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ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 1
Harmonic Distortions
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
180
360
540
720
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 2
1
What are harmonics? Definition
Harmonics are the integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of any
periodical waveform are called e.g.
Acoustic waves
Electrical waves
For power networks, 50 Hz (60 Hz) is the fundamental frequency and 150
Hz (180 Hz), 250 Hz (300 Hz) etc. are higher order harmonics viz. 3rd & 5th
=> Odd Harmonics (5th, 7th..)
=> Even Harmonics (2nd , 4th .)
=> Triplen Harmonics (3rd, 9th , 15th ..)
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 3
Harmonics representations
Distorted waveform
(Fourier Analysis)
Time domain
25%
20%
15%
0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 4
2
Total Harmonic Distortion = THD
The basic formula of THD, Current :
2
Ih
h =2
THD =
I1
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 5
Definitions
Point of common coupling (PCC) - is the point where the harmonic
distortion is specified, e.g.
- between the plant and the utility network (see PCC1)
- between the non-linear load and other loads within an industrial
plant (see PCC 2).
Utility Network PCC 1
In-plant point of coupling (IPC)
- The point inside the customer Substation
system or installation to be Transformer
studied.
MV Bus IPC
PCC 2
Converter Input
Transformer
Converter
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 6
3
Where do the harmonics come from?
Non-linear loads such as:
Variable speed drives
Uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS)
Industrial rectifiers
Welding machines
Fluorescent lighting systems
(electronic ballast)
Computers
Printers
Servers
Electronic appliances
..
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 7
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 8
4
The Effects of Harmonic Distortions
120
100
Derating Factor
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Harmonic Voltage Distortion (%)
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 9
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 10
5
The Effects of Harmonic Distortions
Capacitor problems
Due to its lower
impedance,
capacitors are even
more susceptible to
higher order
harmonics. If not
protected from
harmonic stress, a
capacitor may fail
pretty soon
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 11
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 12
6
International Standards & Regulations
IEC 61000-2-4, Rev. 2002 (worldwide)
EN 61000-2-4 (Europe)
VDE 0839 Teil 2-4 (Germany)
IEEE 519-1992 (US)
National standards
G5/3 & G5/4 (United Kingdom)
GB/T 14549-93 (China)
etc.
Utility standards
e.g. Electricit de France
Chinese standard GB/T 14549-93
Transmission Code (Spore)
Project-specific requirements
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 13
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 14
7
Reducing Harmonics
Structural modification
Improved internal filtering (chokes)
12 or more pulse drive
Controlled active rectifier
Strengthen supply etc
External Passive Filter
Capacitor + series reactor
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 15
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 16
8
Line Current with DC Link Inductor
Line Current with DC Link Inductor is much more Sinusoidal than without Inductor
1.00
0.80
Amplitude (Volts), (Amps)
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
-1.00
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 17
70
60
The range used
50 in ABB drives
40
30 dc
ac
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Normalized smoothing reactance x %
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 18
9
Reducing Harmonics
Rectifier Selection
3~ 3~ 3~ Z
3
Current Waveforms
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 19
12-pulse Rectifier
30 degrees phase shift between the Supply Transformer Outputs
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 20
10
Typical 12 pulse drive & transformer
Scope of supply:-
supply:-
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 21
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 22
11
IGBT Active Rectifier
Low harmonics content in line current
I FU ( t )
9 9. 9 4 99 . 95 9 9. 9 6 99 . 97 9 9. 9 8 99 . 99
30
1 25
2 20
Current t
2 15
( 10
I A C S 6 11 ( t )
9 9. 9 4 99 . 95 9 9 . 96 99 . 97 9 9. 9 8 99 . 99
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2
Time t
Harmonic overtones
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 23
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 24
12
THD Current content of AC Drives
Active Rectifier 5
12-Pulse 15
PWM, Large
Inductor 40
PWM, Small
Inductor 60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 25
0.3 0.18
0.16
0.25 THD-LV THD-LV
0.14
0.2 Highest-LV 0.12 Highest-LV
0.1
0.15 THD-HV THD-HV
0.08
0.1 Highest-HV 0.06 Highest-HV
Limit 5% 0.04 Limit 5%
0.05
0.02
0 0
6-Pulse No 6-Pulse 6-Pulse 12-Pulse 6-Pulse No 6-Pulse 6-Pulse 12-Pulse
Inductor Small Large Large Inductor Small Large Large
Inductor Inductor Inductor Inductor Inductor Inductor
Harmonic Distortion with 16A Load and 50 kVA Harmonic Distortion with 16A Load and 100
Transformer kVA Transformer
0.09 0.06
0.08
THD-LV 0.05 THD-LV
0.07
0.06 Highest-LV 0.04 Highest-LV
0.05
THD-HV 0.03 THD-HV
0.04
0.03 Highest-HV 0.02 Highest-HV
0.02 Limit 5% Limit 5%
0.01
0.01
0 0
6-Pulse No 6-Pulse 6-Pulse 12-Pulse 6-Pulse No 6-Pulse 6-Pulse 12-Pulse
Inductor Small Large Large Inductor Small Large Large
Inductor Inductor Inductor Inductor Inductor Inductor
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 26
13
Proper Cabling and Earthing
according to the Manufacturers Instructions reduces Harmonics
AC converter
Customer
distribution
board
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 27
Is Is If
Ih
If Ih
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 28
14
Tuned multiple arm Passive Filter
If(1-3)
I I
s s Ih
If3 If2 If1 Ih
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 29
PQF
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 30
15
How does an active filter work (1) ?
LINE REACTOR
OUTPUT FILTER
PWM REACTORS
DC ENERGY PWM
+ INVERTER
STORAGE - (IGBT-based)
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 31
16
AHF Current Site Measurement, for a Fan load
Transformer current
[A]
1000
750
500
250
-250
-500
-750
-1000
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 Time [s]
Filter stopped
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 33
Summary
They have advantages and disadvantages, and all show cost implications
The best solution will depend on the total loading, the supply to site, and
the standing distortions.
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 34
17
Summary
Summary
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 36
18
Summary
6 Pulse
No chokes
100 % load
Manufacturing cost 100%
Fund 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
With chokes
100 % load Manufacturing cost 120%
Fund 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 37
Summary
12 Pulse
Polygon Transformer
100 % load
Manufacturing cost 200%
Fund 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 38
19
Summary
24 Pulse
Active Rectifier
Manufacturing cost 250%
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 39
Summary
Filter Solutions
Single arm tuned
Not normally used for new installations
Costs
Increase
Multi arm tuned
Most suited to DC drives
Active
Most suited to multiple small drives
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 40
20
Comparison of solutions
Example 1
Example 2
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 41
Comparison of solutions
Example 3
Example 2
ABB Group
April 12, 2010 | Slide 42
21
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