An Introduction To Punjabi Grammar Conversation Literature PDF

AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
GRAMMAR, CONVERSATION AND LITERATURE
GURINDER SINGH MANN

GURDIT SINGH
AMIP. SHAH
GIBB SCHREFFLER
WITH
ANNE MURPHY
,
,;t.
PUBLICATION BUREAU
PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA
Page 1 www.sikhbookclub.com

Department of Development ofPunjabi Language
Punjabi University, Patiala
(Established Under Punjab Act No. 35 of 1961)
GRAMMAR, CONVERSATION AND LITERATURE
edited by
GurinderSingh Mann
Gurdit Singh
Ami P. Shah
Gibb Schreffler
with
Anne Murphy
ISBN 81-302-0296-4
2011
Copies : 1100
Price: 700.00
Type-Setting
S.M.Computer Printing, Patiala
Published by Dr. Manjit Singh, Registrar, Punjabi University, Patiala

and Printed at Pearl Books Pvt. Ltd., Patiala.
FOREWORD
It gives me immense pleasure and satisfaction that we are publishing an outstanding manual
for teaching ofPlmjabi as a foreign language. This standard text-book, An Introduction to Punjabi-
Grammar, Conversation and Literature is written by eminent Sikh scholar Professor Gurinder
Singh Mann and his committed team ofyoung scholars Gurdit Singh, Ami P. Shah, Gibb Schreffler
and Anne Murphy. It is encouraging to know that Punjabi is being taught as a foreign language at a
number ofplaces abroad especially in U.S.A., Canada, and England but there is hardly any printed
material available for teaching ofPunjabi as a foreign language. Over the years, Prof. Gurinder
Singh Maan and his team ofscholars have been developi..llg this material in the process ofteaching
Punjabi at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Colwnbia University and the Summer
Programme at Chandigarh.
The book is an admirable work ofhard labour and meticulous scholarship and deserves all
scholarly recognition and encouragement for teaching ofPunj abi as a foreign language is a recent
phenomena. Fulfilling our statutory duty and obligation for the development and dissemination of
Punjabi language, we set up an International Centre for Teaching ofPunjabi as a foreign/second
language on the campus ofour university long time back.
The book comes at the opportune times when most ofthe Punjabis in India and abroad are
realising that by losing their language, they lose their religion and culture. And a people uprooted
from their cultural moorings can never become the masters oftheir destiny.
We place on record our deep sense ofappreciation for Professor Gurinder Singh Mann for
preparing this valuable work ofgreat significance which will go a long way in the promotion and
dissemination ofPunjabi language. I am sure that this book will serve as a useful manual for teaching
ofPunjabi as a foreign language.
Punjabi University, Dr. Jaspal Singh

Patiala Vice-Chancellor
DEPARTMENTAL NOTE
Punjabi University Patiala is one ofthe few universities in the world which have been named
after a language. As defined in the Act ofthe University, it has a statutory obligation for the promotion
ofPunjabi Language, Literature and Culture.
The University established a multifaculty department, Department ofDevelopment ofPunjabi
Language for the development and promotion ofPunjabi Language, Literature and Culture. The
production ofresource material, translation ofimportant works, promotion ofscientific literature in
Punjabi, etc. are some ofits major academic programmes.
We are publishing an excellent text-book, An Introduction to Punjabi-Grammar,
Conversation and Literature written by Professor Gurinder Singh Mann and his team ofhighly
competent scholars Gurdit Singh, Ami P. Shah, Gibb Schreffier and Anne Murphy. With long years of
hard work, commitment and devotion, Professor Gurinder Singh Mann has emerged as the leading
figure in Sikh studies, and has nurtured a large number of scholars. In the wake of wide-spread
wave ofcultural resurgence all over the world, Punjabis from India and Pakistan living abroad, are
trying to learn Punjabi language in their urge to maintain their religion and culture. Moreover, languages
of different nations and communities have come to occupy central stage in this era of global
communication and understanding.
To meet the needs offoreign students and for the dissemination ofPunjabi, we have a Centre
for teaching ofPunjabi as a foreign/second language. There are a number ofCentres for teaching
Punjabi in U.S.A., Canada and England but there is very little material for teaching ofPunjabi as a
foreign language. Most ofthe Centres for language teaching devise and plan their teaching material
keeping in view the needs ofthe learners, and put it to thorough practice in the classroom before
getting it printed. It is note-worthy that Professor Gurinder Singh Mann has developed this material
over a fairly long period ofteaching Punjabi as a foreign language at the University ofCalifornia,
Santa Barbara, Columbia University and the Summer Programme at Chandigarh. The book is a
manual designed for a very Special Context, for students on foreign shores trying to learn Punjabi
as spoken on both sides ofthe Punjab, across borders ofIndia and Pakistan.
The first part ofthe book deals with exposition ofall the aspects ofgrammatical structure of
Punjabi through descriptions, exercises and vocabulary lists. On the basis ofgrammatical structure
elucidated with examples in the first part, the second part ofthe book builds upon the traditionally tested
method oflanguage teaching, teaching oflanguage through literature, for the most creative use of
language is found in poetry, folk songs and other literary forms. The work is not intended to be a manual
ofPunjabi grammar or history ofPunjabi literature but a manual ofPunjabi teaching ''to function as a
part ofclass-based setting under the guidance oflanguage instructor" as the author has stated.
I am really grateful to Professor Gurinder Singh Mann and the University ofCalifornia, Santa
Barbara, U.S.A. for giving us the honour to publish this book which will, surely serve as a useful
manual for teaching Punjabi as a foreign language.
Department of Development ofPunjabi Language Amarjeet Kaur (Dr.)

Page 4 Punjabi University, Patiala Head
www.sikhbookclub.com
INTRODUCTION
Punjabi (Panjabi) is spoken in the Punjab, a geographical-cultural region that

connects South Asia with the Middle East and Central Asia (Map 1). Bounded by the
Himalayan foothills on the north, the region stretches between Delhi, the capital of India,
in the southeast, Multan, a major city of Pakistan, in the southwest, and Peshawar, at the
gateway to the subcontinent from Afghanistan, in the northwest. The name punj-ab
(Farsi, five-waters) came into currency during the mid-16 th century and refers to the
fertile bp:p nf five rivers, traditionally counted as Satluj, Ravi, Chenab, Jehlam, and
Sindh/Indus. In addition to these five rivers, there are also other rivers that comprise the
region. In the East, the Ghaggar swells up during the rainy season; in the central part, the
Beas runs for a hundred miles or so before flowing into the Satluj; and in the Northwest,
the Suan eventually merges with the Indus. Thus, the description of Punjab as the 'land of .
five rivers' is a metaphorical rather than geographic designation.
Historically, the city of Lahore (founded in the 9 th century C.E.) on the left bank
of the rivt-o ~ "vi served as the political and cultural center of the region. Situated on the
primary trade route, Lahore was a thriving city during medieval times (Map 2). In terms
of the size of its population and its political, economic, and cultural importance, Lahore
was as cosmopolitan as contemporary cities such as London and Paris. Amritsar,
established in the 1570s as the seat of the early Sikh community, also developed as a
major city in the region by the early 19th century. With the creation of India and Pakistan
as independent nation states in 1947, the Punjab was partitioned along religious lines,
with Muslims moving to West Punjab (Pakistan) and Hindus and Sikhs coming to East
Punjab (India). As a result, Chandigarh (designed by Le Corbusier in the 1950s) became
the political center of East Punjab while Lahore remained the political center of West
Punjab. Due to internal political developments after 1947, East Punjab was further
divided into the Indian states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.
Punjabi is a New Indo-Aryan language, a status it shares with other languages
such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, etc., all of which had reached a comfortable
state of evolution by 1000 C.E. The core of these languages had descended from Sanskrit,
the Prakrits, and the Apabhramsha languages that developed in North India beginning
around 1000 B.C.E. 1 Compared to other modem Indian languages, Punjabi has three
distinctive features. First, its lexicon has closer ties with early Vedic Sanskrit that had
developed in this region prior to 1000 B.C.E. Secondly, given the Punjab's proximity to
the Middle East and Central Asia, and the formative presence of Islam in the region
dating from 1000 C.E., Punjabi has absorbed a wide array of words and expressions from
Arabic and Farsi. Finally, Punjabi is the only North Indian language that employs tones;
the evolution of this linguistic feature has yet to be fully examined.
With the Punjabi-speaking region spreading over 150,000 square miles, an area
distinguished by many culturally distinct regions, Punjabi possesses significant dialectical
variations. In the East, Puadhi is spoken between the area northwest of Delhi and the
Ghaggar; Malwai is spoken between the Ghaggar and the Satluj; Doabi between the
1 Prakrits are Middle Indo-Aryan languages that began as vernacular dialects and eventually developed
distinct literary styles. These dialects were often distinguished by regional names, e.g. Shauraseni and
Magadhi. Apabhramsha refers to a literary, primarily poetic language that reflects a late stage of Middle
Indo-Aryan.
Vlll AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
Satluj and the Beas; Majhi on both sides of the upper Ravi; and Dogri in the northern
hills around Jammu. The term Laihindi encompasses a range of dialects in the West
Punjab, including Pothohari (spoken in the northwestern Pothohar Plateau), Jhangi (in the
western plains), and Multani/Siraiki (in the southwestern areas). The Majhi dialect is
generally considered to be the standard Punjabi for written communication, and for this
reason the present book is based on it.
A rich tradition in Punjabi literature began to emerge at the turn of the second
millennium. Th~ poetry attributed to the Nath Yogis, Gorakh Nath and Charpat Nath,
represents early extant examples of this literature. 2 We have references to bardic
literature of this period, but no examples of this oral tradition have survived? In an effort
to make literature available to a majority of the population, Sufi poets, Shaikh Farid
(1175-1266), Shaikh Sharaf (c.1271-1332), Shah Hussain (1539-1599), Bulleh Shah
(1680-1758), and Varis Shah (1735-1784), wrote in Punjabi as opposed to Farsi, the
language of political administration. Beginning with the compositions of Guru Nanak
(1469-1539), the Sikh Gurus, and later Sikh writers, literature written in Punjabi was
given even greater emphasis. Some outstanding names among twentieth century Punjabi
poets include Bhai Vir Singh (1872-1957), Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876-1954), Mohan
Singh (1905-1978), Amrita Pritam (1919-2005), Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1937-1973), and
Surjit Patar (1945-) in East Punjab and Ahmad Rahi (1923-2002), Munir Niazi (1928-
2006), Najm Hosain Syed (1936-), anJ Ahmad Salim (1946-) in West Punjab. 4
The earliest extant Punjabi manuscripts are inscribed in a script named Gurmukhi
('of the Gurmukhs/Sikhs'). The nascent Sikh community systematized the script to record
its sacred literature in the early 1500s, and, at present, it is recognized as the official
script for Punjabi in East Punjab. However from the early 17th century, there is evidence
of Punjabi being written in the Nastaliq script, commonly used for Farsi and Urdu. In
recent decades, this script has been modified to fully accommodate Punjabi sounds and is
referred to as Shahmukhi ('of the Shahs/Muslims') and is predominantly used in West
Punjab. Thus, literature in Punjabi can be found in both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi
scripts. Had the early Punjabi lit0rature created by the Nath Yogis and the bards been
ever committed to writing, it would have been in Sharada, Takari, or Devanagari, the
scripts in use in medieval North India. However, there is no surviving written tradition of
Punjabi literature in these scripts. The present book will teach Punjabi through the
Gurmukhi with the intention of providing an edition in Shahmukhi in the future.
There are over 100 million Punjabi speakers at present. Muslims living in West
Punjab constitute the largest segment (approximately 60 million) of these people. The
remaining speakers include Hindus and Sikhs (around 20 million each), and a small
number of Jains and Christians, most of whom live in East Punjab. While the presence of
the HindJl, Buddhist, and Jain traditions can be dated prior to the first millennium, Islam
achieved a foothold in the area during the early 8th century C.E. and eventually emerged
as the faith of majority population by 1500. The Sikhs represent an indigenous Punjabi
religious community, and as a result, they have developed a unique bond with both the
2 Ujagar Singh Saihgal, Gorakhbani (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1989).

