Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ara. Kalaimaran, Engineering Services Division, CSIR- Complex, Pusa, New Delhi.
[Journal No: Vol.75, June.2005, Published by Association of Engineers (India), Kolkata]
ABSTRACT
The construction industry is one of the major industries for providing infrastructure facilities. Some practical
problems arise during execution of construction of projects. Attempt has been made to find out solutions
(mathematical formulae) for few common problems. These formulae are very useful for those who are engaged in
the execution of civil construction works such as Site Engineers, Supervisors etc.
Key words:
Staircase, Tread, Riser, Waist Slab, Centering & Shuttering, Curtailment of reinforcement, Construction joints of
flooring pattern and Chemical dilution.
NOMENCLATURES
a = Dimension of side a in metre,
b = Dimension of side b in metre
c = Clear cover to the reinforcement
d = Overall depth of waist slab
p1 = Percentage of concentration of chemical brought at site.
p2 = Required percentage of concentration of chemical after dilution.
q = Width of that particular landing
r = Dimension of riser
s = r 2 + t 2
t = Dimension of tread
w = Width of vertical support
xt = Distance of the crank of top steel reinforcement at junction of upper end of waist slab and landing.
xb = Distance of the crank of bottom steel reinforcement at junction of upper end waist slab and landing.
xt = Distance of crank of top steel reinforcement at junction of lover end of waist slab and landing.
xb = Distance of the crank of bottom steel reinforcement at junction of lower end of waist slab and landing.
MATHEMATICAL SOLUTIONS
In construction works, the Site Engineers will have to face a lot of technical problems during execution such as (i) to
achieve exact size of tread, riser & thickness of waist slab of staircase, (ii) to determine the exact location of crank
for steel reinforcement in waist slab of stairs, (iii) to estimate length of joints in between tiles/ stones/ blocks slab or
length of grooves for expansion joint in pattern flooring, and (iv) to ensure the mix proportion of chemical and water
when diluting any chemical compositions.
Some lengthy calculations are required to solve these problems. It is also impossible to do mathematical derivations
every time at site. Moreover, it is not sure that everybody is having mathematical knowledge to derive equations. So
the problems, which are mainly arise during execution have been analyzed and formulae derived mathematically.
The Author has practically applied all these formulae in various projects of Construction of multistoried RCC
framed structure buildings. These formulae have been given in the following paragraphs.
(i) Fig. 3.1 is the typical examples of details of staircase and landing from floor level to first landing (First flight).
( ) ( )
= [1]
( ) ( )
=+( ) [2]
(2 2 ) + (2 )
= ( ) [3]
To determine the exact distance of the crank of steel reinforcement in waist slab
To place the reinforcement & to maintain the exact cover to reinforcement evenly, the distance of the crank of steel
reinforcement can be calculated by the following formulae. Fig. 3 is the typical example of Staircase and position of
steel reinforcement.
(i) The formula for distance of the crank of top steel reinforcement (Ref: Fig. 3) is given by
( ) ( )
= + ( ) [4]
(ii) The formula for distance of the crank of top steel reinforcement (Ref: Fig. 3) is given by
( ) ( )
= + ( ) [5]
(iii) The formula for distance of the crank of top steel reinforcement (Ref: Fig. 4) is given by
( ) + ( )
= { } [6]
(iv) The formula for distance of the crank of top steel reinforcement (Ref: Fig. 4) is given by
( ) ( ) + ( + )
= + ( ) [7]
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
Rectangle
1
100
(a + b)
Length of joint per unit floor area =
ab
Table-5: Dimensions details of tile/ stone
Fig. 5.1: Flooring pattern of rectangular tile/ stone with straight joint
Fig. 5.2: Flooring pattern of rectangular tile/ stone with zig-zag joint
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
Hexagon 3 2 2
=( ) 100
2 (3)b 2
2 1.1547
=
a 3 a
Table-6: Dimensions of Hexagonal tile/ block
Fig. 6: Flooring pattern of Hexagonal blocks with closed interval
Shape of the Picture of the block Area of a block % of block area No. of blocks per
Block over total area unit area
3 2 33
Hexagon ( )= = 75 =
2 4b 2
2 3
( )= = 25 =
Diamond 23 2b 2
5 1.4434
Length of joints per unit area =
2 3
Shape of the Picture of the block Area of a block % of block area No. of blocks per
Block over total area unit area
3 2 3
Hexagon = 75 =
2 2b 2
Equilateral 2 3
= 25 =
Triangle 43 b2
3 1.7321
Length of joint per unit area =
b b
The ratio of area of squares having indented groves and area of squares having projected groves
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of block area over No. of blocks
the Block total area per unit area
1
[22(2 1)]a2 2(2 1) 100
Block-I 2a2
1
2(2 1)a2 (2 1) 100
Block-II 2a2
42(2 1) 2.343
Length of joints per unit area =
Fig. 9: Flooring pattern of 8-point male and female Star tile/ block
(vi) Star pattern of 6-point Star and Diamond (Rhombus) (Fig. 10)
Sometimes two different slabs/tiles or two different colours for star and Rhombus will be provided. The following
formula has been given to estimate the requirement of two different items separately.
