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Eye
Rods & cones
Outer Pigmented Epithelium Iris 4mm frog embryo is characterized by the presence of a clearly recognizable:
Lens Lens Epithelium 1. Tail
Lens Vesicle Lens Vesicle
Lens Fibers
2. Neural tube
Stomodeum Stomodeum Tooth Germ 3. Notochord
Oral Plate Oral Plate Buccal Cavity Horny Mandible
Oral Papilla
4. Segmented mesoderm
Oral Cavity Oral Cavity
5. Fin folds
Hypophysis Pituitary Body
Infundibulum
Pharynx
Thyroid
Mandibular Arch Mandibular Arch
Notochord Notochord
Endolymphatic Duct
Otic Utriculus
Otic Vesicle Otic Vesicle Auditory Vesicle
Placode Semicircular Canals
Sacculus
Otic Capsule Otic Capsule Auditory Capsule
Pericardial Cavity
Somites Somites Skeletal Muscle
Somatic Mesooderm
Hypomere
Sphlancnic Mesoderm
Endocardium Truncus Arteriosus Bulbus Cordis
Heart Ventricle Ventricle
Heart Heart
Epimyocardium Atrium Atrium
Sinus Vesonus Sinus Vesonus Neural System differentiates from just a form of closed tube into distinct parts of
Spinal Cord
Pronephric Tubules
the brain indicated by the appearance of thickening and constrictions
Pronephros Nephric Duct o Prosencephalon foremost part
Pronephric Duct Pronephric Duct o Mesencephalon middle part
Glomi Glomi o Rhombencephalon hind part
Nephrostome Nephrostome
Liver Diverticulum Liver Liver
Dorsal Aorta Epiphysis slight mid-dorsal Evagination of the brain vesicle
Yolky Endoderm Yolky Endoderm o Form: pineal body in the adult
Coelom
Proctodeum Anus Anus Olfactory placodes thickenings on the lateral surface of the head anterior
Dorsal Aorta
Ventral Aorta
o Form: olfactory pits (evagination) cavities
Tail Bud Tail Tail Fin Tail Tail Fin
Mid Gut Mid Gut
intestine
Lens placode anterior to the olfactory placodes
Hind Gut Hind Gut o paired thickening of the head ectoderm
Melanocytes Melanocytes
o Form: lens vesicle (evagination) eye lens
External Gills External Gills
Esophageal Plug Esophagus
Notochord extends from the midbrain up to the posterior end of the body
loose mesodermal cells beneath the floor of the foregut and anterior to the
mass of yolk which Level of the Mesencephalon and Optic Cups
o will become organized to form: heart
Mesencephalon (midbrain) mid-region of the developing brain with a thick roof
liver diverticulum median posteroventrally directed diverticulum of the foregut o cavity mesocoel
o forerunner of the liver o appears dorsal to a portion of the prosencephalon called the ifundibulum
Yolk fills the bulk of the body Ifundibulum develops as a funnel-like depression in the floor of prosencephalon
o Origin: endoderm o Forms: posterior portion (lobe) of pituitary gland together w/ stomodeum
o serve as nutrition for continued growth and differentiation of the embryo o smaller, ventral component of the diencephalon with thin roof and thick sides
Proctodeum ectodermal invagination found at the base of the tail Hypophysis ventral to the ifundibulum; lying between the oral and brain cavity
o will break to open into the hind gut as the Form: anus o Small knot of tissue
o Solid ingrowth or nodular aggregation of cells
o Develops as an inward growing cord of ectoderm from stomodeum
Transverse Section o Term can be used into two different manners:
1. Rathkes pocket The invagination of stomodeum which fuses with
Level of the Prosencephalon and Nasal Rudiments infundibulum to form: complete adult gland
2. pituitary gland an endocrine gland formed from an ingrowth from the
Prosencephalon anterior part of the embryonic brain stomodeum (Rathkes pocket) and the infundibulum
o Cavity prosocoel o Form: anterior portion of the pituitary gland
Mesenchyme embryonic tissue derived from mesoderm and neural crest cells Optic cups lateral to the ifundibulum
o Form: (1) Connective tissues (2) Epithelial tissues (3) Muscular tissues (4) o Lens vesicle present on the left side
Nervous tissues
Observe the spinal cord and the notochord with adjacent somites.
Mesomeres
- Paired bulges located just below the
horizontal level of the notochord
Form: pronephric tubules and may
collectively be called the pronephrosor
pronephric kidney
Liver diverticulum
- Rudiment of the liver
- Found at the floor of the pharynx
- Extremely deep groove
Section through the midgut
Section through the pronephros
The spinal cord gradually tapers off in diameter from the rhombencephalon to its caudal end.
Note the spinal cord, notochord, somites, pronephros and coelomic activities. This section is Note that in this section the diameter of the spinal cord approximates that of the notochord.
at level caudal to the liver diverticulum. In this region, the foregut (pharynx) narrows into the Wedged between the notochord and the midgut, a small knot of cells can be identified that
midgut. are part of the subnotochordal rod.
Whole Mount
Jacobsons organ - Oval mass beneath the thin floor of the infundibulum
- Saccular structure fromed by the evagination of the nasal organ - Endocrine gland derived from the infundibulum and a solid ingrowth from the
- Function in picking up the smell of food from the buccal region stomodeum
Syn: vomeronasal organ If tracing is continued posteriorly, the hypophysis disappears and the tip of the
notochord, flanked by parachordal cartilages will be seen.