3 These comprise references to bards such as Jodha and Vira. Lalla and Behlima, Mahima and Hasana,
Rana Kailash and Maldeo, Sikandar and Birham, Tunda and Asraja, etc., who sang these ballads in the pre-
16th century Punjab.
4 For an introduction to their poetry, see Journal of Punjab Studies 13: 1-2 (2006).
INTRODUCTION ix
land and its language. The arrival of the British in the early 19th century introduced
Christianity to the region. Like the Jains, the number of Punjabi Christians has remained
small, but both of these communities have contributed significantly toward the
enrichment ofPunjabi culture.
Punjabi traders began to migrate out of the region in medieval times and, as a
result, they established settlements over a wide geographical swath, ranging from Assam
in the East, Tamil speaking areas in the South, Kashmir in the North, Sindh in the
southwest, to Balakh in the Northwest. The post-British period opened further
opportunities for Punjabi emigration to the rest of the world. At the turn of the twenty-
first century, approximately four million Punjabis have shifted their homes overseas, with
pockets of concentration in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand,
Iran, Kenya, England, and North America. This movement has interesting implications
for the future of Punjabi. First, some of these immigrants have literary interests and
Punjabi literature is thus beginning to be created in these newly adopted cultural contexts.
Secondly, the teaching of Punjabi language to the children born and brought up outside
the Punjab has emerged as the centerpiece of their parents' effort to help them retain
cultural roots. Finally, some Western scholars' recognition of the importance of the
Punjab and its heritage and their affection for the region has resulted in developments that
in all likelihood will have a long-lasting impact on Punjab Studies. s
These factors have combined to produce academic initiatives around the teaching
ofPunjabi language in North American Universities. The University of British Columbia,
Vancouver (1987-), the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1989-), and the University
of California, Santa Barbara (1999-), have established regular positions with the
responsibility to teach Punjabi. In addition, classes in Punjabi are also offered at
Columbia University, Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, the
University of Pennsylvania, the University of Washington, Seattle, and Hofstra
University. Given the large number of Punjabi speakers in areas such as Queens (New
York City), Yuba City (California), and Vancouver (British Columbia), instruction in
Punjabi language is now available in high school curricula. Outside of North America,
Punjabi is also taught in Hayes and Slough, two suburbs of London, along with some
other towns of England, and has been part of school curriculum in Singapore since 1995.
Since the teaching of Punjabi as a foreign language is a relatively recent
phenomenon, the materials needed to accomplish this task are yet to be fully developed.
This fact dawned on me when I began teaching Punjabi at Columbia University in 1989.
The first Summer Program in Punjab Studies, held iii Chandigarh in 1997, created the
setting for Gurdit Singh, Ami P. Shah, and myself to address this need. During 1997-98,
we created a core of lessons. Anne Murphy, then a doctoral student at Columbia
University, a participant in the Summer Program in 1998, and a teacher of Punjabi in the
Program in 1999, joined us between 1998-2000 in drafting the opening lessons of the
book. While she was not able to participate in the subsequent development of the book,
we have kept her name in recognition of her early contribution. During 2000-04, Gurdit
Singh used these lessons in his teaching at the University of California, Santa Barbara
5 Among American scholars who have made significant contribution to the study of the Punjab, Mark
Juergensmeyer deserves special mention. His efforts in helping the development of the field include
holding conferences at DC Berkeley in 1978 and 1987, and creating a professorship in Sikh and Punjab
Studies at DC Santa Barbara in 1997.
x AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
and, in the process, strengthened the text considerably. This book is the result of our
experiences of classroom teaching for well over a decade at UC Santa Barbara, the
Summer Program in the Punjab, and Columbia University.
In 2005, the Punjab Studies Program at UC Santa Barbara, in collaboration with
the UC Consortium for Language Learning and Teaching, UC Davis, received a Title VI
grant from the U.S. Department of Education to create materials for the teaching of
Punjabi on the Internet. This development resulted in my returning to the text and
working toward its completion. In the fall of 2005, Gibb Schreffler joined the team and
helped us shape the book in its present form. Though each one of us has contributed in
our own ways, Gurdit's co:nmitment to this project has been singularly important for its
completion and we are very grateful to him for his dedication.
We are indebted to Kulbir Singh Thind of the Bay Area, California, for creating
and Gurpreet Singh Lehal of Punjabi University, Patiala, for refining the Gurmukhi-
UCSB, a special font that we believe comes. closest to the shapes of letters available in
the early Gurmukhi manuscripts; to Amarjit Chandan, a Punjabi poet based in London,
and H. S. Bhatti of Punjabi University, Patiala, and Om Parkash Vasishta of Panjab
University, Chandigarh, for their help with the standardization of spellings; to R.M.
Singh of Chandigarh for the sketches that appear in the book; and to Mohan Singh of
Panjab University for the maps. Robert Blake and Kathleen E. Dillon of the UC
Consortium for Language Learning and Teaching deserve thanks for their support in
procuring and then keeping track of the Title VI grant. Ravi Dhillon of Stanford
University and Olga Kegan of UC, Los Angeles, provided helpful feedback on the
opening section of the book. We are also thankful to Steven M. Poulos and the South
Asia Language Resource Center, the University of Chicago, for their encouragement in
our creating a Shahmukhi version of this text. We deeply appreciate the thorough and
encouraging review of this manuscript by Christopher Shackle, author of seminal works
such as A Guru Nanak Glossary, The Sacred Language of the Sikhs, and Teach Yourself
Punjabi. And finally, we want to thank all the students who used these lessons at UCSB,
Columbia, and the Summer Program in Punjab Studies in Chandigarh during the past
years.
The sequence of lessons in this book is intended for two years of class work. Part
One of this manual explores the grammatical structure of Punjabi through descriptions,
targeted exercises and vocabulary lists. Students should focus on each new lesson while
simultaneously continuing to review the previous ones. In addition to the grammatical
information provided, every chapter includes dialogues and readings. The dialogues are
not designed to solely reflect the grammar covered in any given chapter. Rather, they are
an attempt to expose students to the use of Punjabi in plausible real life settings in the
Punjab and abroad. Similarly, the expository framework of the reading passages will
familiarize students with the historical, religious, and cultural landscape of the Punjab.
Through practice and memorization of the grammar, vocabulary, and conversation
provided in Part One, students should develop a significant level of confidence and
comfort with the language. Part Two builds upon the grammatical structures outl ined in
Part One by providing students with an opportunity to encounter the language through
poetry, short stories, and popular songs in Punjabi. Thus, in addition to teaching Punjabi,
we hope that this book will also provide a comprehensive introduction to the history,
culture, and literature of the Punjab.
INTRODUCTION Xl
Punjabi orthography is in the process of standardization and, as a result, scholarly

consensus on this issue has not yet emerged. In this book, we have spelt the indigenous
Punjabi words as they are spoken in the Majhi dialect, which is considered to be the
standard for written communication in Punjabi. As for the borrowed words from Sanskrit,
Arabic, Farsi, and English, we have recorded them as Punjabis who have some degree of
familiarity with their original forms pronounce them. Although every effort is made to
explain linguistic concepts, this manual is intended to function as part of a class-based
setting under the guidance of a language instructor. Practice, both in the classroom with
an instructor and with native speakers, will be invaluable for acquiring the correct accent
and intonation. We are confident that upon completion of the course, students will be able
to read, write, and converse in Punjabi.
Santa Barbara, December 2010 Gurinder Singh Mann
TABLE OF CONTENTS
111
Foreword
v
Departmental Note
vii
Introduction
Maps XXI
1. Location of Punjab within India/South Asia
xxii
2. Greater Punjab
xxiii
Abbreviations Used in the Text
Part One: Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening
3
Lesson 1 The Gurmukhi Script
1.1 The Gurmukhi script
1.2 Writing Gurmukhi
8.
Lesson 2 Punjabi Phonology
2.1 Consonants
2.2 Semi-vowels
2.3 Vowels
2.4 Conjunct consonants
2.5 Nasalization and gemmination: tippY, hindf, and addhak
2.6 Dictionary Order
Dialogue: Greetings (Latin script)
20
Lesson 3 Tones
3.1 Low tone involving Uf, ~, la, "0, and el"
3.2 High tone involving Uf, ~, la, "0, and el"
3.3 High tone involving u
Dialogue: Greetings (Gurmukhi)
25
Lesson 4 Personal Pronouns and the Verb ~
4.1 Personal pronouns and the present tense of ~
4.2 Basic syntax
4.3 Respectful forms of address
4.4 Plural forms as markers of respect
4.5 Review: Greetings and courtesy phrases
Dialogue: Introductions
35
Lesson 5 Nouns and Adjectives
5. 1 Masculine nouns
5,,2 Feminine nouns
5.3 Nouns with variable gender
5.4 Adjectives
5.5 Cardinal numbers
xiv AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
5.6 Ordinal numbers

5.7 Fractionals
Dialogue: Families (1)
Lesson 6 Postpositions and the Oblique Case 46

6.1 Postpositions
6.2 The oblique case
6.3 Adjectives in the oblique case
6.4 The possessive postposition tIT
6.5 Possessive pronouns
Dialogue: Families (2)
Lesson 7 Interrogatives 55
7.1 Interrogatives
7.2 Oblique forms of interrogatives
7.3 Oblique forms of personal pronouns
Lesson 8 The Present Habitual Tense 59

8.1 The present habitual
8.2 The present habitual ofDer
8.3 Complex postpositions
8.4 Using postpositions with personal pronouns
8.5 Expressing possession
Dialogue: College Life
Lesson 9 The Past Habitual Tense 72

9.1 The past tense of~
9.2 The past habitual
9.3 Indirect verbal constructions
9.4 Additional expressions with Q
Dialogue: Taking a Cycle Rickshaw in Chandigarh
Lesson 10 Imperatives 81
10.1 Imperatives
10.2 Polite imperatives
10.3 Verbal infinitives as imperatives
iOA Conveying similarity or 'like'
10.5 ~and~
Dialogue: Riding the Punjab Roadways Bus to Wagha
Lesson 11 The Progressive Tense 87

11.1 The progressive tense
11.2 The present progressive
11.3 The past progressive
11.4 The suffix ~
xv
CONTENTS
Dialogue: At a l)haba
Reading: Punjab
The Future Tense and Subjunctive 95

Lesson 12
12.1 The future tense
12.2 The future progressive
12.3 Additional uses of the -O]T ending
12.4 The subjunctive
12.5 ~
12.6 If/then statements: emphatic particles 3"' and 6t
12.7 The conjunction <.ICf
Dialogue: Buying Vegetables
Reading: Hindus
106
Lesson 13 The Perfect Tense
13.1 The perfect tense
13.2 Intransitive versus transitive verbs
13.3 The postposition i)
13.4 Irregular forms of the perfect participle
13.5 The present perfect
13.6 The past perfect
13.7 The perfect form of ~
13.8 Participial constructions
Dialogue: At the Tailor Shop
Reading: Buddhists
Auxiliary and Conjunct Verbs 119

Lesson 14
14.1 The auxiliary verbs ~ and ~
14.2 Conjunct verbs
14.3 Sequential action: the conjunctive participle ~
14.4 Expressing compulsion
14.5 Negation in Punjabi
Recipe: ShaM Panzr
Dialogue: On the Telephone
Reading: Jains
131
Lesson 15 Time Expressions
15.1 Units of time
15.2 Daily cycle
15.3 Days of the week
15.4 Months of ~he year
15.5 Seasons
15.6 Dates
15.7 Clock time
Dialogue: Giddha and Bhang[ii at Khalsa College
xvi AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
Reading: Muslims
Lesson 16 Relative-Correlatives 14]

16.1 Relative-correlative constructions
16.2 Subordinate clauses
16.3 Colorizing verbs
Dialogue: VisakhI
Reading: Sikhs
Lesson 17 Comparison ]51

17.1 Comparison
17.2 Reflexives
17.3 The ablative case and postpositions
Dialogue: DivalI
Reading: Christians
Lesson 18 Vocative and Locative Cases ]58

18.1 The vocative case
18.2 The locative case
18.3 Repeated action
18.4 Habits
18.5 ~
Dialogue: LohrI
Reading: The Dawn of the Twenty First Century and Punjabi Life
Lesson 19 Causatives 165

19.1 Causative verbs
19.2 The verbs ~, ~, and fiiB'i"!'@2:'
19.3 Expressing 'to begin' and 'to allow'
19.4 Word repetition and echoing
Dialogue: Basant
Reading: Rituals and Ceremonies
Lesson 20 Passive Voice and Complex Verbal Moods ]73

20.1 Passive voice
20.2 Complex verbal moods
20.3 Additional uses of the infinitive
20.4 The present adverbial participle
Reading: The Green Revolution
CONTENTS xvii
Part Two: Language Through Literature
Poetry
Lesson 21 ~~o~: "URTB"

Firoz Din Sharaf: "Punjab" 185
Lesson 22 wet e& fl:iuJ: ,,~ tT ~,
Bhai Vir Singh: "Banafshe da Phull" 187
Lesson 23 qo't CJTH ~: "t1R'B"

Dhani Ram Chatrik: "Punjab" 189
Lesson 24 Hu0 fl:iuJ: "w ~ ~ tfB"

Mohan Singh: "Ambi de Bute Thalle" 197
Lesson 25 Hu0 fi:jllJ: "~ D<5urcr ~,

Mohan Singh: "Kuri Pothohar dr' 203
Lesson 26 ~ tif3H: "~T1:fT ~ BTU Q"

Amrita Pritam: "Akha Vans Shah nll" 207
Lesson 27 ~ artft: "-ew~,
Ahmad Rahi: "Desa va!io" 210
Lesson 28 ~ "l:IC'oo: "f8iF.iBu'd"

Shiv Batalvi: "lshtihar." 213
Lesson 29 ~ffifuf: ,,~ t1R'B"

Ahmad Salim: "Des Punjab" 217
Lesson 30 ~ 1..f'"3Cf: "0ft3"

Surjit Patar: "Git" 221
Lesson 31 ~ ~Ht~: "0ft3"

Faiz Ahmad Faiz: "Glt" 223
Lesson 32 ~-3" Bt!o: ,,~tT oft3"

Amarjit Chandan: "Pardesia da Glt" 225
xviii AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJAB I
Prose
Lesson 33 fY:El41d''fI~: "Rw fiiuJ Q~'

Prithviraj Kapoor: "Sobha Singh nu ~hat" 229
Lesson 34 ~~ il-fT(): "f,::G"

Sukhvant Kaur Mann: "Jitt" 231
Lesson 35 Hill~: "a'Pft He afcr-a=rt-tr'

Mohan B~landari: "BaqI Sabh Sukkh Sad Hai" 237
Lesson 36 ~ M: "fcfc;ft-"
Ajrner Rode: "Nikkf' 243
Lesson 37 ~ ~ ~ : "ttor ~ BJa"

Afzal Ahsan Randhawa: "Munna Koh Lahore" 248
Lesson 38 ~ fRUf 'i==!~'H'd' a-tft: "'-l'3<F.iiQ~"

Sohinder Singh Vanjara Bedi: "Patsha1u)f' 256
Lesson 39 ftwwo't ~ fiiuJ: "Ha- ~ e 4Jv a--f'Etn'

Giani Gurdit Singh: "Mere PinQ da Muh Mattha" 269
Lesson 40 twwcr- fRUf tW-f: "dEl" futr3+"

Piara Singh Padarn: "Hatth LikhHi" 275
Vernacular Literature
Lesson 41 Songs and Sayings 283

41.1 Traditional songs
41.2 'Folk'songs
41.3 Pop songs
41.4 c"Q,~,~~
41.5 ~~~'d3i
41.6 ~
CONTENTS xix
Appendices 301
I. Names ofthe Gurmukhi letters

II. Shahmukhi: Modified Perso-Arabic Script used for writing Punjabi
III. Family relationships
IV. Calendar and festivals
V. Colors
VI. Foods
VII. Parts of the body
VIII. Directions
IX. Weather
X. Animals and their sounds
XI. Well-wishing and sympathy
XII. Punjabi for travelers
XIII. Verbs
Glossary 328
Select Bibliography 354
Abbreviations Used in the Text
adj/i inflecting adjective

adj/u uninflecting adjective
adv adverb
f feminine noun
m masculine noun
vi intransitive verb
vt transitive verb
pp postposition
voc. vocative case form
colI. colloquial form
conj. conjunction
lit. literally
Map 1. Location of Punjab within India/South Asia
Tibetan Plateau
t
I, i
,!
:"l~~ 'f. "-t
,~.!1t, '~~~:'-"--+~'~~
<
. . . . . ._"'>-'- _'.~e<-,~.... _.-="_.~~
Map 2. Greater Punjab
EAST AND WEST PUNJAB

