets later
30. extreme. (Text D, par.1) The link between
Napoleon, the late former UK Prime Minister, Margaret
Thatcher, and Leonardo da Vinci is not immediately
apparent. However, all fell within extreme ends of the
sleeping spectrum.
Task 3 Report
Sleep regulators and cures for irregular sleep
Aim
The aim of this report is to identify factors regulating
sleep and how to manage factors that disrupt sleep.
Factors regulating sleep
Age and physiology primarily regulate sleep. Behavioural,
environmental and physiological factors however, can
interfere with such regulation.
Natural Sleep Regulators
1. Age
Age predominantly determines sleeping patterns. Infants
sleep over 15 hours daily, however with age, sleep
declines. By adulthood, individuals sleep half the number
of hours that they did in early infancy (7.5 hrs).
2. Individual physiology
Some adults require a minimum number of hours to get
by in adult life, whereas others typically require in excess
of the recommended amount of 8 hours sleep. It would
seem that these sleeping patterns are hard-wired into the
individuals physiology.
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Abnormal Sleep Regulators
1. Environmental Factors
Stress from work or family demands can severely disrupt
sleep.
2. Behavioural Factors
Consumption of caffeine-laden drinks, like tea and coffee
inhibits sleep. Not having a routine to wind down before
bed can also interfere with sleeping.
How to remedy abnormal sleeping patterns
Sleep disruption caused by environmental and behav-
ioural factors can however, be remedied. Stress can be
managed by consciously de-stressing ones life and by
adopting winding down techniques before bedtime, like
taking a hot bath. Bad lifestyle habits like excess caffeine
consumption can be remedied by eliminating coffee and
tea from ones diet.
Conclusion
External factors disrupting sleep can be dealt with quite
effectively. However, disrupted sleep patterns caused by
chronic health problems, require medical attention.
Task 4 Essay
Technology on the whole, has greatly improved our
quality of life. Do you agree?
Undoubtedly technology facilitates our everyday lives and
can be essential to our very existence. However some
believe that our lives would be less complicated without
modern technology. So who is right?
Certainly, the advent of advanced technologies has led to
more stressful lifestyles today. Technology has increased
the pace of life both in the workplace and in our every-
day lives. The invention of faster transport allows us to
reach our destinations faster, causing us to schedule in
more appointments, to fill time freed up by travelling less
hours.
Similarly, in the workplace, modern technologies, such as
computers, allow us to work faster, leading to increased
expectations of what workload can be accomplished in
any given time, again leading to stressed-out employees.
In addition, mobiles and the internet are another source
of stress, allowing us to be theoretically on call 24/7 to
the outside world.
However it would be folly to dismiss modern technolo-
gies on the grounds that they induce stress. The benefit
of technologies such as improved transport has made our
lives easier and richer in many ways. Worldwide destina-
tions, exotic or otherwise can now be reached fairly eas-
ily. With regard to scientific technology, many inventions
have increased our longevity and quality of life, by effec-
tively tackling previously life-threatening illnesses and
medical disorders.
It can be seen therefore, that the advantages of technol-
ogy far outweigh the disadvantages. Technology is also
now part and parcel of modern society and has become
indispensable to our way of living.
TEST 6
Task 1
Questions 1-5
1. C. However, recent research would seem to suggest
that not only is a solid block of sleep unnecessary, but it
may also be detrimental to our health. Tossing and turn-
ing in our beds at night trying to get back to sleep once
awake, it appears, is actually going against our internal
body rhythm.
2. F. Recent research on non-consolidated sleep has
shown that humans didnt always sleep for 8 hours con-
secutively Roger Ekrich, a historian from Virginia Tech
University US, who conducted the research, supports his
findings with historical evidence from sources as diverse
as Homers Odyssey to tribes indigenous to Nigeria.
Within medical books, literature and diaries there is
evidence, claims Ekrich, of bimodal sleep patterns which
have now all but disappeared in modern society.
3. B. Wehr found that subjects, placed in a darkened
room for 14 hours a day for a month, naturally adopted a
bimodal sleep pattern. The subjects would sleep for
around 4 hours, awaken for a few hours, then return to
sleep until morning. According to Dr Ekrich, this
bimodal sleep pattern is our natural sleeping rhythm
which began to disappear around the turn of the 18th
century.
4. E. The paragraph associates changes in sleep patterns
with some historical events such as the advent of the Indus-
trial Revolution, or the introduction of electric lighting.
5. A. The paragraph offers some practical advice:
According to Dr. Ekrich, what we should be doing in-
stead (of trying to sleep) is getting up, walking around for
a couple of hours or working, then sleeping until daylight.
Questions 6-10 (in any order)
B. (par.2) The paragraph refers to the ancestors to
show the regular sleep pattern adopted: our ancestors
preferred to sleep an initial 3-4 hours, stay awake for a
couple of hours, then sleep the same amount of time
again until daybreak, this bimodal pattern of sleep
occurring within a 12-hour time frame.
C. (par.4) Changes in sleep patterns coincided with the
advent of the Industrial Revolution. The mechanisation of
life made people more aware of using time effectively.
Also the introduction of electric lighting enabled people
to stay up longer, later, thereby further disrupting (nat-
ural) sleeping patterns.
E. (par.5) According to Dr. Ekrich, what we should be
doing instead is getting up, walking around for a couple of
hours or working, then sleeping until daylight.
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F. (par.5) According to Dr. Ekrich, what we should be Task 2

