EXAMPLE 8 : RAMJET CYCLE ANALYSIS.

An aircraft flying at a Mach number of 3.2 at an altitude that corresponds to an ambient

temperature of 216.7 K, is powered by an ideal ramjet engine. If the total-head temperature at
inlet to the nozzle is 1900 K, determine the following :
a) the fuel-air ratio
b) the specific thrust
c) the specific fuel consumption
d) the propulsive efficiency

Determine also the limiting flight Mach number of the engine at this altitude.
The calorific value of the fuel is 43100 kJ/kgK, and assume that at all stages of the cycle, Cp =
1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK and = 1.4.
___________________________________
Solution
The temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for the cycle is as shown below.

Given :
M f = M 0 = 3.2
T0 = 216.7 K
To4 = 1900 K

Using an ideal cycle so

po 2 po 4
=
p0 p9
and

p o 2 To 2 1
p o 4 To 4 1
= , =
p 0 To p9 T9

1 2 1 1 2 1
1 + Mf = 1 + M9
2 2
M f = M 9 = 3.2

Total-head temperature at diffuser exit is obtained from :

1 2 1.4 1
T02 = T0 1 + M f = 216.71 + 3.2 2 = 660.5 K
2 2

Nozzle exit temperature is obtained from total-static ratio in isentropic nozzle

1 2
To 4 = T9 1 + M9
2
To 4 1900
T9 = = = 623.4 K
1 2 1 .4 1 2
1 + M 9 1 + 3 .2
2 2

a) From 1st Law energy balance across combustion chamber :

(1 + f )C pTo 4 = C pTo 2 + fQR

where f is the fuel-air ratio, and QR is the calorific value of the fuel.
Example 8 - 16
Hence
To 4 To 2
f =
(QR C p ) To 4
1900 660.5
f = = 0.0302
(43100 1.005) 1900
b) Specific thrust is found from
To 4 1 2 2
1

Fs = (1 + f )V9 V f = M f RT0 (1 + f ) 1 + M f 1
T0 2
1900 1.4 1
1
2
Fs = 3.2 1.4 287 216.7 (1 + 0.0302)
2
1 + 3.2 1

216.7 2
Fs = 705.6 N/kg
(If f is assumed to be zero, Fs = 657.2 N/kg)

c) Specific fuel consumption, SFC is given by

f 0.0302
SFC = = = 0.0428 kg/kNs
Fs 705.6

d) Propulsive efficiency is
TV0 Fs M f RT0
p = =
TV0 + m& (V f V0 ) ( ( ))
2 2
Fs M f RT0 + 12 M f RT9 RT0
1
2

705.6 3.2 1.4 287 216.7

p =
(
705.6 3.2 1.4 287 216.7 + 12 3.2 2 1.4 287 623.4 1.4 287 216.7 )
2

p = 75.5%

Limiting flight Mach number is when specific thrust becomes zero. Using expression for
specific thrust :
To 4 1 2 2
1

Fs = M f RT0 (1 + f ) 1 + M f 1 = 0
T0 2
1
T 1 2 2
(1 + f ) o 4 1 + Mf 1 = 0
T0 2
rearranging,
2
M f ,lim = (1 + f ) o 4 1
2 T

T0 1
2
M f ,lim = (1 + 0.0302 )
2 1900
1 = 6.44
216.7 1.4 1
(If f assumed to be zero, limiting Mach number is 6.23).

Note that Gas constant, R, uses unit J/kgK.

Example 8 - 17
EXAMPLE 9 : IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE ANALYSIS.
A simple turbojet is operating using an ideal cycle with a compressor ratio of 8.0, a turbine
inlet temperature of 1200 K, and is cruising at a Mach number of 0.85 at an altitude of 7000 m.
If the intake area for the engine is 0.098 m2, assuming ISA conditions, calculate
a) the area of the propelling nozzle
b) the specific thrust of the engine and the net thrust developed
c) the specific fuel consumption
d) the propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies

___________________________________
Solution
The temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for the T 4
cycle is as shown.
TET
Comb. Turb.
ISA conditions at 7000 m : 3
T0 = 242.7 K; p0 = 41.1 kPa;
0 = 0.590 kg/m .
3
Comp.
5
Nozz.
2
Given : 9
Compressor pressure ratio, rc = 8 Tamb
Turbine entry temperature, To4 = 1200 K 0
Flight Mach number, M0 = 0.85
Inlet area, Ain = 0.098 m2 s

1
M0 = 0.85 and a 0 = RT0 = 1.4 287 242.7 = 312.3 ms
Hence, flight speed is
1
V0 = a0 M 0 = 312.3 0.85 = 265.5 ms
Area of intake, Ain, is 0.098 m2, so mass flow at engine intake is
1
m& in = Ain 0V0 = 0.098 0.590 265.5 = 15.35 kgs

Total Temperature at compressor inlet :