P~_l'llt.. )t
..:.~~l_.,<\..,.
" ....1>-ndjIS' AND
AFGHANISTAN
N.\\'. FR0"HIEQ
PROVINCE
.: )
BALUCHISTHAII
Boundary
- East ara West Pun;uD
- - Irtoo1[1tionol
- - State' PrOVince
Country ca;:-t.als
StQ:~ coprtois
~O"dTijM'Gcfl. Et8t~~~ I
~ ft:ft -R'O W2ft.
~~~W2ft,
u'1f 0"dT ~, Et8t ~ ~ W2ft1
~~f.tB,
~3~f.tB,
fi--i'3t 3 lIj Q @cfl, Et8t -b ~ W2ft I
I
Rq3~f.tB,
Hai3~f.tB,
~ me ~, Et8t ~ ~ W2ft1
~~~W2ft,
~~~W2ft,
~ c1: 0"dT ~, Et8t ~ ~ W2ft1
Punjabi Is Our Language
We must never forget, Punjabi is our language.

It is our very life,
Our priceless treasure,
Never to be forsaken, Punjabi is our language.
In gatherings and feasts,
In songs of love and valor,
Sweet and pleasing, Punjabi is our language.
In stri vlngs and success,
In combat and war,
It bestows life, Punjabi is our language.
Our flowering garden,
Our abode of comfon,
Never to be abandoned, Punjabi is our language.
Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876-1954)
Part One
READING, WRITING, SPEAKING, LISTENING
Lesson 1
HaA9.
The Gurmukhi Script
1.1 The Gurmukhi script l
Gurmukhi has thirty-five primary letters,2 which appear in the following sequence:
@ m- "'8 R <J
'u' 'a' 'i' 'sa' 'ha'
0( l::f or ur (51)
'ka' 'kha' 'ga' 'gha' 'nga'
B "6 H ~ (~)
"cha' 'chha' 'ja' 'jha' 'nja'
;c (5 ~ ~ ~
'ta ' 'tha' '<;la' '<;lha' 'l)a'
3" l:f t q (')
'ta' 'tha' 'da' 'dha' 'na'
Lf ~ a "f If
'pa' 'pha' 'ba' 'bha' 'rna'
lJf 0- B ~ if
'ya' Ora' 'la' 'va' ora'
The script provides for three vowel shapes (~, ~, "'8),3 two semi-vowels (lJf, ~), and thirty
consonants inclusive of an inherent ~ (fa/) sound at the end. The letters contained in the
rectangle (ur, ~, ~, q, "f), along with <J in some contexts, represent tonal sounds.4 Placed in
parentheses, the letters 5j' and ~ appear in full written form in a limited number of Punjabi
words. s
I These shapes were derived from Sharda and Takari. early scripts recorded in the Punjab.
2 For this reason it is often referred to as Painti ('thirty-five').
3 Of these three, l)f can appear independently while others must bear additional vowel markers.
4 The sounds ass~iated with these five letters are explained in detail in Lesson 3. In other North Indian
languages. these letters represent the aspirated versions of the sounds associated with the letters
immediately preceding them.
5 There is a tendency among contemporary Punjabi writers to replace ~ and ~ with nasalized version of or
4 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
1.2 Writing Gurmukhi
Gurmukhi letters are written from left to right and are placed below the line on the page.
Inscription begins from the left-hand top corner. Generally a horizontal bar is drawn at
the top and the remainder of the letter is printed underneath. The stages in the inscription
of each ofthese letters are as follow:
-3B~ --,cq11 - wooy-

To
} nn-nf - -.::::::r
~~ o LJ
--,.
?cE c~~
- ~
ceo
--:T --::J
rFB - --r ?c -'C'88

-J\J(} - -r-
CO -Ja~
-7:70751 --=:r3~ d d-}-f

., "LUCf --'1:'-=g -0Vrrr
TTdl ~~~ -J'J-a
} VlllU -::7-:73 -~~B
--c:=~~ -"CUR ----,c~
---r-=:Tq:T13 ---r';:J':;: --::7;33

--r?E;fD -01':[
Every effort should be made to complete the writing of each letter without lifting the pen
from the paper. The size of the letter is slightly smaller than the horizontal line, leaving
its ends to join with the previous and subsequent letters. The ends at the top are thus
and ff, respectively, but we follow the original usage in this text.
THE GURMUKHI SCRIPT 5
firmly connected in continuous writing. 6 Note that the top line is absent in the following
five letters, yet they have small bars on both ends to link them with other letters.
.~
Recognition of this formal similarity between certain letters will help in remembering
them as well as in learning how to make them. The following sets of letters share the
basic shapes, and so must be carefully distinguished:
B C ~
R or H
U 0-
cr Cf "0
B ~ ~
~ ~
(5 (')
~ 3"
Exercise 1.1 Practice writing Gurmukhi:
~ .
))1"
E .
R .......
u .
O{
cr............................................................
Of "
6 The Gunnukhi style of writing is different from that of the Devanagari script (used for Sanskrit, Hindi,
Nepali, etc.). In Devanagari the cluster of letters constituting a word is inscribed first and then a bar is
drawn at the top of them to connect them, while in Gunnukhi the bar is created concurrently with the
inscription of each individual letter.
lif...............................
a .
1:3'
'&r
H .
~ .
~ .
c .
'0.............................................................................
a .
~ .
~ .
3'....................................
"6"
'E'.
t:J
0 .
l..f
'G
'6"
THE GURMUKHI SCRIPT 7
e ' .
H .
life .... 1
0 .
B .
~ , w
;;I'
Exercise 1.2 Transliterate the following words into Roman script:
Exercise 1.3 Transliterate the following words into Gunnukhi:
hasa kama gata chama jala dala tala dasa paka bala
Lesson 2
ffaP{ ~
Punjabi Phonology
Although the Gurmukhi script includes thirty-five primary letters, Punjabi possesses a
total of forty-four sounds. Of these, thirty-two are consonants, two are semi-vow~ls, and
ten are vowel sounds. The place of articulation of these three types of sounds is the key
point of reference in describing them. Let us look at each of these categories in detail.
2.1 Consonants
These sounds are articulated when the tongue or the lower lip moves to press against
another part of the mouth resulting in complete obstruction in the air passage. The
manner of the subsequent release of the air defines the variations within these sounds.
These include stops,) nasals,2 fricatives,3 flaps and triUs,4 and laterals. s The stillness or
vibration of the vocal chords make the sounds unvoiced or voiced, respectively.
Additionally, these sounds can be produced with a normal breath of air (unaspirated) or
with a strong breath of air (aspirated). A final dimension, that of tones, is discussed in
Lesson 3.
The following is a guide to the pronunciation of the Gurmukhi consonants, accompanied

by each consonant's transliteration (representation in Roman script). Note that, as per
convention, the default vowel sound fa! is appended to each consonant to aid in
articulation of its sound. 6 In the Gurmukhi system, the letters in rows from two to six
(Lesson 1) are stops grouped on the basis of their place of articulation with the
corresponding nasal consonant appearing at the end. The groups are as follows:
Velars: the back part of the tongue presses against the velum.
ka As in 'skim' or 'skill.'
kha Aspirated form of O{; as in 'kill,' with strong aspiration.
ga As in 'gold.'
nga A velar nasal; as in 'sing.'
I The release of air is sudden.

2 The release of air is through the nose.
3 The release of air is through a narrow channel causing friction.
4 The air is released with rapid 'tap' of the tongue. A single tap results in a flap, while multiple taps
constitute a trill.
5 The air is released from around the sides of the tongue.
6 The 'inherent a' vowel, mukta, associated with each consonant, is not pronounced at the end of a word. In
addition, the syllables of a given word are parsed in its pronunciation in such a way that two consonants
'run together' with no 'a' vowel in between.
PUNJABIPHONOLOGY 9
Palatals: the tip of the tongue is pressed against the hard palate.
cha Close to the English affricate 'ch' as in 'patch.'?

chha Aspira.ted form ofB.
ja Close to 'j' as in 'jasmine' or 'judge.'
nja A palatal nasal; as in 'cringe.'
Retroflexes: the lower tip of the tongue curls upwards to press behind the alveolar ridge.
.fa Close to English 't,' but with the tongue in retroflex position.
.tha Aspirated form ofe.
(fa Close to English 'd,' but with the tongue in retroflex position.
pa A retroflex nasal.
Dentals: the tip of the tongue presses against the upper teeth.
ta Like the Spanish 't,' articulated at the teeth.

tha Aspirated form of 3.
da Like the Spanish 'd,' articulated at the teeth.
na The dental nasal; as in the English 'no' and 'chrysanthemum.'
Bilabials: the lower lip presses against the upper lip.
l..f pa As in 'span' or 'speak.'

(g pha Aspirated form of l..f; as in 'pat,' with strong aspiration.
a ba As in 'ball' or 'bus.'
H rna The bilabial nasal; as in 'mall' or 'mass.'
Other Sounds
R sa A sibilant involving a hiss in the release of air through a narrow channel;

as in 'soup' or 'sit.'
ha A glottal sound created by shrinking the air passage around the glottis.
When occurring in the initial position in a word, like the English 'h' as in
'house.' In the middle and final positions, it marks the tone (see Lesson 3).
ra Produced by the tip of the tongue just behind the front teeth, with a tap or
short trill. It is different from the '1" of standard English and must be fully
pronounced in all positions of a word.
Produced by the tongue curling back as for e or ~, then quickly flapping
forward. It is an '1" sound produced in retroflex position.
7 The Punjabi Band H are stops, while the English Ichl and Ijl are affricates (i.e. stop + fricative).
IO AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
B fa A voiced lateral produced with the tip of the tongue pressing against the
alveolar area; similar to the first' I' in 'little.'
fa A voiced lateral continuant with retroflex articulation. It can be thought of
as a B produced with the tongue curled back as for c and ~.
Note: The sounds ~, 1'5, and if never appear in the initial position of a word/syllable.
Moreover, there is a tendency for them not to appear adjacent to one another. This also
holds true for the sounds "0 and ~, which usually do not appear in combination.
Borrowed sounds from Arabic and Farsi
These sounds are represented by adding a dot underneath the existing consonant signs in
Gurmukhi. 8
Pl" qa A uvular stop, like 0{ produced further back in the mouth.

J;f #a A velar fricative; 'ch' in Scottish 'loch' or German 'auch.'
:or $a The voiced equivalent ofJ;f.
B za A voiced sibilant; 'z' as in 'zero.'
~ fa An unvoiced labio-dental fricative; 'f as in 'fun.'
E sha An unvoiced palatal sibilant; 'sh' as in 'shore'
While West Punjabis often pronounce these sounds according to the description given
above, some East Punjabis replace Pl", J;f, :or, B, and ~ with o{, Cf, or, R, and ~, respectively.
E, being found in both Sanskrit and Arabic-Farsi-derived words, is pronounced
consistently by all Punjabis.
2.2 Semi-vowels
,
ya A palatal sound as in 'yet,' but produced with muCh less tension in the
tongue.
va A labiodental sound midway between the English 'v' and 'w,' produced
with the lower lip lightly touching the middle of upper teeth.
8 In this text, we distinguish these sounds by using these letters as weIl as 1'5 consistently. This is not always
the norm in written Punjabi.
PUNJABI PHONOLOGY 11
Phonetic Placement ofPunjabi Consonants and Semi-vowels
Manner of Flaps Semi-

articulation Stops Nasals Fricatives and Vowels Laterals
~
Trills
Unvoiced Voiced Unvoiced Voiced
Place of
articulation
~
Unas- Aspi-
pirated rated
Velar C{ l::f lIT ~ l:r :aT

Palatal ;:J 5" ;:r ~ B liT
Retroflex C- o ~ e if 13"
Dental 3 1:1" -;: (') R ~ (f 8
Bilabial ~ G EJ H
Labiodental :G ~
Glottal U
Uvular p;
2.3 Vowels
Punjabi has ten vowels., which appear in both independent and dependent forms. The
independent forms of vowels are based on three basic letter-shapes carrying additional
markers: 9
})'f ))iT fu Et ~ ~ E ~ ~
a a I u ii e ai 0 au
The dependent forms consist of the markers alone, which are attached to consonants.
Nine of the ten vowels have these markers; the fa! sound, called mukta, is left unmarked
when appearing between two consonants that do not form a cluster:
0{ or fa~ oft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
ka ka ki k1 ku kii ke kai ko kau
H 4fT 11-r Ht tf H
,. H B H i1
rna rna nn mI mu mii me mal mo mau
The following table gives the approximate English equivalents ofPunjabi vowel sounds.
9 For the individual names of these markers see Appendix I.