Block-I 1
(Star of 8- point) 23b2 50%
43b 2
b2 3
Block-II 50%
(Diamond) 3 2b 2
56
Length of joints per unit area =
9b
Ratio of area of Block I & II = 1: 1
Fig. 10: Flooring pattern of 6-point Star and Diamond tile/ block
Block-I
(Light Grey b2 3
50%
Diamond) 3 2b 2
Block-II b2
(Dark Grey 50% 3
Diamond) 3 2b 2
2
Length of joints per unit area =
b
Ratio of area of Block I & II = 1: 1
Fig. 11: Flooring pattern of 6-point Star and Diamond tile/ block
(vii) A pattern of octagon alternate arrangement of square block and intermediate bone shape blocks (Fig. 12)
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks over No. of blocks
the Block total area per unit area
2(1 + 2)b2 1 + 2 1
Octagon ( ) 100
3 + 22 3 + 22 2 2
b2 1 + 2 1
Square ( ) 100
3 + 22 3 + 22 2 2
Damroo 2 1
50
2 2
8
Length of joint per unit area =
(1 + 2)b
Fig. 12: Flooring pattern of Octagonal, Damroo and Square tile/ block
(viii) Octagon pattern with close interval filled with square blocks (Ref: Fig. 13)
Shape of the Picture of the block Area of a block % of block area over No. of blocks
Block total area per unit area
b2 1 1
[ ] 100
Square 3 + 22 3 + 22 2
6
Length of joints per unit area
(1 + 2)b
Table-13: Dimension of Octagon and Square tile/ block
Fig. 13: Flooring pattern of Octagonal and Square tile/ block
Damroo 2 2
100
2 2
8
Length of joint per unit floor area
(1 + 2)b
Table-14: Dimensions of Damroo tile/ block
Fig. 14: Flooring pattern of Damroo tile/ block
(ix) A pattern of pot shape blocks flooring without interval (Fig. 15)
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
Pot- shape 33 2 1
100
8 3 2
16
Length of joint per unit floor area
93d
Table-15: Dimensions of Pot shape tile/ block
Fig. 15: Flooring pattern of pot shape tile/ block
(x) A pattern of I-blocks of rounded edges flooring without interval (Fig. 16)
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
I-Block of rounded d2 2
100
edge 2 2
Length of joint per unit floor area
d
Table-16: Dimensions of I-blocks of rounded edges tile/ block
Fig. 16: Flooring pattern of I-block of rounded edge
(xi) A pattern of Jigsaw blocks of Rounded edges flooring without interval (Fig. 17)
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
Jigsaw - shape 1
a2 100
a2
+2
Length of joint per unit floor area
a
Table-17: Dimensions of Jigsaw tile/block
Fig. 17: Flooring pattern of Jigsaw tile/ block
(xii) A pattern of Tri-hex blocks flooring without interval (Fig.18.1 and 18.2)
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
Tri-Hex 93a2 2
100
2 93a2
4
Length of joint per unit floor area
33a
Table-18: Dimensions of Tri-hex tile/block
Fig. 18.1: Flooring pattern of Tri-hex tile/ block
7a2 10
100 %
Grass Paver 10 7a2
2(8 + 2)
Length of joint per unit floor area =
7a
Table-19: Dimensions of I-block
9 2
Spider (9 2)a2 100 1
9
9 30.19 % a2
2
2a2 100 1
Full Moon 9
9 69.81 % a2
2(3 + 2 22)
Length of joint per unit floor area =
3a
Table-20: Dimensions of Full moon and spider tile/block
(xiii) A pattern of Zig-zag (Uni paver) blocks of Rounded edges flooring without interval (Fig.21)
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
32
Length of joint per unit floor area
17a
Table-21: Dimensions of Zig-Zag block
Fig. 21: Flooring pattern of Zig-zag tile/ block
(xiv) A pattern of Double Zig- Zag (Uni paver) blocks flooring without interval (Fig.22.1-22.4)