2 2
V0 265.5 To 2 1 2
To 2 = T0 + = 242.7 + = 277.8K (or use = 1+ M0 )
2C p 2 1005 T0 2
Isentropic inlet diffuser, so

1.4
1
277.8 1.41
To 2
= 41.1
po 2
= po 2 = 65.94 kPa
T
p0 0 242.7

Compressor pressure ratio, rc = 8, so

po 3 = rc po 2 = 527.5 kPa

Isentropic compressor so exit temperature is

1 1.4 1
To 3 po 3
527.5 1.4
= To 3 = 277.8 = 503.2 K
To 2 po 2 65.94

No pressure losses in combustion chamber, and burner is 100% efficient,

Hence, po 4 = po 3 = 527.5kPa
Example 8 - 18
Fuel flow rate required is (Cp assumed constant across combustion chamber in an ideal cycle)
To 4 To3 1200 503.2
f = = = 0.01672
QR
C To 4
p
43100
1.005
(
1200 )
Hence, mass flow rate of fuel is
1
m& f = fm& in = 0.01672 15.35 = 0.257 kgs
and
1
m& exit = m& f + m& in = 0.257 + 15.35 = 15.607 kgs

Given TET = 1200K, and mechanical efficiency is 100%, so compressor work = turbine work.
Temperature at turbine exit can be found from
C p (To3 To 2 ) = C p (To 4 To5 )
To5 = To 4 (To3 To 2 ) = 1200 (503.2 277.8) = 974.6 K
( note sign convention used for work in (-ve) and work out (+ve). )

Isentropic turbine, so pressure at turbine exit is

1.4
po 5 To 5 1
974.6 1.4 1
= po 5 = 527.5 = 254.7 kPa
po 4 To 4 1200

Exit nozzle is isentropic, expanding to ambient pressure, p9 = p 0 = 41.1kPa

Nozzle exit temperature is
1 1.4 1
p
41.1 1.4
T9 = To 5 9 = 974.6 = 578.7 K
po 5 254.7

From total to static ratio,

2
V9
To5 = T9 + , where V9 is the jet exit velocity.
2C p
Hence, the exit velocity is
V9 = 2C p (To 5 T9 ) = 2 1005 (974.6 578.7 ) = 892.1 ms 1

Exit Mach number,

V V9 892.1
M9 = 9 = = = 1.85
a9 RT9 1.4 287 578.7

a) Area of propelling nozzle.

Mass flow at exit of engine calculated earlier, so
m& RT m& 0.287 578.7 15.607
A9 = exit = 9 exit = = 0.0707 m 2
9V9 p9 V9 41.1 892.1

b) Specific thrust
Specific thrust is found from (nozzle exiting at ambient pressure)
Fs = (1 + f )V9 V0 = (1 + 0.01672) 892.1 265.5 = 641.5 N s kg 1

Example 8 - 19
Actual thrust Th = m& in Fs = 9.84 kN

c) Specific fuel consumption, SFC is

f 0.01672
SFC = = = 0.0261 kg / kN s
Fs 0.6413

d) Propulsive efficiency
FsV0 641.5 265.5
p = =
FsV0 + 12 ((1 + f )V9 V0 ) 641.5 265.5 + 12 ((1 + 0.01672 ) 892.1 265.5)
2 2

p = 45.3%

Thermal efficiency
FsV0 + 12 ((1 + f )V9 V0 ) 641.5 265.5 + 12 ((1 + 0.01672 ) 892.1 265.5)
2 2

th = =
fQR 0.01672 43100 10 3
th = 52.2%

Overall efficiency
o = p th = 23.6%

Example 8 - 20
EXAMPLE 10 : IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE ANALYSIS WITH AFTERBURNER.
The turbojet cycle in the previous example is now modified to incorporate an afterburner to
augment the thrust produced by the engine. If afterburning raises the gas temperature in the
jet pipe to 2000K, recalculate the performance of the engine.

___________________________________
Solution
The temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for T 6
the cycle is as shown. Ta/burn
4
Nozz.
TET
The analysis is the same as in the previous Comb. Turb.
3 9
example, up to the turbine exit (station 05), A/burn.
and station 06 refers to downstream of the 5
Comp.
afterburner. Hence, referring to the values
in the previous example, and calculating 2
from the turbine exit : Tamb
0
Temperature is raised to 2000K in the
afterburner, hence, To 6 = 2000 K , and s

assuming ideal, then there is no total-head pressure loss in the jet pipe, so
po 6 = po 5 = 254.7 kPa

Fuel-air ratio in the jet pipe is

To 6 To5 2000 974.6
f jet = = = 0.02508
QR
C To 6
p
43100 (
1.005
2000 )
Note that this fuel-air ratio is with respect to the mass flow exiting the combustion chamber,
i.e. equivalent to the exit mass flow in the previous example.
1
m& comb m& exit = 15.607 kgs