doing instead is getting up, walking around for a couple of
Questions 16-20
hours or working, then sleeping until daylight. It is not
16. D. Research indicates that non-verbal communica-
mandatory, however, to stay awake for the same time
tion plays a far more prominent role in our everyday lives
period each night; individuals vary in the time required to
than verbal communication. (par.1). Also in par.3, it is
remain awake but the key, apparently, is to be consistent
stated: In fact what we say accounts for only 7% of the
in sleep patterns.
overall impression that others have of us. Body language
H. In paragraph 2, Ekrichs theory is supported by histor-
accounts for a staggering 55% of the impression others
ical research and in paragraph 3 by scientific research.
form of us, second in importance being the role played
A. is incorrect as according to Dr Ekrichs research the
by the voice (38%), such as tone, modulation and
bimodal sleep pattern began to disappear around the
pauses.
turn of the 18th century. Such a pattern originated,
17. C. The diagram illustrates all forms of body language.
Ekrich claims, amongst the aristocracy, catching on
18. B. The mistake people often make is to focus on ver-
amongst the lower and middle classes until, 200 years
bal language only when preparing for an interview: In
later, the bimodal sleeping pattern had all but disap-
fact, it is often something that youre not saying but doing
peared (par.3)
that is to blame. (par.1)
D. is incorrect as in par.5 it is stated that This research
19. A. In these days of increasing globalisation, employer
should come as a relief therefore to those who suffer
and employee alike need to be informed of culture-appro-
from disturbed sleep. Ironically such individuals with
priate behaviour and communication. (par.1)
sleep problems probably have more natural sleep pat-
20. B. However, if you follow the weekly advice on this
terns than those of us enjoying 8 hours of uninterrupted
blog, you will find out how to win friends and influence
sleep nightly.
people just by using body language! (par.2)
G. is incorrect as scientific evidence is provided in par.3.