))i Ia! as 'a' in 'about'

))iT la I as 'a' in 'balm'
fu- Iii as 'i' in 'bit'
eft Ii las 'ea' in 'beat'
~ lui as 'u' in 'bull'
~ lu I as '00' in 'boot'
E lei as 'a' in 'bake'
~ lail as 'a' in 'back'
B 101 as '0' in 'boat'
li1 laul as 'ou' in 'bough'
2.4 Conjunct consonants
In the English words 'brick' and 'brain,' the 'br' is an example of a consonant cluster-
two consonants without any intervening vowel. In Gurmukhi script, three consonants, u,
d, and ~, may appear in special conjunct forms when they form a cluster with another
consonant. While appearing as conjuncts, their orthographic forms change. For instance:
(') clustered with u appears as <:3; l..f with d appear as l!; and R with ~ appears as a'J.
Independent forms Conjunct forms
u 0U'"3'" ,u <:f3'"IO 'bathed'

d l..fdCil"'E ,d ~ 'rise'
~ ~ ,~ ~ 'heaven'
Use of conjunct consonants follows the way these words are spoken and effort should be
made to learn them. Non-conjunct spellings, however, are common in Punjabi writing.
2.5 Nasalization and gemmination: lippi, bindi, and addhak
Gurmukhi includes three additional symbols: .tippi and bindi mark nasalization I I and
nasal consonants, and addhak represents gemmination.
fippi I () I: ~ (parts of body), etc'> ('ear'), R ('teeth').

bindi 10: I: ~ ('finger'), of ('uvula'), aTu ('arm').
addhak I c'if I: ~ ('eye'), c::fu ('hand'), o"c;{ ('nose'), t-fErr ('forehead').
10 Learn the symbol here; we will deal with its pronunciation in the next lesson.
II Nasalization, which refers to a marked nasal quality added to a vowel, is produced by allowing the sound
to resonate more greatly in one's nasal cavity, such as when humming.
PUNJABIPHONOLOGY 13
The fV.ft and ftft:!t both represent the same sounds; their usage is determined by
orthographic conventions. The fV.ft appears with the mukta~ f), (;}, (J, and the ~ with
..T (l. AlA
....
...... , ".)1, ~/'g,
~.
........, 0, t" ,3.
~ and ftft:!t, indicate nasalization in Punjabi. Punjabi nasals are homo-organic in

nature. This means that they incorporate the phonetic character of adjacent consonant
sounds: preceding velars, like ~; palatals, like ~; retroflexes, like ~; dentals, like 0; and
bilabials, like 41. List,en to the following: ~, ~, ~, ~, ~. The fV.ft in these
five words represents the sounds ~, ~, ~, 0, and 41, respectively. Practice pronouncing the
fV.ft and ftft:!t in the following words:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W80
~ ~ f0dT ftJ3'" ~ iMa
Bf ~ tfft n ~ <'>9t!
~ ~ ~ ~ t& tItclt
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
B' etta- ~ 3'c;{ w ~
~ ~. m D'3t ~ fft.f
B' ~ D'o fft ~ ~
~ ~ #.(0{ ~ ~ ~
~, which means emphasized, doubles the length of the consonant sound following it.
Proper pronunciation is important because it can determine the semantic import of a
word. Listen to and practice pronouncing the following words:
H3 strength ff3 seven

Ht T
always ~ invitation
OG how cf3 weave
Oft when ~ height
H3. moral strength R'3 coat of fur
tf3T address l./3T leaf
fu3'" father fU'3'" liver
husband <f3t petal
2.6 Dictionary order.
The dictionary order of the Gurmukhi letters starts with /f3/ and ends with /~/. The
vowels follow the sequence of qr, qr, fE, eft, ~, ~, E, ~, B, and n1. Letters with dots are
interspersed along with their undotted equivalents. The one exception is for words that
begin with the letter B, which appear in a section directly after R in modem dictionaries.
Dialogue Greetings
Here you learn the common phrases, and expressions used by Punjabis of different
religious persuasions in greeting each other. These exchanges follow this pattern:
Hello.
Hello. How are you.'l
I am fine. And you?
I am fine too.
OK, see you later.
Goodbye.
I. Hindu and Jain
VarUJ): namaste, anIta jI.

AnIta: namaste, varnI) jI. kI hal hai?
Varul): bhagvan dI kirpa hai. tusD sUl)ao?
Anita: maIl VI thik ha. changa, phir milage.
VarnI): namaskar!
II. Muslim
SalIm: asslam alekum, ana jI.

Ana: valekum salam, salIm jI. kI hal hai?
SalIm: allah tala da shukar hai. tusD sUl)ao?
Ana: maIl VI thlk ha. changa jI, phir milage.
SalIm: khuda hafiz!
III. Sikh
Pritt: sat sri akal, khushwant jI.

Khushwant: sat sri akal, pritt jI. ki hal hai?
Pritt: vahigurii dl mihar hai. tusO SUI).ao?
Khushwant: maO VI !hIk ha. changa jI, phir milage.
Pritt: sat sri akal!
IV. Christian
Mariam: salam, rashid jI.

RashId: salam, marIamjI. ki hal hai?
Mariam: khuda da fazal hai. tusO SUI).ao?
RashId: maO VI !hIk ha. changa jI, phir milage.
Mariam: salam!
Exercise 2.1 Practice pronouncing the following words:
~ ~ ~ ~ ;m.rcr
~ ))fTR ~ ~ ~
fu fEE:cI ~ fEHr7) iEBH
2t Btw cfu::rccr ~ Btt
~ ~CH3ie ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
E "8ol: ~ BR Emft
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
B Be ~ fuf ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~
fIfo
ti'a ti'o
tft.r o'l-r
H'tr- H'or
t!:/~
a=rt'" H'cV
~ cG
t'cJ ~
ole
~ ~
HO ~
O{O ~
"O!.f
frO RP
O\cf ~
t.I'cf ~
BIB
FIB HH
trB 1..f'B
H8 iK.B
Hm
ito i.tcr
erR ero::r
3'H 3Tf.f
Exercise 2.3 Extra practice for difficult distinctions. Practice pronouncing the following
pairs, to distinguish between 0{ and ~, and 'If and ~:
O{/t:f
ClR tal
.~
ofB
cf<: t:fc
tfc;ft mlt
H'oft ~
~ gl:f
'lf~
tfc ~
l1ol: ~
'lfO ~
ff'lf ~
Exercise 2.4 Extra practice for difficult distinctions. Practice pronouncing the following
minimal pairs, to distinguish between 0 and ~, and 8 and .8:
ole
RO R<5
"0'?>'t ~
or?>'" ~
0f'(')T ~
RT() ~
8m
ti cfu:ft
FrH t:r'B
3H 3E
tiH l./R
imt aRt
Exercise 2.5 Practice pronouncing the following:
OS t:B
0\0 l:fCf
"O{""C ere
BO ~
~ ~
3"'H trH
i:lH ~
Ha ~
Hd ~
ao3O aaoB
trcJa'3 BCJa3
0{H03" ~
QTHTR ~
a-fTCCf flCJtTO
~ ~
foGra fou:r?>
c:rr8t Ff'tft
f.fuft 8t8t
53-at mmt
PUNJAB! PHONOLOGY 19
Exercise 2.6 Write the following words in the order III which they appear in the
dictionary:
Lesson 3
RaP{ S
Tones
Punjabi is a tonal language, which means that levels or contours of vocal pitch
differentiate words from each other.\ Letters, Uf, ~, ~, "0, ~, and u (in some contexts),
serve as the tone markers and the placement of these letters within a syllable-at the
beginning or the end--determines the nature of the tone. Punjabi employs only low and
high tones, which are not too difficult to recognize and then learn.
3.1 Low tone involving Uf, ~, ~,"O, and ~
The low tone occurs when the pitch of the voice first drops sharply and then rises back to
the normal level in the subsequent syllable. To' produce the low tone, an initial tightening
of the throat and a slight glottal catch in the voice are required.
The sounds Uf, ~, ~, "0, and ~, when appearing at the beginning of a syllable, carry the low
tone. The given letter is pronounced as the unvoiced, unaspirated consonant
corresponding in place and manner of articulation to the row of the Gurmukhi alphabet in
which it falls (refer to Lesson 1).
Uf C( + low tone
gh k'z
~ B+ low tone
jh ch'
~ c + low tone
Qh r
"0 3+ low tone
dh f
~ tr + low tone
,
bh p
Listen to the pronunciation of the following minimal pairs:
1 The issues of why and how this feature developed in Punjabi await serious research.
2 In 'phonetic' description, the low tone is represented by a grave accent ( , ).
TONES 21
c"'Ol" tfof ~ ~
3'Ol" ~ 30 t:IO
<fR efR tJO "ffiJ
3.2 High tone involving Uf, ~, tl", q, and ~
The high tone occurs when the pitch of the voice first rises sharply and then falls to the
normal in the subsequent syllable. It appears when letters Uf, ~, tl", q, and ~ occur in the
final position within Ii word. In these occurrences, the sound of these letters is reduced to
their voiced, unaspirated analogue, preceded by the high tone. This works as follows:
ur = high tone + or
' 3
gh g
~ high tone + R
jh 'j
tl" high tone + ~

dh '<;I
q high tone + t
dh 'd
"l" high tone + a

bh 'b
Listen to the pronunciation of the following minimal pairs:
mar fi1uf aror EfTUf

aj'R ~ l1fft thtt
~ m ~ etw
R"'"t Rrq o\tr em
-e'1:f ~ R'tr B"'13"
3.3 High tone involving u
In the initial position in a syllable, D" carries full phonetic weight of a glottal fricative and
hence does not involv(~ any tonal use. Listen to the following examples:
3 Phoneticaily, the high tone is represented as an acute accent ( , ).
In other positions, however, CJ marks the high tone. 4 Note that when in the medial
position the high tone impacts the vowel sounds around it. The parenthetical
transcriptions show the vocalic transformations and the tone.
fe ~ ~+ ' : when an Iii precedes a medial fh/, the resultant sound is lai'I as in
Efut (~'t:), Efuo (~'o), ofuo (~'o), trft:ro (il'o)
fe~ E + ' : when an Iii precedes the letter preceding a medial fh/, the resultant
sound is le'l as in
fu'u (E'), 1RJ3 (H'3), ~ (a'i1'"). fi-ruo3" (H'0"3)
~~ B + ' : when a lui precedes a medial Ihl, the resultant sound is 10'1 as in
~ (B'), ~ (R'"tt), ~ (~'))iT~I), ~ (~'~)
~~ 1i1 + ' : when a lui follows a medial fh/, the resultant sound is lau'l as in
~ (di"Ol), Ef(]3 (l:J'3), ~ ()1'O'), ~ (~'it)
When CJ occurs in the final position of a word, its phonetic weight is replaced by a high
tone with no phonetic transformation of vowel sounds. For example:
Listen to the following minimal pairs with the letter "J in the final position, then practice
pronouncing them on your own.
4 As for words of foreign origin. w1t.Jo, "3'ftJH3,~, etc., the response varies. Some Punjabis tend to
introduce tone in their articul~tion but we encourage the original. non-tonal pronunciation of such words.
TONES 23
Dialogue Greetings
Here again you practice the common phrases, and expressions used by Punjabis of
different religious persuasions in greeting each other. This time, however, they have been
written in Gurmukhi script.
~: 75d-fH"3, ~ BtI
~: 75d-fH"3, ~ Bt I oft 0'8 ~?
~: ~ tft fora<.r- ~I ~~?
~: A' ~ o'tcI -& I B'afr Bt, fuo ~ I
~: ~!
II.~
m:fu-f: ~ ~, ~ Btl
~: ~ RFm, m:fu-f Bt I oft 0'8 "iJ?
m:fu-f: ~3WtT~"iJ1 ~~?
~: A' <tt o'tcI -& I B'afr Bt, fuo ~ I
m:fu-f: ~~!
III. fi:fcf
~: md'ft~, ~Btl
~: m d'ft ~, tj}3t Bt I oft 0'8 ~?
tj}3t: ~ I fu did
-:::::
tft fffircr "iJ I 3Hf~?
--
~: A' <tt o'tcI -& I B'afr Bt, fuo fHBiaT:
Y}3t: md'ft~!
IV. fuRrEt
~: RFm, ~ Bt I
~: RFm, ~ Bt I oft 0'8 "iJ?
~: ~tT~~I~~?
~: A' <tt o'tcI -& I B'afr Bt, fuo ~ I
~: RFm!
Exercise 3.1 Study

- ,
Map 2 and write the names often cities and/or rivers in the region, in
Gurmukhi. As the Anglicized spellings of names often vary, ask your teacher to say the
names.
Exercise 3.2 Create a brief conversation with a classmate structured around the variety
of greetings prevalent within different Punjabi communities.
Lesson 4
RaPf8
})ersonal Pronouns and the Verb ~
4.1 Personal pronouns and the present tense of~
The personal pronouns (I" you, s/he, we, etc.), accompanied by the appropriate present
tense forms (is, am, are) of the verb ~, 'to be' are given below. Common colloquial
forms of the verb conjugations are given in parentheses.
Singular Plural
1st Person ~ (JTI (~) nmf (JTI (lW)

I am. We are.
2nd Person ~ ~I (E-) ~ DI ()

You are. You are.
3rd Person
Proximate: fuu 111 (2) fuu 001 (3)
He/she/it/this ... is. They/these ... are.
Remote: ~ 111 (2) ~ 001 (3-)
He/she/it/that ... is . They/those ... are.
4.2 Basic syntax
Word order. The typical word order in a sentence is: subject - object - verb.
Subject Object Verb
~ ~ (JTI I am a Hindu.
~ t/RBH'O ~I You are a Muslim.
~ fi::i1:f 111 He/she is a Sikh.
fEu ~et 111 He/she is a Christian.
~ ~ (JTI We are Hindus.

~ t/RBH'O DI You are Muslim.
~ fi::i1:f 001 They are Sikhs.
fEu ~et 001 They are Christians.
More examples:
~ f'J~lH31<Sl uti I am Indian.

g tj'f~lH3i61 ~I You are Pakistani.
~t1H'cft~1 He/she is Punjabi.
fEu fi1tft ~ I He/she is Sindhi.
rnHf fJ'~lH3i61 uti We are Indians.

ga:ff tl'f'~lH 3'61 D 1 You are Pakistanis.
~ t1H'cft 001 They are Punjabis.
fEu fi1tft 001 They are Sindhis.
~~utl I am American.
g~~1 You are British.
~~~I He/she is Canadian.
fEuR0H0~1 He/she is German.
rnHf~utl We are Americans.