Hence, mass flow rate of fuel in the jet pipe is

m& jet = f jet m& comb = 0.02508 15.607 = 0.391kgs 1
and
m& exit = m& jet + m& comb = 0.391 + 15.607 = 15.998 kgs 1

For specific thrust and SFC calculations, an total fuel-air ratio is required, based on the total
fuel flow required for the engine (combustion chamber plus afterburner) with respect to the
inlet mass flows of the engine.
m& f + m& jet 0.257 + 0.391
f tot = = = 0.04221
m& exit 15.35
Total mass flow of fuel required for operation is m& f + m& jet = 0.648 kgs 1

Exit nozzle is isentropic, expanding to ambient pressure, p9 = p0 = 41.1kPa

Nozzle exit temperature is
1 1.4 1
p
41.1 1.4
T9 = To 6 9 = 2000 = 1187.7 K
po 6 254.7

Example 8 - 21
From total to static ratio,
V2
To 6 = T9 + 9 , where V9 is the jet exit velocity.
2C p
Hence, the exit velocity is
V9 = 2C p (To 6 T9 ) = 2 1005 (2000 1187.7 ) = 1277.8 ms
1

Exit Mach number,

V V9 1277.8
M9 = 9 = = = 1.850
a9 RT9 1.4 287 1187.7

a) Area of propelling nozzle.

Mass flow at exit of engine calculated earlier, so
m& RT9 m& exit 0.287 1187.7 15.998 2
A9 = exit = = = 0.1038 m
9V9 p9 V9 41.1 1277.8

This result demonstrates the need for variable area nozzle when using afterburners. To
ensure the nozzle passes the required mass flow, there is a 47% increase in nozzle area
required, due to the higher temperature and lower density of the gas in the jet pipe resulting
form the use of the afterburner.

b) Specific thrust
Specific thrust is found from (nozzle exiting at ambient pressure)
Fs = (1 + f tot )V9 V0 = (1 + 0.04221)1277.8 265.5 = 1066.2 N s kg 1

Actual thrust Th = m& in Fs = 16.4 kN (Specific thrust without afterburner was 641.5 Nskg-1)

c) Specific fuel consumption, SFC is

f 0.04221
SFC = tot = = 0.0396 kg / kN s (SFC without afterburner, 0.02607 kg/kNs)
Fs 1066.2

d) Propulsive efficiency
FsV0 1066.2 265.5
p = =
FsV0 + 2 ((1 + f tot )V9 V0 ) 1066.2 265.5 + ((1 + 0.04221) 1277.8 265.5)
1 2 1 2
2

p = 33.2%
(Previously 45.3%)

Thermal efficiency
FsV0 + 12 ((1 + f tot )V9 V0 ) 1066.2 265.5 + 12 ((1 + 0.04221) 1277.8 265.5)
2 2

th = =
f tot QR 0.04221 43100 10 3
th = 46.8%
(Previously 52.2%)

Overall efficiency
o = p th = 15.5%
(Previously 23.6%)
Example 8 - 22
EXAMPLE 11 : ACTUAL TURBOJET CYCLE ANALYSIS.
A simple turbojet is operating using an actual cycle with a compressor ratio of 8.0, a turbine
inlet temperature of 1200 K, and is cruising at a Mach number of 0.85 at an altitude of 7000 m,
as in the ideal turbojet cycle example.
The component efficiencies are as follows :
Isentropic efficiency of intake, i = 0.95
Isentropic efficiency of compressor, c = 0.91
Isentropic efficiency of turbine, t = 0.87
Isentropic efficiency of nozzle, n = 0.95
Combustion burner efficiency, comb = 0.97
Total-head pressure loss in combustion chamber of 6% compressor delivery pressure
Mechanical efficiency, mech = 0.99

Calculate the following.

a) the area of the propelling nozzle
b) the specific thrust of the engine and the net thrust developed
c) the specific fuel consumption
d) the propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies

___________________________________
Solution
The temperature-entropy (T-s) T
po4
diagram for the cycle is as shown.
4 TE
ISA conditions at 7000 m : 3 po5
3s 5s 5 p9
T0 = 242.7 K; p0 = 41.1
9
kPa; 0 = 0.590 kg/m3.
po2
Given : To2 2
2s
Compressor pressure ratio, rc = 8 Tamb pa
Turbine entry temperature, To4 =
0
1200 K
Flight Mach number, M0 = 0.85 s
Inlet area, Ain = 0.098 m2

In the ideal cycle examples, air was used as the working fluid throughout the cycle (Cp=1005
J/kgK; =1.4). In the actual cycle, the combustion gases and products downstream of the
combustion chamber are now approximated. Hence, from station 04 onwards, the specific
heat is taken to be Cpg=1148 J/kgK and =1.333.