Questions 11-15
Questions 21-25 (in any order)
11. sleep disturbance. (par.1) Indeed, sleep problems
C. (Text A, par.1) Highly tailored and interactive
are so prevalent in the West that up to 30% of patients
blended learning solutions designed to provide interna-
treated by GPs are believed to have problems stemming
tional personnel, in every function, with the required
from sleep disturbance. They are wrong to believe so
skills, knowledge and tools to develop both general and
because recent research would seem to suggest that
culture specific intercultural business skills.
not only is a solid block of sleep unnecessary, but it may
D. (Text D, par.3) Body language accounts for a stag-
also be detrimental to our health. Tossing and turning in
gering 55% of the impression others form of us
our beds at night trying to get back to sleep once awake,
E. (Text B, par.1&2) Its these non-verbal cues that
it appears, is actually going against our internal body
make a potential employer decide to employ you or not.
rhythm.
(par.1). Also in par.2: Some potential employers state
12. be detrimental. (par.1) However, recent research
that they can size up an interviewee within just 30 sec-
would seem to suggest that not only is a solid block of
onds of their entering the interview room and thats be-
sleep unnecessary, but it may also be detrimental to our
fore they even start talking!
health.
G. (Text C) appearance (e.g. untidiness)
13. historical evidence. (par.2) this bimodal pat-
H. (Text C) sounds (e.g. laughing)
tern of sleep occurring within a 12-hour time frame.
A is incorrect because in Text D (par.1) it is stated that
Roger Ekrich, a historian from Virginia Tech University
Many people are simply unaware of how important
US, who conducted the research, supports his findings
body language is. If we better understood how our ges-
with historical evidence from sources as diverse as
tures and other forms of non-verbal communication
Homers Odyssey to tribes indigenous to Nigeria.
were being interpreted by other people, we would defi-
14. (scientific) sleep experiments. (par.3) Interest-
nitely be more guarded in our body language.
ingly, Ekrichs research appears to be supported by ear-
B is incorrect as in Text B, it is stated: Wondering why
lier scientific sleep experiments conducted in the 1990s,
you failed to get a job interview? Youre not the only one.
by psychiatrist, Thomas Wehr, former chief to the Clinical
In fact, it is often something that youre not saying but
Psychobiology branch of the National Institute of Mental
doing that is to blame. Forget all those trick questions
Health.
that you prepared your answers for
15. natural sleeping patterns. (par.4) Changes in
F is incorrect as in Text D, it is stated that the voice is
sleep patterns coincided with the advent of the Industrial
second in importance (par.3).
Revolution. The mechanisation of life made people more
aware of using time effectively. Also the introduction of
electric lighting enabled people to stay up longer, later,
thereby further disrupting natural sleeping patterns.

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Questions 26-30 Task 4

26. maximise your global effectiveness. (Text A,
par.2) Our fully interactive courses explore the issues of
working in an international environment, We also
offer a full range of intercultural communication Aware-
ness and Competence workshops centering on varia-
tions in cultural body language to maximise global
effectiveness.
27. job interview. (Text B) In the text, the example of
failing a job interview is given to explain why many peo-
ple would benefit from body language awareness.
28. more prominent role. (Text D, par.1) Research
indicates that non-verbal communication plays a far more
prominent role in our everyday lives than verbal com-
munication.
29. Gestures. (Text D, par.1) If we better understood
how our gestures and other forms of non-verbal com-
munication were being interpreted by other people, we
would definitely be more guarded in our body language.
Also in Text C, we can see some types of gestures: head
movements and hand movements.
30. facial expressions / frown. (Text C) One type of
body language is facial expression (e.g. frown).
Task 3 Essay
The importance of non-verbal communication
We commonly believe that its what we say not what we
do that is important. However, nothing could be further
from the truth; in fact the exact opposite is the case.
Few realise for example, that the content of any conver-
sation is barely relevant to our target audience. In fact it
only accounts for 5% of the overall impression formed
by others of ourselves, when speaking. Compare this to
body language, however, which makes up 55% of that
impression and you realise what an important role our
gestures and voice play in interaction.
Job candidates often ignore the importance of body lan-
guage at their peril. Little do most would-be employees
realise, that their interviewer has often already decided
to hire them or not before theyve even spoken a word!
Employers frequently size up candidates within 30 sec-
onds of meeting, based on a candidates body language
alone.
Review of a film
Having heard all the hype for Camerons Avatar, our class
was looking forward to watching the film with eager
anticipation. Camerons legendary filming technique
combined with cutting edge computer generated imagery
(CGI) suggested we had a treat in store; we were to be
bitterly disappointed however.
Admittedly, no one could fault the stunning 3D, CGI
effects. The flying sequences where the blue-skinned
Navi navigated the alien world of Pandora on dragon-like
creatures were second-to-none in special effects.
However a movie isnt just about creating stunning
images. It needs a plot that is credible and captivates its
audience. This is where Avatar failed so spectacularly.
Admittedly, a love story between an alien and a human
represented as an Avatar was always going to stretch
credulity. The love story between Jake Sully (Sam
Worthington) a paraplegic marine and the Navi, Neytiri,
left me and my classmates, cold. Movies are about
escapism and if you cant believe in the leading protagonists
then there is little else to recommend a movie.
What really grated though, was the movies central
anti-imperialist message which portrays the human
would-be colonists of Pandora as two-dimensional villains
and the Navi as innocent victims. This theme is unsubtly
hammered home to tedious effect in long-winded dia-
logues and drawn-out clashes between the Navi and the
humans.
I and my class would definitely not recommend this
movie for adults, at least. It is more likely to be appreci-
ated by children who are less critical and would enjoy the
stunning CGI effects.