ga:ff~DI You are British.
~~ool They are Canadians.
fEu ROH0 001 They are Germans.
Questions. Questions can be asked by introducing a rising intonation at the end of the
sentence while keeping the same word order as a statement.
d~~? Are you Jewish?

= =
ga:ff~D? Are you Zoroastrian?
~ 8t:ft~? Is he a Buddhist?
~Moo? Are they Jain?
Negation. The negative of the present tense is formed by adding ?>dt at the end of the
sentence and without the conjugated forms of the verb in the present tense.
a=r ~d i ffflfffl ?>dt I I am not French.

~wftmfTi We are not Russians.
g Htr7>'t ?>dt I You are not Japanese.
ga:ff BI7)t ?>dt I You are not Chinese.
~ ~~JlO(c?>dt1 He/she is not African.
~~?>dtl They are not Australians.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND THE VERB ~ 27
Affirmation. Affirmation is expressed through the use ofc:i:
c:i, ~ a-1'dIH~id ~I Yes, today is Tuesday.

c:i"Rt, ~ a-1'dIH~'d ~I Yes, today is Tuesday. (Respectful form, see
below).
In colloquial form, ~ is also used:
~! or~,~a-1'dIH~'d~1 Yeah! or Yeah, today is Tuesday.
Articles. Punjabi does not use a definite article such as 'the'. When one needs to
emphasize the indefinite article 'a,' then ftfc;(, which also means 'one,' can be used.
4.3 Respectful forms of address
When addressing or referring to individuals older in age or of honored status, such as in

the case of elder relatives and religious figures, one may add the marker "Rt:
mother
father
elder sister
elder brother
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Christian
One can also affix the title wftra (m) or a=ribcr (t), which translate as 'sir' or 'madam' and
are used in the following manner:
Sir/Madam
Muslim
Sikh
Christian
a:tt/a=ftH3t, ~/lHdeid61, wftra/a=ribcr are

generally used with proper names as 'Sir' and
'Madam' in Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim contexts, respectively.
4.4 Plural forms as markers of respect
Plural forms of verbs, adjectives, nouns, and pronouns are also used to convey respect to
both an individual and a group of people.
In Punjabi, the 2nd person singular pronoun g is only used in situations of familiarity
such as communication between a parent and a child and between close friends. For
example,
giF.td'd::fl WD'I You are a mischievous child.

g~D'1 You are a scholar (of religious literature).
g~D'1 You are an intelligent person.
;rHl', the 2nd person plural pronoun (equivalent to 'you all'), is used as a respectful
marker of the 2nd person singular. I
You are a scholar. /

You (all) are scholars.
You are intelligent. /
You (all) are intelligent.
The 3rd person plural pronouns, along with their corresponding verb forms, are also used
as a measure of respect for a single individual.
He/she is a scholar. /
They are scholars.
He/she is an intelligent person. /
They are intelligent.
Honorific suffixes like "Rt and R'""ftJc:I appear only with 'plural' verb forms.
~ lfG'O H'fba/wttrcr- DO I He/she is the President.

fuu l{Q'c') d-kft wfuEr/wttrcr- DO I He/she is the Prime Minister.
~ ~ ~ R'""ftJc:I DO I He is President Azad.
~ ~ fi::fUf ffTf'tJa DOl He is the Honorable Manmohan Singh.
~ Qd" tl"U'<'> wttrcr- DOl She is the Honorable Noor laban.
I When in doubt, it is always better to address someone by using~.
4.5 Review
Greetings
~/~ Salutations, goodbye (Hindu and Jain)

~~ Salutations ['Peace be upon you'] (Muslim)
~RB'H 'And peace be upon you' (response)
a=rf'o aft ~ Salutations, goodbye ['God is truth'] (Sikh)
RB'H Salutations ['peace'] (Christian)
ljt'"~ Goodbye ['May God protect you']
(Muslim/Christian)
Goodbye ['May God protect you'] (all
communities)
We'll meet again
Courtesy Phrases
oft U'"B-b? How are you?; 'What's your condition?'

Ho'tc;(ui" I am fine.
tft~Q! Welcome!
~! Thank you!
~~! Thank you!
ft-rUCJB'7>9" Thank you!
8<5;~crs Please sit down
~0'c3"'" ~ N oft -b? 2 What's your 'good' name? (E. Punjab)
~~ f8m.r-E-~ oft-b? What's your 'honorable' name? (W. Punjab)
2 For name,or is popular in East Punjab and Arabic fuRH is used in West Punjab. While B3 (auspicious)
serves as an appropriate prefix with or, ~ (respected) is suffixed to fuRH.
Dialogue Introductions3
-arn-a'"3 ~-~
I. Sima and Ajit meet at the new student orientation.
a:fu-r": Rf31ft~, HOT 0+ a:fu-r" ~ I ~ 0+ eft ~?

~: <'>"HR3, a:fu-r" -;:ft I HOT 0+ ~ ~ I
a:fu-r": ~ ~(,)o(~d 3' ur I 3Rt' fuif ~?
'" -
~: ~ IHcO(c(') 3' uri ~ HHo eft~?
a:fu-r": ~,3~?
~: ~I
a:fu-r": ~~~?
~: Ha W3'"-fu3'" ~ 3' (JO I
ur -;:ft,
a:fu-r": ~ fi.m ~ Jflft VEt I fuo fHB+aT I
~: era 0'CfT!
II. Another meeting, between Amrik and Sa/rna.
~: ~~! HOTO+~~I ~o+eft~?

1HC3W: Rf31ft ~, ~ -;:ft I HOT 0+ IHC3W ~ I
~: ~~~3'url gRl'fuif~?
1HC3W: ~~~3'uTl ~HHoeft~?
~: cffi.$:o~, 3~?
1HC3W: lHiBlO('HHlI
~: ~~~?
1HC3W: Ha W3'"-fu3'" BIN 3' DO I
ur -;:ft,
~: ~ fi.m ~ Jflft VEt I ~ fHB+aT I
1HC3W: era 0'CfT!
3 Please notice the variation in dialogues I and II, which results from the fact that Sima is a Hindu, Salma is
a Muslim and Ajit and Amrik are Sikhs. Furthermore, these dialogues mention several cities. Lahore and
Amritsar are two prominent cities in the Punjab, and places such as Vancouver, Stockton, EI Centro, and
Yuba City in North America have a long history of SikhslPunjabis living there.
III. Pal and Vina run into each other.
trR: ~, ~, ~ $-cR3 fc;tl}~?

~: B'~~uTl ~fc;tl}~?
trR: B'~uTl ~~fu"B~~DO?
~" uT ;:ft, $-cR3 ~ c>acr ~ I ~ fu"B eft D'B ~?
trR: ~fu"B~~DOI
~: fHR a E@3 ~-Jetl
trR: era cr<:fT I
Exercise 4.1 Match the pronoun with the appropriate verb and an object, to create
sentences:
1. B' ~ iY
2. ~ ~ ~
3. fED ~ ~
4. ~ ~ DO
5. ~ Bto't uT
6. ~ ))1~dlO( uT
Exercise 4.2 Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns and/or present tense forms of
theverb~:
1. af Rd1fO _
2. ~ l..!'!'o(CH 3' cSl - - -
3. ~~ I
4.~~ I
5. ~ftiQt ?
Exercise 4.3 Translate:
1. He is Japanese.
2. We are Pakistani.
3. Are you Sikh?
4. No, I am Christian.
5. Are you Chinese?
6. No, I am from Singapore.
7. Are you Jewish?
8. Yes, I am Jewish.
9. Hello. I am Indian. Are you Pakistani?
10. My father is not a Hindu. He is a Sikh.
Exercise 4.4 Compose a short dialogue with another classmate introducing yourselves to
one another. Incorporate the terms of religious and national identity learned in this lesson.
Vocabulary
Nationality
<JRra Punjab (m)

~ Punjabi (adj/u)
~/~ Punjabi person (mit)
m~CH31(') India (m)
m~d13'(')l Indian (adj/u)
~ifc;(d131(') Pakistan (m)
~I fc;(lH 3'61 Pakistani (adj/u)
ftfq Sindh (SE Pakistani province) (m)
m- Sindhi (adj/u)
QJRO'"3 Gujarat (W Indian state) (m)
2.ltid '31 Gujarati (adj/u)
cl'oJTB Bengal (NE Indian state) (m)
tfaTrffi Bengali (adj/u)
~ England (m)
~ English (adj/u)
~ English person (mit)
~ Canada(m)
OR')~ Canadian (mlf, adj/u)
})fCf8" Arabia (m)
~ Arab (adj/u)
Btaro Iran (m)
cfur0't Persian (adj/u)
Bt0 China (m)
M- Chinese (adj/u)
RtrO Japan (m)
~ Japanese (adj/u)
R"a'd-fO't Germany (m)
HOHO German (adj/u)
~ France (m)
ii:d i <Ffl<Ffl French ~adj/u)
f Russia (m)
wft Russian (adj/u)
~ America (m)
American (m1f, adj/u)
Religion
religion, faith, duty (m)

~
religion (m)
iEJ::r"Bt Christian (m1f, adjlu)
trWt Christian priest (m)
fi:n:f Sikh (m1f, adjlu)
~, oItft generic title for a Sikh pastor (m)
~ Hindu (m1f, adj/u)
L1fu3 generic title for a Hindu priest (m)
ajHffif'?) Muslim (m1f, adjlu)
~, fBa-rrd--r generic titles for Muslim clerics (m)
H0;M Jain (m1f, adj/u)
~ Jain monk (m)
~ Zoroastrian/Parsi (m1f), adjlu)
Zoroastrian cleric (m)
Buddhist (m1f, adj/u)
Buddhist monk (m)
Jew (m), Jewish (adjlu)
Rabbi (m)
Family
oor; ~t:ft brother (m); form of address for elder brother (m)
~ sister (f)
fuB, fu3T, ~; -e'O t:ft father (m); form of address for father
Hi", H'3'", nl'Ht, cftt:ft mother (f)
H'l1, H'3'"- fu3T parents (m pI)
Places
from where?
from
m
People
~ scholar (m)
~/dide'd(')l chief/chiefs wife (mit); titles generally used for Sikh men/women
sir/madam (mit)
president, head (mit)
madam (t)
Other Useful Words
iE"d; one; a
oft what?
of name (m)
~ then, again (conj.)
.gr also, as well
rn'R-Cil1j nowadays (adv)
U'B condition, state (m)
~ joy, happiness (t)
<5tOl" fine, O.K. (adj/u)
Lesson 5
fISP{ 1I
Nouns and Adjectives
Punjabi nouns are either masculine and feminine and have both singular and plural forms.
In general, a noun with an))iT ending usually marks a masculine (singular) noun and an Et
ending often marks a feminine (singular) noun. However, there are many exceptions to
this rule and the grammatical gender of each noun must be learned.
5.1 Masculine nouns
Masculine nouns are of the following types.
1. Nouns that end in ~, which change to -"8 in the plural:
Singular Plural
room ~ rooms
0lJ-fClT
door ~ doors
t!d~''F.l'
fan ~ fans
W
curtain ~ curtains
~
door ati doors
'"
Note: A few masculine nouns that end in~, such as ~ (river) and eO' (brother), are
irregular in that they do not change in the plural direct form.
2. Nouns that end in consonants and other vowels, which remain unchanged in the plural:
Singular Plural
teacher giH3't! teachers

giH3'i:!
lesson a=fEIP{ lessons
a=fEIP{
paper ~ papers
~
floor ~ floors
~
table HB tables
HB
man ~ men
~
companion ~ companIOns
~
poet ~ poets
~
musician oroft musicians
oroft
1BcfrJt scribes
1BcfrJt scribe
36 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUN,JABI
~ tear ~ tears
~ teacher ~ teachers
~ small bell ~ small bells
B'g{ knife ~ knives
BOTQ firefly BOTQ fireflies
5.2 Feminine nouns
Feminine nouns are of the following types.
1. Nouns that end in -a, which change to -E\iW in the plural:

Singular Plural
~ notebook ~ notebooks
~ chair ~ chairs
~ window ~ windows
udt clock ~ clocks
arcft window ~ windows
2. Nouns that end in a consonant, which add -~ in the plural:
Singular Plural
~ wall cfuT walls

P{ffif pen p(ffi--fT pens
foBra book f'or3raT books
6f3 ceiling fi3+ ceilings
~ picture ~ pictures
3. Nouns that end in all other vowels, which add ~ or ~ in the plural:
Singular Plural
~ cow ~ cows
~ daughter-in-law ~ daughters-in-law
~ wind ~ winds
arT cow ~ cows
W mother ~ mothers
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 37
5.3 Nouns with variable gender
Masculine nouns that refer to either human beings or animals can be modified into
feminine nouns.
1. With masculine nouns ending in ~,the feminine counterpart is created by replacing

the vowel ill'" with a:
Masculine Feminine
dog female dog

male sparrow female sparrow
parrot female parrot
male cat female cat
chicken female chicken
2. With masculine nouns ending in a, the feminine counterpart is created by replacing

the vowel a with ~:
Masculine Feminine
mft compamon ~ companion

mft elephant ~ elephant
i:lcft washerman ~ washerwoman
~ foreigner ~ foreigner
d-fTl3t gardener ~ gardener
3. With masculine noun ending in a consonant, the feminine counterpart is created by tht
addition of a, 09", or~:
Masculine Feminine
fuoo deer ftrcl?it female deer

~ pIgeon ~ female pigeon
H'c farmer tRt farmer's wife
3~ carpenter ~ carpenter's wife
~ high-caste Hindu ~ high-caste Hindu woman
a=fu" snake H't.R:'t female snake
Eo lion Eoo9"I lioness
chief; Sikh man dide'd<Sl chiefs wife; Sikh woman
peacock Hao9" peahen
I See note on ~, :5, and ~ in Lesson 2.1.
lawyer lawyer's wife
5.4 Adjectives
In Punjabi there are two types of adjectives: inflecting and uninflecting.
1. Inflecting adjectives change according to the gender and number of the nouns they
qualify.
Singular Plural
~w beautiful fanes) ~~
~~ small door(s) ~~
dar-EIdor" l..fRT colorful curtain(s) .dar-adcJt <.r.R
mr-~ tall boyes) ~~
~~ big room(s) ~~
~6f3 high ceiling(s) ~6f3T

~~ beautiful chair(s) ~~
~8'cft small window(s) ~~
HEft ffifOft tall girl(s) ~~
~ur.1t big watch(es) ~~
2. Uninflecting adjectives remain the same regardless of the gender and number of the
nouns they qualify. These adjectives often end in a consonant or eft.
Singular Plural
~~ handsome boyes) ~~
= =
~ffifOft intelligent girl(s) ~~
~crl.\t pink notebook(s) ~~
:cfu-r3t Offifto valuable painting(s) :cfu-r3t 3iH.g:J a i
flTB fc8ra red book(s) flTB foGraT
Analyze and compare the following examples.
He is a good boy.
They are good boys.
That is a tall man.