1
M0 = 0.85 and a 0 = RT0 = 1.4 287 242.7 = 312.3 ms
Hence, flight speed is
1
V0 = a0 M 0 = 312.3 0.85 = 265.5 ms
Area of intake, Ain, is 0.098 m2, so mass flow at engine intake is
1
m& in = Ain 0V0 = 0.098 0.590 265.5 = 15.35 kgs

Actual total Temperature at compressor inlet :

Example 8 - 23
 2 2
V0 265.5 To 2 1 2
To 2 = T0 + = 242.7 + = 277.8K (or use = 1+ M0 )
2C p 2 1005 T0 2

Using isentropic efficiency of the intake, the ideal temperature at compressor inlet is
T T
i = 02 s 0 To 2 s = i (To 2 T0 ) + T0
To 2 T0
To 2 s = 0.95 (277.8 242.7 ) + 242.7 = 276.0 K

Hence, pressure at compressor inlet is

1.4
po 2 To 2 s 1
276.0 1.4 1
= po 2 = 41.1 = 64.5 kPa
p0 T0 242.7

Compressor pressure ratio, rc = 8, so

p o 3 = rc p o 2 = 516.0 kPa

Ideal temperature at exit of compressor is

1 1.4 1
To 3s p o 3
516.0 1.4
= To 3 s = 277.8 = 503.2 K
To 2 p o 2 64.5

Using compressor isentropic efficiency, the compressor delivery temperature is :

T T T T
c = 03s o 2 To3 = 03s o 2 + To 2
To3 To 2 c
503.2 277.8
To3 = + 277.8 = 525.5 K
0.91

Pressure loss of 6% of total-head in the combustion chamber, so

po 4 = (1 0.06 ) po 3 = 0.94 516.0 = 485.0kPa

To calculate the fuel-air ratio, we must take account of the different values of specific heat
either side of the combustion chamber. Hence, considering an energy balance across the
combustion chamber,
(1 + f )C pg To 4 = C pTo3 + fQR
C pg To 4 C pTo3 1148 1200 1005 525.5
f = = = 0.02036
3
QR C pg To 4 43100 10 1148 1200

Combustion burner is 97% efficient, so the actual fuel flow rate is

f 0.02036
f act = s = = 0.02099
comb 0.97

Hence, mass flow rate of fuel is

m& f = f act m& in = 0.02099 15.35 = 0.322 kgs 1
and
m& exit = m& f + m& in = 0.322 + 15.35 = 15.672 kgs 1
Example 8 - 24
Given TET = 1200K, and mechanical efficiency is 99%, and compressor work = (mechanical
efficiency) (turbine work).
Temperature at turbine exit can be found from

C p (To 3 To 2 ) = (1 + f ) mech C pg (To 4 To 5 )

Cp
To 5 = To 4 (To3 To 2 ) = 1200
1005
(525.5 277.8) = 985.5K
(1 + f ) mechC pg (1 + 0.02099) 0.99 1148
( note sign convention used for work in (-ve) and work out (+ve). )

Using turbine isentropic efficiency, ideal temperature at turbine exit is

T T T T
t = o5 o 4 To 5 s = o 5 o 4 + To 4
To 5 s To 4 t
985.5 1200
To 5 s = + 1200 = 953.4 K
0.87

Pressure at turbine exit is

1.333
po 5 To 5 s 1
953.4 1.3331
= po 5 = 485.0 = 193.1 kPa
po 4 To 4 1200

Critical pressure ratio for nozzle

po5 1 1
=
= 1.333
= 1.919
pcrit 1 1.3331

1 1 1 1 1 1.333 1

0.95 1.333 + 1
n + 1

po 5
pcrit = = 100.6kPa
1.919

po5 / pa > 1.919, so nozzle is choked and exit (throat) Mach number is 1.0.

Temperature at nozzle exit is found from,

1 2
To5 = T9 1 + M 9 which can be simplified to

2
2 2
T9 = To 5 = 985.5 = 844.8K
+1 1.333 + 1

Exit pressure is
p9 = pcrit = 100.6kPa

Exit Mach number is 1.0, so

V9 = a9 = RT9 = 1.333 287 844.8 = 568.5ms 1

Example 8 - 25
a) Area of propelling nozzle.
Mass flow at exit of engine calculated earlier, so
m& RT m& 0.287 844.8 15.672
A9 = exit = 9 exit = = 0.0665 m 2
9V9 p9 V9 100.6 568.5

b) Specific thrust
Specific thrust is found from (nozzle exiting at ambient pressure)
Fs = (1 + f )V9 V0 + 9 ( p9 p0 )
A
m& exit

= (1 + 0.02099) 568.5 265.5 + (100.6 41.1)103

0.0665
= 572.3 N s kg 1
15.35

Actual thrust Th = m& in Fs = 8.78 kN

(10.8% reduction in specific and actual thrust)

c) Specific fuel consumption, SFC is

f 0.02099
SFC = = = 0.0367 kg / kN s
Fs 572.3
(40.6% increase in specific fuel consumption, even though fuel mass flow rate only
increased by 25.3%. Indicates that less thrust is being developed for each "unit" of fuel
used).