Buccal cavity Syn: hypophysis
- Region where the nasal cavity and mouth opens
- Lined with epithelium and is derived from stomodeum Eye
- Jaws are tipped with many horny material and tooth germs at this region Optic cup
- External to the jaws are lobose structures called the oral papillae Layers of the optic cup:
- Retina
Prechordal cartilage Thick inner layer of the optic cup
- Hyaline cartilages beneath the telencephalon which will form the cartilaginous Differentiated into the following layers:
cranium called the chondocranium o Layer of ganglian cells (innermost sublayer of the retina)
Syn: trabecular cartilage The axons of the nerve cells in this sublayer form the optic
Melanocytes nerve. The region where the optic nerves cross in the floor of
- Stellate cells scattered over the dorsolateral region of the brain and lateral to the the diencephalon is known as the optic chiasma.
nasal organs o Layer of the bipolar neurons
- Fine granules of melanin (light brown individually; black in aggregate) Middle layer of cells that will synapse the receptor and the
ganglian cells.
Mesenchyme o Rods and cones
- Stellate , mesodermal cells filling up the space between the organs and the Outermost sublayer of the retina where the photoreceptoral
epidermis process is formed.
- Form a loose reticulum with the outermost cells forming the dermis of the
integument Pigmented epithelium
- outer wall of the optic cup formed from the medial half of the optic vesicle
Epidermis Forms: iris of the eye
- Outer layer of the skin composed of two strata of ectodermal cells
Free melanin granules and melanocytes can be seen here under the HPO Lens
- spherical body, partly enclosed by the optic cup
- formed by the thickenings of the inner wall of the lens vesicle
- Lens epithelium
Level of the Diencephalon and the eye One-cell thick outer layer
- Lens fibers
Diencephalon
Columnar cells at the core of the lens that will later become long fibers
- Posterior subdivision of the prosencephalon that is ventrally elongated and
arranged in layers
possesses a cavity called the III ventricle
Cornea
Ifundibulum
- Superficial covering of the eye formed by an assembly of ectodermal and
- Funnel-like evagination of the diencephalic floor
mesodermal cells between the ectoderm and the lens
- Subsequently evaginatates the posterior or neural tube of the pituitary together
with the stomodeum Choroid and sclera
In the more posterior sections of the diencephalons, this is seen as a smaller, ventral - Outer investments of the optic cup
component of the diencephalon with thin roof and thick sides. - At this stage of development, they are represented by the mesodermal cells
aggregating outside the pigmented epithelium.
Mesencephalon
- Middle region of the brain dorsal to the diencephalons Pharynx
- Bears the 3rd and 4th cranial nerves - Broad gut at this level which is lined by endodermal cells
- Possesses a cavity known as the cerebral aqueduct
Auditory ganglion
Hypobranchial cartilages - Mass of nerve cells on the medial side of the auditory vesicle
- Long masses of cartilages under the floor of the foregut that make up parts of the Syn: acoustic ganglion
visceral skeleton and support the pharynx
Thyroid
- A pair of small endocrine bodies associated with the pharynx located beneath the
hypobranchial cartilages Notochord
Heart
Level of the Myelencephalon and Auditory vesicle
- a lightly coiled tube twisted to the right
Myelencephalon
Pericardial cavity
- Most posterior region of the brain with a thick floor (basal plates)
- chamber enclosing the hear
- In later development, its thin roof becomes vascularized to Form: posterior
choroids plexus Conus arteriosus
- Cavity is the IV ventricle - most anterior region of the heart
- connects the ventricle with the ventral aorta
Auditory vesicle
Syn: bulbuscordis
- A completely closed hallow organ on each side of the medulla
- Endolymmphatic duct Ventricle
Thick-walled tube between the medulla and the ear vesicle - heart chamber that receives blood from the sinus venosus and delivers it to the
Marks the course of the invagination of the auditory vesicle from the ventricle
ectoderm
- Utriculus Atrium
Large dorsal chamber of the ear vesicle - dorsal, thin-walled chamber that receives blood from the sinus venosus and
- Semicircular canals delivers it to the ventricle
The three mutually perpendicular folds of the auditory vesicle that is
Sinus venosus
observed in older specimens
- most posterior chamber lying on the right, anterior to the liver
The sensory epithelium is represented here by the thickened horizontal
- receives the venous blood and delivers it to the atrium
canal
- Sacculus Opercular cavity
Ill-defined ventral chamber of the auditory vesicle - paired chamber continuous with the gut and lying on each side of the heart
Forms: lagenain lower vertebrates - contains the internal gills with branchial blood vessels
Forms: cochlea in higher vertebrates Syn: gill chamber
Dorsal aorta
- Paired blood vessel between the notochord and the esophagus
- Trigeminal ganglion (V) - Fuse into a single blood vessel posteriorly
A larger mass of nerve cells bodies anterior and dorsal to the acoustico-
facialis ganglion
Syn: semilunar ganglion
- Glossopharyngeal ganglion
External wall of the opercular cavity formed by a body fold Pronephros
- Paired excretory organs that arise from the nephrotome
Metencephalon - Located at the ventrolateral region of the body cavity
- Anterior subdivision of the rhombencephalon
- Lies behind the optic lobes and medial to the V ganglion Pronephric tubules
- Ducts of the pronephros lined by cuboidal epithelium
Intestine
- Located posterior to the duodenum and is filled with the abundant yolk platelets
Liver
- Highly vascularized and enlarged organ to the right of the midline
- Spaces in it are called sinusoids
Gall bladder
- Once-cell thick, large vesicle associated with the liver
Bile duct
- Thick-walled tube that appears in place of the gallbladder
Pancreas
- Large organ within the curvature of the stomach
- Located to the right of the liver and bile duct
- Identified by the presence of the nest of cells (alveoli) surrounding small ducts