Whilst this might sound alarming, all is not lost. Organisa-

tions now exist that can teach candidates how to use
body language to positive effect in business situations,
especially when dealing with foreign clientele. Cross-cul-
turally, body language can differ substantially, so learning
of these differences is vital to succeed in business as
indeed in our social lives, too.
We need to become more aware of our body language
therefore. To ignore the role played by gestures and our
intonation is pure stupidity if we want to get on not just
in business but in our social lives, too.
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TRINITY ISE III - Reading & Writing - ANSWER KEY

Exam Preparation Section
TASK 1
Exercise 3
11 at harm
Section 1 12 capable of
13 domestic chores
Exercise 1
14 parental control
Paragraph: 5 - 1 - 3 - 2 - 4
15 rudimentary
Exercise 3
Paragraph 1: F TASK 2
Paragraph 2: A Section 1
Paragraph 3: D
Exercise 1
Paragraph 4: E
A.
Paragraph 5: C
1 Text A
2 Text D
Exercise 4
3 Text C
1A 2B 3A 4C 5A
4 Text B

Section 2 B.
Exercise 1 1 Text C
1 Paragraph 3 2 Text B
2 Paragraph 2 3 Text D
3 Paragraph 1 4 Text A
4 Paragraph 5
5 Paragraph 4 C.
1 Text C
Exercise 2 2 Text A
1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 3 Text D
4 Text B
Exercise 3
1 T 2 F 3 NG Exercise 2
16 Text D
Exercise 5 17 Text C
1T 2T 3F 4 NG 5 NG 18 Text A
19 Text B
Exercise 6 20 Text C
6B/C/D/F/H
7B/C/D/F/H Section 2
8B/C/D/F/H
Exercise 1
9B/C/D/F/H
21 B / C / E / F / H
10 B / C / D / F / H
22 B / C / E / F / H

Section 3
23 B / C / E / F / H
24 B / C / E / F / H
Exercise 1 25 B / C / E / F / H
oblivious to - unaware of
intrusive - invasive of privacy Exercise 2
covertly - secretly 1C 2C 3A
borne of - resulting from 4C 5A 6C
oppressive - prohibitive
know-how - expertise Exercise 3
deterrent to - persuasion against 21 A / B / F / G / H
reap dividends - prove beneficial 22 A / B / F / G / H
crucial - important 23 A / B / F / G / H
24 A / B / F / G / H
Exercise 2 25 A / B / F / G / H
11 unaware of
12 secretly Section 3
13 expertise
Exercise 1
14 important
unwieldy - portable
15 resulting from
vulnerable - protective
radical- conservative
obsolete - in use
risen - decreased
adherence to - departure from
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Exercise 2 Exercise 5
A. A.
1 Text B Paragraph 1: B
2 Text D Paragraph 2: A
3 Text A Paragraph 3: B
4 Text C
Argument Essay
B. and C. Pre-reading
A. protected 2 Exercise 1
B. portable 1
C. in use 3 TEXT A
D. conservative 4 Note: profit made on designer clothes: real cost compared to
E. decreased 3 manufacturing cost and retail price.
F. departure from 4
Exercise 3
Exercise 3 1 However
26 exemplified by 2 So
27 printing press 3 not to mention
28 face-to-face 4 first and foremost
29 volume of 5 Moreover
30 rapid growth 6 therefore

Exercise 4
26 a residential area
27 scans for
28 unsightly bulk
29 in touch
30 indispensable

TASK 3
Exercise 1
1 Text D
2 Text B
3 Text C
4 Text A

Exercise 2
1 Text A
2 Text B

Exercise 3
A.
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 3

B.
i Text A
ii Text B
iii Text A

C.
C, D, E, F, G

Exercise 4
A.
1 study / scientific / written
2 wealth / information / knowledge
3 benefit / attending / held
4 survive / globalisation / norm
5 Fluency / demonstrates / commitment
6 culture / lyrics / annoying