d) Propulsive efficiency
FsV0 572.3 265.5
p = =
FsV0 + 2 ((1 + f )V9 V0 ) 572.3 265.5 + ((1 + 0.02099 ) 568.5 265.5)
1 2 1 2
2

p = 75.4%
Thermal efficiency
FsV0 + 12 ((1 + f )V9 V0 ) 572.3 265.5 + 12 ((1 + 0.02099 ) 572.3 265.5)
2 2

th = =
fQR 0.02099 43100 10 3
th = 22.3%
Overall efficiency
o = p th = 16.8%

Example 8 - 26
EXAMPLE 12 : IDEAL TURBOFAN CYCLE ANALYSIS.
A low bypass ratio turbofan engine cruises at a Mach number of 0.78, at an altitude where the
atmospheric pressure is 0.43 bar and the temperature is 245K. Using the parameters listed
below and assuming an ideal cycle, determine the following:
a) the hot and cold jet velocities
b) the specific and total thrust of the engine
c) the specific fuel consumption
d) the thrust ratio
e) the propulsive efficiency

Compressor pressure ratio = 15

Fan pressure ratio = 2.25
Bypass ratio 1.4
Turbine entry temperature = 1400K
Mass flow through "core" = 95 kg/s

___________________________________
Solution
The temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for the cycle is as shown.

Given :
rc = 15
FPR = 2.25
B = 1.4
To4 = 1400K
m& c = 95 kg/s
M0 = 0.78; p0 = 43 kPa; T0 = 245 K

Flight speed is
1
V0 = M 0 a 0 = M 0 RT0 = 0.78 1.4 287 245 = 244.7 ms

Total mass flow at engine intake

m& tot = m& b + m& c = Bm& c + m& c = m& c (1 + B )
m& tot = 95 (1 + 1.4) = 228 kgs
1

Total temperature at fan inlet :

2 2
V0 244.7
To 2 = T0 + = 245 + = 274.8 K
2C p 2 1005

Pressure at fan inlet :

1.4
1
274.8 1.4 1
To 2
po2 = p0 = 43 = 64.3 kPa
T
0 245

Example 8 - 27
At fan exit :
po 21 = po 2 FPR = 64.3 2.25 = 144.7 kPa
1 1.41
p
144.7 1.4
To 21 = To 2 o 21 = 274.8 = 346.5 K
po 2 64.3

BYPASS
As ideal cycle, assume no pressure loss in bypass duct and nozzle exiting to ambient
pressure.
Hence,
po13 = po 21 = 144.7 kPa
To13 = To 21 = 346.5 K
p19 = p0 = 43 kPa
1 1.41
p
43 1.4
T19 = To13 19 = 346.5 = 245 K
po13 144.7

Cold jet velocity is found from

V2
To13 = T19 + 19 V19 = 2C p (To13 T19 )
2C p (Part (a) )
V19 = 2 1005 (346.5 245) = 451.7 ms 1

Specific thrust of bypass is given by

1 Bm& c
(V19 V0 ) =
T B
Fs ,b = s ,b = m& b (V19 V0 ) = (V19 V0 )
m& tot m& tot (1 + B )m& c 1+ B
1.4
(451.7 244.7 ) = 120.8 N skg
1
Fs ,b =
1 + 1.4
(Part (b) )

CORE
Compressor pressure ratio, rc = 15, so
po3 = rc po 21 = 2170.5 kPa

Isentropic compressor so exit temperature is

1 1.41
To 3 po 3
2170.5 1.4
= To 3 = 346.5 = 751.2 K
To 21 po 21 144.7

No pressure losses in combustion chamber, and burner is 100% efficient,

Hence, po 4 = po3 = 2170.5kPa

Fuel flow rate required is (Cp assumed constant across combustion chamber in an ideal
cycle).
To 4 To 3 1400 751.2
f =
QR
C To 4
=
43100
1.005
1400 (
= 0.01564
)
p

Example 8 - 28
Given TET = 1400K, and mechanical efficiency is 100%, so compressor work = turbine work.
Temperature at turbine exit can be found from

(work required to drive compressor) + (work required to drive fan) = (turbine work)
m& cC p (To 3 To 21 ) + m& tot C p (To 21 To 2 ) = m& cC p (To 4 To 5 )

To 3 To 21 +
(1 + B )m& c (T To 2 ) = To 4 To 5
o 21
m& c
To 5 = To 4 To 3 BTo 21 + (1 + B )To 2 = 1400 751.2 1.4 346.5 + (1 + 1.4) 274.8 = 823.2 K
( note sign convention used for work in (-ve) and work out (+ve). )