Those are tall men.
~~~~I That is a valuable painting.

~~3lH41diU01 Those are valuable paintings.
She is a small girl.

They are small girls.
~~~~I That is a beautiful woman.

~~~U01 Those are beautiful women.
5.5 Cardinal numbers
0 ft:r~MfcJ 9.0 tR =?o fu ~o 3tJ 80 B'Bt

~ iE<;(3t 89. fB0(3'fll
9. Mol 9.9. ~ =?9. ~9.
=? -p 9.=? aroT =?=? arBt ~=? # 8=? a3"':5t

~ fdo 9.~ 3aT =?~ 3Et ~~ 33t 8~ 3d3'fll
8 WO 9.8 # =?8 mft ~8 ~ 88 ~

<.1taT =?ll ~ ~ll ~ 811 ~
II l..ltl 9.lI
E ~ 9.E RW =?E EiEft ~E 68t 8E 53'Eft
9 R';~ 9.9 R3ro+ =?9 R3'"Bt ~9 ff3t 89 ffirBt
~ =?t ~ ~t ~ 8t ~
t lio 9.t
t t> 9.t ~ =?t ~ ~t (je;3'fll 8t ~
110 l.1";::rD EO R'o 90 R'3d" to ~'t to ?i"8

~0(~:r3d t9. ~ t9. ~O('(')~.
119. ~o(<f1' E9. ~O(i06 99.
9=? aJ30 t=? ~ t=? ~
ll=? a<Hr E=? '8"'00
E~ ~ 9~ f'3"J3a" t~ ~ t~ ~
ll~ ~
118 "iIat:r- E8 ~ 98 ~ t8 ~ t8 ~
~ 911 mho tll l1;:rRt tll ~
llll l..f~ Ell
~ 9E ~ tE ~ tE ~
LIE ~ EE
99 H3'3o t9 ~ t9 ~
lI9 H~ E9 lH"3'U"O
9t ~ tt ~ tt ~
lit ~ Et ~
9t ~ tt (je;'(')~' tt ~
lit @c;'06 Et ~ u
9.00 (Mol) #f (one) hundred

9.,000 (Mol) UB'cf (one) thousand
9.9,000 tR UB'cf ten thousand
9.~00,000 (Mol) fftf (one) lakh (= one hundred thousand)
9.0,00,000 tRfftf ten lakh (= one million)
9..00 ,00,000 (fu"c;{) O\~ one crore (= ten million)
5.6 Ordinal numbers
The first four ordinal numbers are irregular. After that the suffix ~ is regularly added:
st h
1 l.ffuw i ~
2nd ~/~ 8 th
~
rd th
3 ~~ 9 &
4th ~ 10
th
~
th th
5 ~ 11 ~
6th ~ 12
th
~
Ordinal numbers inflect like adjectives:
first school
first time
5.7 Fractionals
The following terms for parts of a number may be noted. They often feature when telling
time.
1/2
1 1/2
2 1/2
# + 1/2,for numbers 3 and higher
3 1/2
1/4
# + 1/4'
1'14
21/4
#-1/4
1 3/4
1/3
2/3
3/4
Dialogue Families (1)
orn-"EfT3 ~ (Cl)
~: foow Bt, ~~R'ao m~?

foow: H-a- ~ Bt <H'J1~rH 3' ~ ~ ~ Bt ljJHdi~'A 3'1
~: ~~fctB~8c;{~?
fuvror: H-a- ~ fctB t: 8c;{ ~ I H-a- ~ -3 ~ Bt, ~ -3 ()'(')T Bt,
HT3'"- fl-r3'", -3 W f3'o ~ "ffilT I
~: ~ ~ -e- 8c;{ fora ~?
foow: H-a- ~ -3 ~ Bt ~ "RCJHt fctB, ~ -3 ()'(')T Bt ~ -Gtcrcl" fctB,
HT3'"- fl-r3'" ~ fctB, -3 W w-a ~ "ffilT ~Ml~d<Sl1W f<tB uT I
~: ~~ROJ~wft~?
fuvror: ~Ml~d<Sl1W ~ ~ ROJ octf I
~: fER fctB ~ B'cI" octf, ~Ml~d<Sl1W t'" ~ ~ octf I
Exercise 5.1 Change the following from singular to plural and translate into English:
1. ~crBt
2. yarc;9- fo8ra
3. :ofu-r3t ~i
4. ~oV
5. ~fucro
6. ctit~
7. ~"ffilT
8. ~~
9.~~
10. ~cmcJT
Exercise 5.2 Change the following from plural to singular and translate into English:
1. ~a-fW
2. "RCJHt~
3.~~
4. crBfboo
5.~~
6.daT-~~
7. fcH-~ tf<JTQ
8.~~
9.~Ho
10.~~o
1. fu~H]~T 3Or.f' "O"dt' I

2. ~~~"O"dt'l
3. ftm ofu-r3t ~ unl
4. ftm~ 31R4'a i unl
5. ftm~~"O"dt'1
6. ~~fuw03(]1
7. ftm~~(]1
8. ftmdaT-~~(]1
9. ~ ~ ti"qaT "O"dt'l
10. ~ ~ G1R3 1 e-a1
1. You are not a hard working girl.

2. Those boys are not intelligent.
3. This is a red car.
4. The store is not small.
5. Those rooms are big.
6. Are these ceilings high?
7. Are these fans good?
8. These buffaloes are black.
9. Are these windows big?
10. This floor is cold.
1. five expensive paintings

2. ten small houses
3. six beautiful tables
4. one new room
5. seven colorful books
6. three big notebooks
7. four men
8. eighth child
9. second woman
10. blue fan
Vocabulary
Places
place (f)
there
ful} here
fc;i1} where?
fuHrcr3 building (t)
U2 home, house (m)
HOI'O house (m)
~ shop, store (t)
tB field (m)
a':OT garden (m)
iJit Professions
~/8f13i61, ~ teacher(mlt), guru (mit)

~ student (m)
futrcft writer (m)
~, wfE"a" poet (m)
~,wfBcft poetry (t)
forwo farmer (m)
He Jatt, agriculturalist (m)
~ doctor (mit)
~ lawyer (m)
~ carpenter (m)
mft washerman (m)
H'"8t gardener (m)
~ Brahman (m)
80r People
~ woman (t)
~ man (m)
~ girl (t)
~ boy (m)
~/~ boy/girl (m/t)
~/a'Bt child (mit)
R'"Eft companion, friend (m)
~ foreigner (m); foreign (adj/u)
~,~,~ family (m)
ERJ daughter-in-law (t)
R 1(') ?d Animals
~ animal (m)
~-U2 zoo (m)
AN rNTRODUCTION TO PuNJABI
tiger (m)
cheetah (m)
cat (m)
dog (m)
elephant (m)
cow (f)
buffalo (f)
young bullock (m)
deer (m)
horse (m)
firefly (m)
butterfly (f)
bird (m)
parrot (m)
sparrow (m)
pigeon (m)
chicken (m)
peacock (m)
monkey (m)
lemur (m)
snake (m)
crocodile (m)
fish (f)
bear (m)
Acijectives
tiOJT good (adjli)

~ bad (adjli)
~ big (adj/i)
fo"or" small (adj/i)
BEr",M tall; long (adjli)
~ small; short (adj/i)
~ high; loud (adj/i)
~ low (adj/i)
~ beautiful, handsome (adj/i)
tfmJ03 beautiful (adj/u)
8t!djd3 ugly (adj/u)
ClTd"H warm, hot (adj/u)
Ow cold (adjli)
~ I1ew (adj/i)
b~ old (of things) (adjli)
~ strong (adj/i)
~,~ weak (adj/u)
;;fu..r3T expensive (adj/u)
d-If&w expensive (a~jli)
ffi13T inexpensive, cheap (adj/i)
tritJBr first (adj/i)
~ last, final (adj/i)
f<:H-~ twinkling, flickering (adj/i)
~ broken (adj/i)
f3qro ready (adj/u)
LfuCJT flat, smooth (adj/i)
~ innocent (adj/u)
fi..ruo3t hard-working (adj/u)
dar Colors
dQT color (m)

doT-"l:Idor" colorful (adj/i)
~ orange (adj/u)
~,~ white (adj/u)
~ green; (for cattle) grey (adj/i)
U"a"'" green (adj/i)
CI'B'" black (adj/i)
~ pink (adj/u)
o'tw blue (adj/i)
tftw yellow (adj/i)
~,wor light brown (adj/i)
B'R red (adj/u)
tJo .(gIft3 rMtr iF.fCTF Other Useful Words
~,3 and
$ today (m)
~ enough, plenty of (adj/u)
~ many (adj/u); very (adv)
~ like (pp-adj/i)
F.i"c;{ doubt, suspicion (m)
~,~ turn, time (t)
Lesson 6
RaPfE
Postpositions and the Oblique Case
6.1 Postpositions
In Punjabi, postpositions are functionally equivalent to English prepositions (in, to, from,
etc.), but they are placed after pronouns, nouns, and verbs. Some common one word
postpositions are:
on; at
up to, until
from
of
in
Examples using postpositions:
HB ~ B'cJ tfficT DO I There are four plates on the table.

~ ~ tidlH~id 3'CI" at 111 That shop is closed until Tuesday.
f8D a--fOIT?) ffi.:J'to 3' ~ 111 That house is far from the ocean.
"dft3'" t'" UfO EfQ3 ~ 111 Gita's home is very beautiful.
fuEca" ftB EfQ3 8c;( DO I There are many people in the theater.
Note these common conjunct forms with 3':
fE1} + N
here from here
~ ~
there from there
fot't m
where? from where?
~N fct5t ~ 11? How far is Delhi from here?

~mv? Where are you from?
UfO~~111 The house is close from there.
lOne must not confuse this short form of~ with another 3, which is the short form ofrn3 Cand').
POSTPOSITIONS AND THE OBLIQUE CASE 47
6.2 The oblique case
In Punjabi, the noun can be in either the direct or oblique case. In the direct case, the noun
is the subject of sentence and the verb agrees with the noun in gender and number. In the
oblique case, a noun is followed by a postposition and must be modified. These
modifications are as follows:
TYPE I: Regular masculine nouns ending in ~
Singular: change ~ to -E
Singular Direct ClHCJT room

Singular Oblique ~fu"B in the room
Plural: change -"8" to -~
Plural Direct ~ rooms

Plural Oblique ~fu"B in the rooms
TYPE II: All other masculine nouns
Singular: no change
Singular Direct UfO house

Singular Oblique UfO fu"B in the house
Plural: add-mr
Plural Direct UfO houses

Plural Oblique l.J.lcjT fu"B in the houses
TYPE III: Regular feminine nouns ending in-BT
Singular: no change
Singular Direct cottage

Singular Oblique in the cottage
Plural: no change
Plural Direct cottages

Plural Oblique in the cottages
TYPE IV: All other feminine nouns
Singular: no change
Singular Direct painting

Singular Oblique in the painting
Plural: no change
Plural Direct 3Jicila i paintings

Plural Oblique 3Ji?ta+ fctB in the paintings
6.3 Adjectives in the oblique case
In the oblique case, inflecting adjectives must change to reflect the effects of the oblique
case on the nouns they qualify while uninflecting adjectives remain unaffected. The
following chart summarizes the various possibilities of inflection associated with the
oblique case, using the four types of nouns given above with the inflecting adjective ~
(big).
TYPEfNoun TYPE II Noun TYPE III Noun TYPE IV Noun

Singular ~C{HO'" ~UlCJ ~~ ~fu:3ra
Direct
Singular ~~fctB ~UlCJfctB ~~fctB ~ fu:3ra fctB
ObliQue
Plural ~~ ~UlCJ ~~ :~~
Direct
Plural ~~fctB ~Uf&fctB ~~fctB ~~fctB
Oblique
From the chart one can see that in the case of feminine nouns, whether singular or plural,
no change occurs in the oblique case. It is recommended therefore. that the student
remember thj.s rule of thumb and concentrate on TYPE I and TYPE II nouns.
With regard to adjectives and the oblique case, the following may be noted:
While TYPE II nouns do not change in the singular oblique, any adjective
preceding them, if it is an inflecting adjective, must change.
For TYPE I and TYPE II nouns in the plural oblique, it is important to use the
adjectival inflections. 2
2 Contemporary speakers sometimes replace forms such as ~ ~ fctB and ~ Uf& fctB with
~~ fctB and ~ Uf& fctB.
6.4 The possessive postposition ~
The possessive postposition t:' and its variant forms ~, tft, ~ are used to describe
possession. t:' means "of' and it inflects like an adjective, agreeing in number and gender
with the object(s) possessed. The use of this postposition also requires the noun/adjective
that precedes it to be in the oblique case. The construction works as follows:
Possessor Possessive Postposition Possessed
child of book
(rnasc. sing., oblique) (inflected for fern. sing.) (fern. sing., direct)
'The book of the child' or 'The child's book'
The following demonstrate the use of the possessive postposition in various scenarios.
~t:'Ufa the boy's house

~~ura the boy's houses
~t:'OO"' the girl's brother
~~~ the girl's brothers
~~"1B'o't Mohan's letter
~~~ Mohan's letters
OQ-fW~t~ Kamla's sister
0Q-fWtl1W~ Kamla's sisters
~~OO"' the girls' brothers
~~~ the girls' sisters
~-~UfO the boys' houses
~~~ the boys' sisters
6.5 Possessive pronouns
~ my
3ar your (sing.)
fuRt:'/~ her, his, its
$1t:'/~ her, his, its
~ our
~ your (plural.)
fu<t -e T
their
Wt'" their
The possessive pronouns function as adjectives. They inflect according to the number and
gender of the thing possessed. Possessive pronouns also inflect for the oblique case. The
following charts demonstrate the use of the possessive pronouns in all possible
grammatical contexts.
Possessive Masculine Sing. Masculine Sing. Masculine Plural Masculine

Pronoun Direct Oblique Direct Plural Oblique
my Her-llJ H-a llJ ftB H-allJ ~UKFftB
your (sing.) 3dr llJ 3-a- llJ ftB 3-a-llJ ~UKFfiB
her, his, its fuRt'"llJ fuR ~ UfO ftB fuR~llJ fuR WW UKF fiB
her, his, its ~t'"UfO ~~UfOftB ~~UfO ~wwUKFfiB
ours ~llJ mllJftB m llJ ~UKFfiB
your (plural) ~UfO mllJftB mUfO ~UKFfiB
their (proximate) fu<:t t'" UfO iE<:t ~ llJ ftB iE<:t ~ llJ WWW
<J UfaT. fiB
their
(remote)
W t'" llJ ~ ~llJfiB ~~llJ ~wwUKFfiB
Possessive Feminine Feminine Feminine Feminine

Pronoun Sing. Direct Sing. Oblique Plural Direct Plural Oblique
my }MtRfuft }Mt Rfuft 0'B ~~ ~~
0'B
your (sing.) 3atRfuft 3at Rfuft 0'B 3cflW~ 3cflW~
0'B
her, his, its fuR tft Rfuft fuR tft Rfuft 0'B fuR~~ fuR~~
0'B
her, his, its ~tftRfuft ~ tft Rfuft 0'B ~~~ ~~~
0'B
ours ~Rfuft H'cft Rfuft 0'B ~~ ~~
0'B
your (pI.) ~ffillit ~ ffillit 0'B ~~ ~~
?>'B
their (proximate) iE<:ttftRfuft iE<:t tft ~ ?>'B iE<:t~~ iE<:t~~
0'B
their
W tftRfuft ~tft~0'B ~~~ ~~~
(remote)
?>'B
Examples:
Her- 0+ fSHPtldi ~I My name is Bilqis.

~Ufcf~~1 Our house is expensive.
3dr Gdi3 1
t! ~~ Who is your teacher?
~~C~~I Your suit is beautiful.

~ ~ oro :cfu-r3t ~ 1 Her/his car is expensive.
~~UfO~~1 There is a party at their house.
Ha~~~"0(')1 My brothers are very rich.
~ 3iHcgjd i !;!6djd3"0(')1 Your pictures are beautiful.
Dialogue Families (2)

orn-cro ~(~)
t1d-ft: om, ~~tora~~?

oRta: H<JT ~ ~;::raRt ~ ~I ufuRT, ~ w-a- ~ ~ ~ H<'>I
t1d-ft: H-d'" ~ 'ift ~;::raRt ~ ~I fEI:r m, ~ ~ f.tB ~ ~ ~ n8 ~
oft ~"0(')?
oa=fta: Ha arm lj 6l~d tJi<!l tB tE f3iJ 'iH ~ "0(') n8 Ha ttf3T tft ~ "0(') I
Heft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "3 ~ ~ f':ro aB "0(') 1
~;gj-~t1dHl~~1 H<JT~~~~tB~~~~1
t1d-ft: H<JT~;gj-~~1 ~~~~uTl HawQ~~~~
"0(') n8 ~ tB Ha ~ ~ "ffiJa1l # "0(') I
oRta: Ha ~ ~ n8 Ha a--rrfurnT ~ ~ ~ w-a- ~ RJ~iH 3'(') jt ~ "0(') I ~
W, rnm UCf WB ~ ~ ~ f.tB
rnm f5c1 rJ'~iH31(') ~ WI H'Q
lf8: ~ Hf.l' ~ RTI
t1d-ft: ~ tB, ~ UCf WB ~ ~ m Rj\~iH3'(') ~ uT, ~ Ha a-ril" ~
# "0(')1
oRta: fEI:r~~~~~1
1. the girl's brother

2. the boy's sistet
3. her picture
4. the farmer's market
5. today's news
6. his name
7. the men's house
8. the women's job
9. fatner's books
10. mother's car
1. in the boy's car

2. in the house
3. until Tuesday
4. from Boston
5. on the table
6. on the wall
7. the children's notebooks
8. the writer's poetry
9. the streets of Ludhiana
10. the heat of Multan
Exercise 6.3 Substitute the given phrases and translate the resultant sentences on the
model given:
Model:
These fruits are in the basket.
1. on the table
2. from the store
3. on the floor
4. in the room
5. from Kabul
1. These are our clothes.

2. Are those your shoes?
3. This is her shirt.
4. Her father is a tailor.
5. His sister's brother is a shoemaker.
6. These are our trousers.
7. Is this your turban?
8. Is this your shawl?
9. These are his sister's son's boots.
10. Her watch is very expensive.
Vocabulary
Clothing
~,~ cloth (m); clothes (m pI)

~ tailor (m)
~ suit (m)
~ shirt (m)
~-LJt1THT long loose shirt-pants (m)
~ shirt (t)
fICWCf-~ loose pants-shirt (t)
u=c pants (t)
POSTPOSlTIONS AND THE OBLIQUE CASE 53
fh:r pocket (f)

tR3'cf, lfaT turban (f)
~ ladies' veil, scarf (m)
WR shawl (f)
B'3t shoe(/s) (esp. traditional Punjabi style) (f, s or pI)
boots, shoes (m, s or pI)

Htft shoemaker, cobbler (m)
iJcf 3 l.Ifa?ro People and Family
-ffc;{ people (m pI)

~ person, being (m)
t't!'"/~ paternal grandfather/grandmother (mlf)
(')'(')T/~ maternal grandfather/ grandmother (mlf)
.~ friend (m)
o-rillft friend (ofa female) (f)
cP?i Places
RaJ place (f)

~ region (m)
ffirp;r area (m)
1pWLf region east of Satluj (m)
~
region between Satluj and Beas (m)
WW region around Ravi (m)
~ region south of Satluj (m)
~ region between Jehlam and Sindh (m)
Pdlae Acijectives
~ rich (adj/u)
:cncfta poor (adj/u)
N both (m pI)
RTaT all, entire, whole (adj/i)
~ more, many (adj/u)
little, less (adj/i)
itw
~
far (adj/u)
~ near (adj/u)
lftr open (adj/i)
clt= closed (adj/u)
Postpositions
on; at
from
of
with
during
Vo.(g'teJJ.ltr fF.TElP" Other Useful Words
~ some, someone, any

oraHt heat (t)
6t5 cold (t)
Q:B fruit (m)
~ flower (m)
&or basket (m)
oro,u car(t)
~ comparison, competition (m)
lEf::kJ'jfj history (m)
~ program, schedule (m)
rnH yet, still (adv)
iH""atft winter (t)
Lesson 7
"fl"8A 9
Interrogatives
7.1 Interrogatives
Most interrogatives in Punjabi begin with the letter '0{' and are listed below:
oft- what?
~ who?
fc& how?
~ when?
fc:;RT how?
~ why?
fct'>r* how much/many?
fore where?
fcm~ in what way? how?
~* which?
fcmt</~'" whose?
~* of what?
for0 fi:r~JT* of what sort?
Note: The words marked with an asterisk inflect for gender and number.
Examples:
~~~? Who is s/he?