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TEST 1 Questions 26-30

26 (full scale) punch-up
Task 1 27 physical
Questions 1-5 28 self-esteem
1 Paragraph 1: E 29 fame / celebrity status
2 Paragraph 2: C 30 (earn) big money
3 Paragraph 3: A
4 Paragraph 4: D
5 Paragraph 5: F

Questions 6-10
6 B 7 D 8 F 9 G 10 H TEST 3
Task 1
Questions 11-15
Questions 1-5
11 deservedly maligned
1 Paragraph 1: E
12 negative connotations
2 Paragraph 2: C
13 trustworthy / likeable
3 Paragraph 3: F
14 meaningful social benefits
4 Paragraph 4: A
15 social order
5 Paragraph 5: D

Task 2 Questions 6-10

Questions 16-20 6 A 7 B 8 D 9 F 10 G
16 D 17 A 18 B 19 C 20 A
Questions 11-15
Questions 21-25 11 pros and cons
21 B 22 E 23 F 24 G 25 H 12 ratios
13 three references
Questions 26-30 14 cut
26 more convenient 15 intellectual limits
27 sizes and formats
28 bodily ornaments
29 Multiple sources Task 2
30 in proportion
Questions 16-20
16 B 17 B 18 D 19 A 20 C

Questions 21-25
21 A 22 D 23 E 24 F 25 G
TEST 2
Task 1 Questions 26-30
Questions 1-5 26 space colonies
1 Paragraph 1: E 27 suffering and poverty
2 Paragraph 2: B 28 health (service) and / or education(al) (system)
3 Paragraph 3: D 29 Space Shuttle programme
4 Paragraph 4: F 30 Mars orbiter missions
5 Paragraph 5: A

Questions 6-10
6 A 7 D 8 E 9 F 10 H

Questions 11-15
11 Degenerative diseases / Chronic disease patterns
12 less nutritious / nutritionally deficient
13 to blame
14 the immune system
15 is processed

Task 2
Questions 16-20
16 C 17 A 18 B 19 D 20 B

Questions 21-25
21 A 22 C 23 D 24 E 25 F

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TEST 4 TEST 6
Task 1 Task 1
Questions 1-5 Questions 1-5
1 Paragraph 1: B 1 Paragraph 1: C
2 Paragraph 2: F 2 Paragraph 2: F
3 Paragraph 3: C 3 Paragraph 3: B
4 Paragraph 4: A 4 Paragraph 4: E
5 Paragraph 5: D 5 Paragraph 5: A

Questions 6-10 Questions 6-10

6 A 7 C 8 D 9 F 10 H 6 B 7 C 8 E 9 F 10 H

Questions 11-15 Questions 11-15

11 (considerable) reservations 11 sleep disturbance
12 myriad of hazards 12 be detrimental
13 complex maintenance tasks 13 historical evidence
14 within milliseconds 14 (scientific) sleep experiments
15 as disturbing as 15 (natural) sleeping patterns

Task 2 Task 2
Questions 16-20 Questions 16-20
16 B 17 D 18 A 19 C 20 C 16 D 17 C 18 B 19 A 20 B

Questions 21-25 Questions 21-25

21 B 22 D 23 E 24 F 25 H 21 C 22 D 23 E 24 G 25 H

Questions 26-30 Questions 26-30

26 alternative visions 26 maximise global effectiveness
27 relevant 27 job interview
28 work experience 28 more prominent role
29 employment options 29 Gestures
30 life skills 30 facial expressions / frown

TEST 5
Task 1
Questions 1-5
1 Paragraph 1: D
2 Paragraph 2: C
3 Paragraph 3: B
4 Paragraph 4: F
5 Paragraph 5: A

Questions 6-10
6 A 7 B 8 E 9 F 10 G

Questions 11-15
11 in conflict with
12 overtly communicating
13 additional information
14 distancing or reinforcing
15 is not infallible

Task 2
Questions 16-20
16 C 17 A 18 B 19 D 20 D

Questions 21-25
21 B 22 C 23 D 24 E 25 G

Questions 26-30
26 underlying physiological problem
27 psychological counselling
28 need more sleep
29 bedtime gets later
30 extreme
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