Isentropic turbine, so pressure at turbine exit is

1.4
po 5 To 5 1
823.2 1.41
= po 5 = 2170.5 = 338.4 kPa
po 4 To 4 1400

Exit nozzle is isentropic, expanding to ambient pressure, p9 = p0 = 43kPa

Nozzle exit temperature is

1 1.41
p
43 1.4
T9 = To 5 9 = 823.2 = 456.9 K
po 5 338.4

From total to static ratio,

2
V9
To5 = T9 + , where V9 is the jet exit velocity.
2C p

Hence, the exit velocity of the core is

V9 = 2C p (To 5 T9 ) = 2 1005 (823.2 456.9 ) = 858.1 ms 1 (Part (a) )

Specific thrust of core is given by

T 1 m& c
Fs ,c = s ,c = m& c ((1 + f )V9 V0 ) = ((1 + f )V9 V0 )
m& tot m& tot (1 + B )m& c
1
= ((1 + f )V9 V0 )
1+ B
1
((1 + 0.01564 ) 858.1 244.7 ) = 261.2 N skg
1
Fs ,c =
1 + 1.4
(Part (b) )

TOTAL
Total specific thrust of engine
Fs = Fs ,c + Fs ,b = 261.2 + 120.8 = 382.0 N skg 1

Total thrust
T = m& tot Fs = 228 382.0 = 87.1 kN (Part (b) )
Example 8 - 29
Specific fuel consumption :
f 0.01564
SFC = = = 0.0171 kg / kNs (Part (c) )
Fs (1 + B ) 0.382 (1 + 1.4 )

Thrust ratio is given by

Fs ,c
261.2
m& c 95
FR = = = 3.027 (Part (d) ).
Fs ,b 120.8
m& b (1.4 95)

Propulsive efficiency is given by

FsV0 FsV0
p = =
2mtot
[ ]
FsV0 + 1 & m& c (V9 V0 ) + m& b (V19 V0 )
2 2
F V +
1 (V9 V0 ) B(V19 V0 )

2
+
2

2 1+ B 1+ B
s 0

382.0 244.7
p =
1 (858.1 244.7 ) 1.4 (451.7 244.7 )
2 2
382.0 244.7 + +
2 1 + 1.4 1 + 1.4
p = 50.7%
(Part (e) ).

Example 8 - 30
EXAMPLE 13 : ACTUAL TURBOFAN CYCLE ANALYSIS.
The following data apply to a twin-spool turbofan engine, with the fan driven by the LP turbine
and the compressor driven by the HP turbine.
Overall pressure ratio = 25
Fan pressure ratio = 1.65
Bypass ratio = 5.0
Turbine entry temperature = 1550K
Fan isentropic efficiency = 89%
Compressor isentropic efficiency = 85.7%
HP turbine isentropic efficiency = 91.5%
LP turbine isentropic efficiency = 88%
Isentropic efficiency of cold and hot nozzles = 95%
Mechanical efficiency of each spool = 99%
Total-head pressure loss in combustion chamber = 6%
Pressure recovery factor for intake = 0.92
Total mass flow = 215 kg/s
Determine the specific and total thrust of the engine, the SFC and thrust ratio, where the
engine is stationary, operating at sea-level static conditions, for which the ambient pressure
and temperature are 1.01 bar and 288K respectively.
___________________________________
Solution
The temperature-entropy (T-s)
diagram for the cycle is as shown. T p o4

Given : 4 TET
Overall pressure ratio = 25 3 po5
3s
FPR = 1.65
5s 5 p9
9
So the compressor pressure ratio is po13
13s
25 13 p
rc = = 15.152 2s o2
Bypass
1.65 To2
B=5 2
Tamb pa
To4 = 1550K 19s 19
m& tot = 215 kg/s 0 (p19=pa if nozzle not choked)

M0 = 0.0; s
p0 = 101 kPa; T0 = 288 K
Flight speed is zero, V0 = 0.0 ms-1.

Total temperature at fan inlet :

V2
To 2 = T0 + 0 = 288 K
2C p

Pressure recovery factor for intake is 0.92, so pressure at fan inlet :

T 1
T 1
po 2 = i p0 o 2 = 0.92 101 o 2 = 92.92 kPa
T0 T0

At fan exit :
po 21 = po 2 FPR = 92.92 1.65 = 153.3 kPa

Example 8 - 31
Ideal temperature at fan exit is
1 1.41
p 153.3 1.4
To 21s = To 2 o 21 = 288 = 332.3 K
po 2 92.92
Using isentropic efficiency of fan, actual temperature is
T T T T
f = o 21s o 2 To 21 = o 21s o 2 + To 2
To 21 To 2 f
332.3 288
To 21 = + 288 = 337.8 K
0.89

BYPASS
Station 13 bypass duct inlet is equivalent to station 21, immediately downstream of the fan, so
the pressure in bypass duct is po13 = po21, and critical pressure ratio is given by
p o13 1 1
=
= 1.4
= 1.964
p crit 1 1 .4 1 1.4 1
1 1 1

1 1 0.95 1.4 + 1
n + 1

Ratio of po13 to ambient pressure, p0, is 1.65 ( = FPR) so the cold nozzle is not choked and exit
pressure, p19 is equal to ambient pressure.
p19 = p 0 = 101 kPa