18
Length of joint per unit floor area
17a
Table. 22: Dimensions of Double Zig- Zag (Uni paver) blocks
Fig. 22.1: Flooring pattern of tile/ block
Lock-Hole shape
25a2 18
100%
18 25a2
6(8 + 2)
Length of joint per unit floor area =
25a
Table-23: Flooring pattern of Key-Hole tile/ block
Olympia/Vintage
a2 2
100
2 a2
3 + 2
Length of joint per unit floor area =
3a
Table-24: Flooring Pattern of Olympia/ Vintage blocks
Fig. 24: Flooring pattern of Olympia/Vintage tile/ block
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
Verona
3
2a2 100 %
2a2
3
+3
Length of joint per unit floor area =
2a
Table-25: Dimensions of Verona block
Fig. 25: Flooring pattern of Verona tile/ block
8
Length of joint per unit floor area =
3a
Table-26: Dimensions of Doctor compounder
Fig. 26: Flooring pattern of Doctor compounder blocks
Doctor
3a2 1
compounder 75%
4 a2
a2 1
Square 25%
4 a2
3
Length of joint per unit floor area =
a
Table-27: Dimensions of Doctor compounder blocks and Square block
Fig. 27: Flooring pattern of Doctor compounder with square blocks
Shape of Picture of the block Area of a block % of area blocks No. of blocks
the Block over total area per unit area
a2
Actual area 1
Grass paver- X 67.86%
a2 (14 ) a2
=
16
a2 ( + 2)
Area of each grass =
16
Table-28: Dimensions of Grass paver- X
Fig. 28: Flooring pattern of tile/ block Grass paver- X
Note:
(i) The thickness of joints was not taken into account in the formulae, since it is normally comparatively
very thin and therefore. In case, if the thickness of joints is heavy, the estimated value of length of
joints, which is calculated by the above formula may be multiplied by the actual thickness of joints to
get the area of joints and the same be deducted from the floor area to get exact area of tiles/block slabs.
(ii) The length of outer peripheral joints, if any, will be added with the above value to get the total length
of joints of complete room or hall etc.
(iii) The pattern is assumed to be symmetric in both direction of any room/hall/etc.
(iv) All the above formulae are more effective, when the floor area of each room / hall is large.
(v) The result of these formulae may be slightly varied due to un-symmetric shape of extreme tiles/block
slabs/pattern.
To ensure the correct mix proportion of chemical and water when diluting any chemical composition
The dilution of chemical is required in construction work such as (i) Anti-termite treatment (ii) Disinfection of inner
wall surfaces of existing water tanks by using Hydrochloric acid etc. The instructions/ details regarding dilution
given in CPWD Specification1 is not sufficient to the Site Engineer to ensure the exact required concentration (Mix
proportion of water and chemical of different concentrations). The exact mix proportion can be determined from the
following formula.
1 2
The ratio of Chemical and water = 1: ( )
2
Where, P1 is the concentration of chemical as per manufacturer available at market and P2 is the
concentration of chemical to be diluted for application.
CONCLUSION
Mathematical formulae given in this article are very useful for those who are engaged in the execution of civil
construction work such as Site Engineers, Supervisor etc.
REFERENCE
1. Clause 2.26.1.0 of Central Public Works Dept., New Delhi Specification Vol. 1