fu0 oft- -0? What is this?
H;;rfore~? Where is the table?
~ fctii- ~ (J()? How many boys are here?
~~fcm~t<D? How is that man?
~C{e:I1? When is the party?
oft-U'Bl1? How are you?
~~~~? Which one is the broken chair?
~8't~I1? Why is the door closed?
oft- om tt? What's the matter?
~ lf3'" oft-l1? What is your address?
oft- is sometimes used as an emphatic interrogative marker at the beginning of yes/no

sentences. However, its usage in this context is entirely optional.
Are you from Vancouver?

7.2 Oblique forms of interrogatives
Interrogatives oft, ~, and ~ appear in special forms in the oblique case.
Direct Case Oblique Case (e.g. with g)
Sing. oft,~, ~/c)t fom I fcm (g)

what, who, which (to) what, (to) whom, (to) which
PI. oft, ~, ~/cw ~(Q)

what, who, which (to) what, (to) whom, (to) which
Examples:
tED fom t'" UfO ~? Whose house is this?

tED fcf<t -e- UfO uo? Whose houses are these?
$J fcmit/fom fuffi-r fu'B ~? Which film is he in?
tED fl'~O(iJl ~~ ~ In which books is this information?
fu'B~?
7.3 Oblique forms of personal pronouns
Personal pronouns have the following forms in the oblique when followed by the
postpositions Q and 3'.
Direct Oblique with Q Oblique with 3'
H BQ AA'
~
-3Q. ~
tED fuRg/~ fuR 3'
$J ~g/~ ~3'
~ FrQ. HT6'
gdft' 9 0 'Q ~
tED fu<1Q fu<13'
$J ~Q ~3'
INTERROGATIVES 57
1. Where is Ram?
2. When is your class?
3. How are you?
4. Why are you angry?
5. Who is she?
6. Where is your sister?
7. When is your birthday?
8. How is the new film?
9. How much is this suit?
10. Whose car is this?
Exercise 7.2 Translate the following sentences into English and answer them in Punjabi:
1. $ oft fuo ~?
2. ~~-J?
3. $oftNl:f~?
4. ~ -e- t=l7)d-f tft oft ~ ~?
5. $VBt~?
6. 0dt -,:ft, nfH ~ ~I
7. 0{8'R~~?
8. oft om-~?
9. ~~~~?
10. (jf13'tJ ffte-r oft"Q'B~?
Exercise 7.3 Introduce different members of your family using five to ten family
photographs.
Vocabulary
Dates and Occasions
~ date (f)
fuo day (m)
ROH-fuo birthday (m)
f3(jO'd, ~~ festival (m)
VBt festival of colors (f)
~t spring harvest festival (f)
~ festival oflights (f)
Adjectives
difficult (adjli)
mr- easy (adj/i)

~(~) easy (adj/u)
ffi:f3 hard; strict (adj/u)
?>aH soft; lenient (adj/u)
:R angry (adj/u)
~ necessary, important, essential (adj/u)
~ very (adv/i)
iJo.(g,!t::JJ..1p- iF.fETET Other Useful Words
all (adj/u)
some, something
marter, issue, thing (f)
thing, object (f)
trouble, hardship (f)
strength; pressure, stress (m)
like, in the manner of
Lesson 8
HaP{ t:
The Present Habitual Tense
8.1 The present habitual
Punjabi verbs are conjugated from their infinitive forms, e.g. t:f'"ET/to eat, or <.ftcr/to drink. In
order to conjugate a verb, the verbal root must be identified by eliminating the ~ (or or) 1
ending. For example the root of the verb ~ is~, of~ is SR, of~ is fucr, etc.
The present habitual is used to express habitually performed actions and to indicate general
statements about the present. It consists of two parts:
1. The imperfect participle, which marks the habitual aspect of the verb. It is created
by adding appropriate endings to the root.
Roots ending in a consonant (e.g. l::Kftt,~, C\cf):

Add -~, -~, -~, or -~
Roots ending in a vowel (1:fT, tlt, oftr):

Include a ~ or f<:"tfi before the above forms, e.g. -C)'tr, -c;'~, -c;'tft and -c;'e1~.
2. The present tense (auxiliary) form of~ (i.e. <JT, -a-, ~, -cr, or 00).
It is imperative that both the imperfect participle and the auxiliary verb agree in number
and gender with the subject (doer of the action).
The forms of the imperfect participle will vary slightly depending on the form of the root of
the verb being conjugated. The paradigms of these variations are exemplified as follows:
I. Verbs whose root ends in a consonant (~, ~).
Masculine Feminine
~~'"<JT ~~<JT I read

~~'"~ 3'~~
'" <J
You read (informal)
~/fuu~~ ~/fuu~-a- S/he reads
~~<JT ~~<JT We read
3Rt'~cJ
- u
3Rt'~cJ
- u
You read (plural)
~/ft:!U~oo ~tfEu~DO
- <J
They read
1 See Lesson 2.1, note concerning the sounds~, E, and:T.
II. Verbs whose root ends in a vowel (e.g. ~, ~, ~, ~).
~eM!'"U+ ~Cfi"tftu+ I eat

~ eM!'"~ ~ Cfi"tft ~ You eat
~!fEu eM!'" ~ ~lfEucMft~ Slhe, it eats
~~u+ ~~u+ We eat
~~D ~~D You eat
~!fEu~"iJ0 ~/i8"0" ~"iJ0 They eat
III. Verbs whose root ends in fu (e.g. ~,~,~) use a f<:l..lt in their conjugations.
~~U+ ~~U+ I say

~~~ ~~~ You say
~/i8"0"~~ ~~~~ S/he, it says
~~u+ ~~u+ We say
~~D ~~D You say
~~~"iJ0 ~/i8"0" ~"iJ0 They say
IV. Verbs whose root appears to end with the vowel combination c'~ (~, ~,
~, ~, sc;i(1c;i). In this type of verb, the ~ is a sort of filler that does not properly
belong to the root. Hence their true roots are, respectively, ~, OJT, l..f<j{T, lfof, ~.
Nonetheless, the filler ~ does remain with the root when conjugation for the present
habitual takes place. 2
~~u+ ~orWtu+ I sing

~~~ ~~~ You sing
~!f8u~~ ~/i8"0"~~ Slhe, it sings
~orWU+ ~~u+ We sing
~arWD ~~D You sing
~/i8"0" orW "iJ0 ~/i8"0" ~ "iJ0 They sing
Negation. The negative in the present habitual is formed by adding the word o<:ft just
before the verb. The auxiliary form of~ is dropped in the negative.
~ 1:8 fRcfP DI You write letters.