Hence, ideal exit temperature is

1 1.41
p
101 1.4
T19 s = To13 19 = 337.8 = 299.8 K
po13 153.3

Using isentropic efficiency of nozzle, actual exit temperature is given by

T T
nb = 19 o13 T19 = nb (T19 s To13 ) + To13
T19 s To13
T19 = 0.95 (299.8 337.7 ) + 337.7 = 301.7 K

Cold jet velocity is found from

V192
To13 = T19 + V19 = 2C p (To13 T19 )
2C p
V19 = 2 1005 (337.7 301.7 ) = 269.0 ms 1

Specific thrust of bypass is given by

1 Bm& c
(V19 V0 ) =
T B
Fs ,b = s ,b = m& b (V19 V0 ) = (V19 V0 )
m& tot m& tot (1 + B )m& c 1+ B
5
(269.0 0 ) = 224.2 N skg
1
Fs ,b =
1+ 5

Actual thrust of bypass is given by

Ts ,b = m& tot Fs ,b = 215 224.2 = 48.2 kN

Example 8 - 32
CORE
Compressor pressure ratio, rc = 15.152, so
po 3 = rc po 21 = 2322.8 kPa
Ideal temperature at compressor exit is
1 1.41
To 3s po 3
2322.8 1.4
= To 3 s = 337.8 = 734.4 K
To 21 po 21 153.3

Using compressor isentropic efficiency, the compressor delivery temperature is

T T T T
c = o 3s o 21 To 3 = o 3s o 21 + To 21
To 3 To 21 c
734.4 337.8
To 3 = + 337.8 = 800.6 K
0.857

Total-head pressure loss in combustion chamber of 6%, and burner is assumed to be 100%
efficient,
Hence, po 4 = (1 0.06) po 3 = (1 0.06 ) 2322.8 = 2183.4 kPa

Fuel flow rate required is

C T C PTo 3 1.148 1550 1.005 800.6
f = P ,c o 4 = = 0.0236
QR C P ,cTo 4 43100 1.148 1550

Given TET = 1550K, and mechanical efficiency of 99% for both spools, and compressor work
= turbine work mechanical efficiency.
Temperature at HP turbine exit can be found from
(work required to drive HP compressor) = (mechanical efficiency) (HP turbine work)
m& c C p (To 3 To 21 ) = (1 + f ) mech m& c C p ,c (To 4 To 5 )
Cp
To 5 = To 4 (To3 To 21 )
(1 + f ) mechC p ,c
= 1550
1005
(800.6 337.8) = 1150.2 K
(1 + 0.0236) 0.99 1148
Using turbine isentropic efficiency, ideal temperature at HP turbine exit is
T T T T
tHP = o 5 o 4 To 5 s = o 5 o 4 + To 4
To 5 s To 4 tHP
1150.2 1550
To 5 s = + 1550 = 1113.1K
0.915

Pressure at HP turbine exit is

1.333
po 5 To 5 s 1
1113.1 1.3331
= po 5 = 2183.4 = 580.1 kPa
po 4 To 4 1550

Temperature at LP turbine exit can be found from

(work required to drive fan) = (mechanical efficiency) (LP turbine work)

Example 8 - 33
 m& tot C p (To 21 To 2 ) = (1 + f ) mech m& cC p ,c (To 5 To 6 )
m& tot C p (B + 1)C p
To 6 = To 5 (To 21 To 2 ) = To5 (T T )
(1 + f )mech m& cC p,c (1 + f )mechC p ,c o 21 o 2
To 6 = 1150.2
(1 + 5)1005 (337.8 288) = 892.1K
(1 + 0.0236) 0.99 1148
Using turbine isentropic efficiency, ideal temperature at LP turbine exit is
T T T T
tLP = o 6 o 5 To 6 s = o 6 o 5 + To 5
To 6 s To 5 tLP
892.1 1150.2
To 5 s = + 1150.2 = 856.9 K
0.88

Pressure at LP turbine exit is

1.333
po 6 To 6 s 1
856.9 1.3331
= po 6 = 580.1 = 178.5 kPa
po 5 To 5 1150.2

Pressure ratio across hot nozzle is

po 6
= 1.767
p0

Critical pressure ratio for hot nozzle is given by

po 6 1 1
= = 1.333
= 1.918
pcrit 1.3331
1 1 1 1 1 . 333 1
1 1 0.95 1.333 + 1
n + 1

Hence, nozzle is unchoked, and exit pressure, p9 is equal to ambient pressure.

p9 = p 0 = 101 kPa

Hence, ideal exit temperature is

1 1.3331
p
101 1.333
T9 s = To 6 9 = 892.1 = 773.8 K
po 6 178.5

Using isentropic efficiency of nozzle, actual exit temperature is given by

T T
nc = 9 o 6 T9 = nc (T9 s To 6 ) + To 6
T9 s To 6
T9 = 0.95 (773.8 892.1) + 892.1 = 779.7 K

Hot jet velocity is found from

V2
To 6 = T9 + 9 V9 = 2C p (To 6 T9 )
2C p , g
V9 = 2 1148 (892.1 779.7 ) = 508.0 ms 1

Example 8 - 34
Specific thrust of engine core is given by
T 1 m& c
Fs ,c = s ,c = m& c ((1 + f )V9 V0 ) = ((1 + f )V9 V0 )
m& tot m& tot (1 + B )m& c
1
= ((1 + f )V9 V0 )
1+ B
1
((1 + 0.0236) 508.0 0) = 86.7 N skg
1
Fs ,c =
1 + 5

Actual thrust of engine core is given by

Ts ,c = m& tot Fs ,c = 215 86.7 = 18.6 kN

TOTAL
Total specific thrust of engine
Fs = Fs ,c + Fs ,b = 86.7 + 224.2 = 310.9 N skg 1

Total thrust
T = m& tot Fs = 215 310.9 = 66.8 kN

Specific fuel consumption :

f 0.0236
SFC = = = 0.0127 kg / kNs
Fs (1 + B ) 310.9 (1 + 5)

Thrust ratio is given by

Fs ,c
m& c BFs ,c 5 86.7
FR = = = = 1.934
Fs ,b Fs ,b 224.2
m& b

Example 8 - 35
EXAMPLE 14 : IDEAL TURBOPROP CYCLE ANALYSIS.
The following data apply to a turboprop engine, with the propeller driven by the LP (free)
turbine and the compressor driven by the HP turbine. Using the engine and flight parameters
given below, determine the specific thrust (wrt core mass flow), the SFC, the propulsive,
thermal and overall efficiencies.

Compressor pressure ratio : rp = 15

TET : To4 = 1370 K
Propeller efficiency : prop = 0.83
Turbine temperature ratio : t = 0.6
Flight Mach no. : M0 = 0.8
Ambient temperature : T0 = 238.7 K
Ambient pressure : P0 = 37.7 kPa
Calorific value of fuel : QR = 42800 kJ/kg
___________________________________
Solution
Given :
T0 = 238.7 K
P0 = 37.7 kPa
Compressor pressure ratio, rp = 15
prop = 0.83
t = 0.6
M0 = 0.8
QR = 42800 kJ/kg

Flight speed is
V0 = M 0 a0 = M 0 RT0
= 0.8 1.4 287 238.7 = 247.8 m / s

Analysis of core of the engine is the same as in previous examples. The pressures and
temperatures up to the HP turbine exit are given below (evaluate these yourself).

Po2 = 57.4 kPa To2 = 269.2 K

Po3 = 861.0 kPa To3 = 583.6 K
Po4 = 861.0 kPa To4 = 1370 K
Po45 = 345.7 kPa To45 = 1055.6 K
f = 0.0190

Temperature ratio for whole turbine is 0.6,

To 5 = tTo 4 = 0.6 1370
= 822 K

Turbine exit pressure is

T 1
Po 5 = Po 45 o 5
To 45
1.4
822 1.41
= 345.7 = 144.0 kPa
1055.6

Example 8 - 36
Nozzle assumed to exit to ambient pressure, so
P9 = 37.7 kPa

1 1.41
P
37.7 1.4
T9 = To 5 9 = 822 = 560.5 K
Po 5 144.0

Nozzle exit velocity is

V9 = 2C P (To 5 T9 ) = 2 1005(822 560.5) = 725.0 m / s

Specific thrust of engine core

Fs ,c = (1 + f )V9 V0 = 491.0 Ns / kg

Work delivered to prop = LP turbine work

(wrt core mass flow)
w prop = C P (To 45 To 5 ) = 234.8 kJ / kg

Propeller is 83% efficient, so the specific thrust from the propeller is

T V0 F V
prop = prop = s , prop 0
W& prop w prop

prop w prop
Fs , prop = = 786.5 Ns / kg
V0

Total specific thrust

Fs ,tot = Fs , prop + Fs , c = 1277.5 Ns / kg

SFC of turboprop
f
sfc = = 0.0149 kg / kNs
Fs ,tot

Power specific fuel consumption

m& f
SP = f =
&
W W m& c&
f
= = 6.00 10 5 kg / kJ
Fs ,cV0 + prop w prop

Thermal efficiency
work to prop + core thrust power + KE change
th =
heat in
w prop + Fs ,cV0 + 12 ((1 + f )V9 V0 )
2

= = 58.7 %
fQR

Example 8 - 37
Propulsive efficiency
Thrust power
p =
work to prop + core thrust power + KE change
Fs ,totV0
= = 66.4 %
w prop + Fs , cV0 + 12 ((1 + f )V9 V0 )
2

Overall efficiency
Thrust power
o =
heat in
F V
= s ,tot 0 = 38.9 % ( = )
th p
fQR

Example 8 - 38