~1:8mff~1 You do not write letters.
~~~U+I I know English.
~~mff~1 I do not know English.
2 The ~ is interpolated only in the imperfect participle and adverbial participle forms.
THE PRESENT HABITUAL TENSE 61
More examples of the present habitual:
~ tj'-H'Cft ~ & I I speak Punjabi.

~a-,;r~~&1 I go to school daily.
gRt~0ft3~VI You sing beautiful songs.
gRt~aBt~v? What language do you speak?
~ ~ iE'it ~ 11? She comes here daily.
.- oft ~
1Eu or.ft " 11? What does this girl read?
~0ft3~uol The girls sing songs.
~ ~-ofcJ oft CIcftT 11? What does he do these days?
8.2 The present habitual of ~
In the present habitual, ~ has an irregular conjugation:
~~:r& ~~& lam

g~t!'-J g~-J You are
~!fED~11 ~/1Eu~11 S/he, it is
~#& ~~& Weare
gRt;cNv gRt~v You are
~!fED#uo ~/1Eu~uo They are
Note that when ~ is conjugated in the present habitual it tends to emphasize a state of
being over time, as opposed to the stative sense of the present tense auxiliary forms of 'to
be' learned earlier. This form of ~ is used "to express a greater sense of certainty and
existence, for statements of generally valid facts.
There are seven days in a week.

vs.
~"WBa=Gmuol There are seven coins in the box.
~ ~ WB ~ dIcld-f <1t'" 11 I Punjab is very hot in June.

vs.
~Hrn-r~3W111 Today the weather is very cold.
8.3 Complex postpositions
The complex postpositions listed below function just like the postpositions introduced in
Lesson 6. They follow the nouns and pronouns they govern and require them to be in the
oblique case. Most postpositions (important exceptions are Qand 3-) can be stated as a two-
word phrase including an auxiliary postposition such as ~ (the inflected form of ~). The
auxiliary postpositions 3' and t!t are also found in certain phrases (indicated in parentheses,
Page 80 below). www.sikhbookclub.com
~ above, upon
liB below
~ inside, in, within
f.tB in,between,among
fuwB, ~tiO(id in the middle of
W from among, through, along
(3'/-e-) aTUO outside
~,~,Hua ahead of
ft@, mTO behind
~ across from, facing
~-~ in and around
8'ir near
~ by
(')'B with, along with, along side
(')'B t!'", O'B ~ adjacent to (adjectival usage/i)
~ through
(3') ufuBT before
(3)~,~ after
rn:ft, ~, J:rfuo for, for the sake of
~,~ according to
(3)~ besides/in addition to
(-e-) oroo, (-e-) "J1#, (tft) ~ due to
~,CR.ff,~ by means of
~, (tft)aw-e instead of
~ despite
ara-, B'Cr3 about, regarding
(3') fi:RrE, (3) fuo+, (3') a<lto without, except for
~,~ against, in opposition to
Examples:
~ ~ ~ H<Ja ffitJa According to Punjabi people, no city

t!'" ~ ~ nctfl can compare with Lahore.
l.FtCft wft:ra t!'" ~ foTdR ~ 111 The priest's office is inside the church.
itft ~ -e- ~ ~tiO(ld 111 The boat is in the middle of the river.
~~~iJ?)1 There are trees in front of the Sikh temple.
~ -e- ~-~ WB iJ?)\ There are flowers all around the temple.
Hfu wan ~ ~ iJ?)1 Due to the rain the stores were closed.
fkJo3 ~ ~ iN WR ~ Due to hard work, she wins a scholarship
3 ~ is always used in a positive sense, whereas oro?) is neutral in connotation.
fftft ~I every year.

~ ~ ~ fHffi:ft ~I By means of the Guru one finds liberation.
fl<;{ ~~ ~ 0Ttif URra -w-e- DO I People travel to Punjab by plane.
~ i! URI Brol ~ Hfft3 ~I Near his/her house is an old mosque.
J1dO(ldi~~~DOI Governments fight against corruption.
~~~~#DOI Decent people are against vile behavior.
rnRt' &9' tft ~ BE ~ u+ I We eat rice instead of bread.
a-'tea ~ 81UO ~ Bel DO I There are some people outside the temple.

WHdIH~ld QGW3'~/ She does not eat anything except fruit on
ak~~otiT~1 Tuesdays.
~~orR~H'fEe'e The property next to the gurdwara belongs
~ffir>~tft~1 to a Jain temple.
8.4 Using postpositions with personal pronouns
With the exception of some special cases (postpositions Qand 3' as in Bg and m), when
postpositions are used with the personal pronouns the pronouns appear as possessives,
inflected to':). For example, to express 'according to me,' one should not say
instead, you say
Note that the auxiliary word -e- may never be used in these situations, except for in the 3rd
person forms:
according to him/her
according to them
The word ~ is, in a sense, already contained within the possessive forms, and its usage is
therefore redundant.
More examples:
3"a'~ behind you

~~jf~ facing him/her
m~ ahead of us
~o'R with you
~fug"q against me
W~=r3 for them
8.5 Expressing possession
The possession of objects, persons, ideas, etc. is expressed"indirectly, as there is no verb 'to
have' in Punjabi. Depending on the nature ofthe thing possessed, there are two ways of
expressing this.
1. Using possessive pronouns
For animate objects, large property, intangible concepts, and so forth, only the possessive
pronouns are used:
~uro-J? Do you have a house?

Ha- -e- ercrr ~ fu"o( ~ ~ I I have two brothers and one sister.
fuR om arB ~ ~ ~~? Do you have any view about this matter?
2. Using ~
For physical, inanimate objects that one can grasp or carry, or that one has 'with' or 'near'
oneself, the postposition ~ is used in conjunction with possessive pronouns:
~ ~ ~ Ji'elcU'3-J1 Slhe has a cycle. (Near him, there is a cycle.)

Ha ~ ~ ftBra+ DOl I have three books.
Dialogue College Life

dffi-W3" CVffi1tft~
I. Manoj and Rekha meet en route to the canteen at Punjabi University, Patiala
H7>R: OH<H3, acr-t oft ~ fuur ~?

acr-: OH<H3, ~ I A' *& tv CJDhYI 1W, Ha ()lR B"R1 ~ HAA -3 BTU
-crtDwE!
~ -3 B'\J Qar fc;g 1B(')C{ld 0\cJ ~ uT I Do ~, ~ @
3'1ft1
~ 3'f.ft oT ~ WR 0dt, ~-~ ~ fuJT -3 ~I ~ iliB ft1Rra
-3R'fu3tT~-J-3ar~~lift~0Df~1 ~~, 3cft
~ fd' B'H oDt~?
"
~ oT Heft lift fuJT -3 ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ fffir 3 DOl
<J
~~;:R'iEu~-3~~3~~-et
~ 1Hffaft1ar ~ uro ~ QfHBo BEt aQ3 @31~Ml uT I Hor
~ ercrr ~ fuo+ REt uro 1W fuur ~ -3 fuR om tft ~ Q B<J3 ~
-JI ~ ~ fu"B oft~?
aroTfEl}~Dt~-3~~tft~~1
II. Sam and Kristin meet at the University Center at UC Santa Barbara
fu-f: oft <JTB j, f'lH fC: (')?

f'lH fC:(') : H~ tfB -aT, fu-fl ~ -e- m-ccm f.tB ~ 'E' ~ j!
fu-f: fuu~~~ai'BjlH~~m-ccm~-e-03tR~
~ -a;d W -aT I ~ ~ oft -a;d cr6t "O'?
a:rm Hat -Gtar- 0\5'R j, fuR BEt H ~ ~ f;::r(JT ~ ~ 38TH fu"B
vTl
fu-f: ~ ~ -e- ~ alH2a i c; Ol"Cft"O'? W -e- ~ "3 ~ ~ ~ DO -3 H
~r8 jt~~RBWWI lWWHa-O'RB"B1
o
fuu o'tc;( j I ~ -e- fuu ~ alH2a c; ~ j, Hat ~ ~ ~ wfuB
ml
(dHCd'C: f?iFr l::fTe ff Ef'7JftT)
fu-f: ~ ~~, ~lH fC:(')?
flHfC:('): ~ t!'" fftBa ~ ~ jt orB'" -3lH~'tHi moo.~ lW fdT>w! 30r
~~~m?
fu-f: ~ ~ m! ~ -e- ~ <5 iffiGo ~ ~ ~ CIcfT
ft!"3PW1
Exercise 8.1 Make Punjabi sentences in the present habitual, for both masculine and
feminine subjects, using the given phrases:
Example:
~~ to eat bread
1. ~cr:H()T to make a fire

2. })f'CT~ to knead flour
3.~~ to make bread
4. ~fSdl'g~, to serve food on the table
5. ~~ to drink milk
6.~~ to sing a song
7. nBM'G~' to drive a car
8. B'cJ 8~lg~i to make tea
9. fa:c;-~ to play cricket
10. fuHt-r~ to watch a film
1. H ~ ('>df e:r-tr I
2. ~ l)f<')T(')'H ~ -aT I
3. gm3'BHa~~
4.~~~jl
5. ar em- tIO'ft "Ci\clt'" uT I

6. ar ilIcId-f B"'D l.fItft uT I
7. ~6w~tft'"EiJl
8. ~ R'RT tIO'ft "Ci\clt'" t11
9. ~ ore' (')TJBT orcR iJ?
1O.ar~~~~1
1. I read daily.
2. Do you knit?
3. She prepares food.
4. He writes a ~etter.
5. I drink warm milk.
6. He speaks English and Hindi.
7. He goes to the market.
8. She buys medicines.
9. There are twelve months in a year.
10. They work in the fields.
Exercise 8.4 Make the underlined portions (and the words that must agree with them)
plural, Make sure the whole sentencemakes sense!
1. Heft ~ ~ cMft t11

2. ~ ott tft'"E iJ?
3. QH~'~~~t11
4. ~~~t11
5. arw~~~uTl
6. ar ~ Ha"f.ft ~ "Ci\clt'" uT I
7. ~ ~ GS'Bt!l t11
8. ara-rco~uTl
9. ~~ott~t1?
10. Hat'~~~3m-r~1J1
Exercise 8.5 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate (imperfect participle) form of the verb
in parentheses:
1. ar~ uTl (~)

2. 'Efu:ft~ ~I (S~IG~I)
3. ar~ uti (~)
4. ~~otit'- - - (~)
5. ~'JR D(')I (~)

6.ar~ uTI (~)
7. ~~ fJ? (~)
8. ~ J:8 t11 (~)
9. ~ t=raHO 0dt _
10.~~ - - ~I
l.affi3 2. fu1:ft 3'

3. Heft ~ RC.!t 4. ~fcttJ
5.~ti 6. ~0':8
7.HCW5m 8. ~3'c;(
9. Heft Rillft "i')T,H 1O. ~ J:f'f3o
ll.~~ 12. O{B"'R~
13.~3'~rr 14. ~3'Ha'B
15. ~fcttJ 16. ~d=t3It g-
17. co ) "'1 3' <.ffuRT 18. M~3't!d
::::: :::
Exercise 8.7 Make Punjabi sentences using the given phrases:
1. in the cars
2. far from the schoc
3. with my sister
4. behind the house
5. in front of the school
6. in the middle of the village
7. in addition to the book
8. for my friend
9. on my chair
10. for my mother's Jake
Exercise 8.8 c(H'd=t~H~: Describe your classroom usmg as many postpositions as

possible:
Exercise 8.9 ~~: Write 10-12 sentences, describing your family and yourself, using
the grammar and vocabulary you have learned thus far. For example: Who is in your
family? What do they do? Where do they live? Where were you born?
IF.Ia'~81 Vocabulary
Verbs
~ to knit, weave (vt)

~8IB(')i to boil (vt)
~ to come (vi)
d=t"f0p to bear, endure (vi)
ffil:re to learn (vt)
to sleep (vi)
to be (vi)
to say (vt)
to do (vt)
to buy (vt)
to eat (vt)
to sing (vt)
to suck juice out ofa fruit (mango/sugarcane) (vt)
to know (vi)
to go (vi)
to have breakfast (vt)
to like (vt)
to prepare, cook (food, etc.) (vt)
1..fW5' to read, study (vt)
~ to teach (vt)
tfter to drink (vt)
6~'~~' to make (vt)
~ to say (vi)
fi-rBor to meet, be met (vi)
~ to stay, reside (vi)
ffiT<')T to fight (vi)
~ to bring (vi)
~ to write (vt)
~ to take (vt)
~ to sell (vt)
Work
~ work, deed (m)

~ hard work, labor (t)
~ job (f)
~ newspaper (f)
J:B, Mo't letter (m, f)
~;~ break; vacation (f)
~ office (m)
The Classroom
school (m)
lesson (m)
class (school) (f)
room (m)
p{ffi-f pen (f)

or:aTR paper (m)
orUt notebook (f)
fcr3ra book (f)
~ chair (1)
ur.ft clock, watch (f)
5"3 ceiling, roof (f)
~ tloor (m)
o\q wall (f)
~ picture, portrait (f)
ed~if.ll, door (m)

arat, ~ window (f)
~ curtain (m)
~ fan (m)
aBt,~,ww language (f)
H"3B8 meaning (m)
3CJ13W,~,~ translation (m)
~ test, exam (m)
o3t;::F outcome, result (m)
lYea/7 Life
~ age (f)
~.~~
, born (adj/u); to be born (vi)
~,~ wedding (f)
~-~ married (adj/u)
iEo(w alone; single (adj/i)
Religion
church (m)
Sikh place of worship (m)
the 'Golden Temple' complex, Amritsar (m)
free community meal/kitchen (m)
temple (m)
mosque (f)
God (m)
Time
time (m)
duration, time (m)
year (m)
week (m)
daily (adv)
yet, still (adv)
Food
food (m)
bread; food or meal generally (f)
rice (m pI)
vegetable (f)
potato (m)
tomato (m)
eggplant (m)
fruit (m)
pineapple (m)
mango (m)
apple (m)
banana (m)
~ cantaloupe (m)
~ sweet(s) (f)
<JM~'81 confectioner (m)
a type of milk cake (f)
ball-shaped sweet made of chickpea flour (m)
water (m)
tea (f)
t'R,CJR juice (m)
~ milk (m)
3'"W fresh (adjli)
aa=ret kitchen (f)
ffifw a stuffed pastry filled with spiced potatoes (m)
~ cafeteria (f)
~ taste (m)
Places
city{m)
center (m)
village (m)
country, land (m)
government (f)
THE PRESENT HABITUAL TENSE 7\
Adjectives
happy (adjlu)
sad (adjlu)
more (adjlu)
less (adj/u)
iJd.(g/teJJ..1t! F.TETF Other Useful Words
every, each
only, simply (adv)
medicine (f)
literature (m)
glance, vision (f)
but (conj.)
fun (m)
enjoyable, fun (adj/u)
grace, kindness (f)
thanks (m)
Lesson 9
RaAt"
The Past Habitual Tense
9.1 The past tense of~
Singular Plural
1st Person A' WI rnRf WI

I was. We were.
2nd Person g HI ~ HI
You were. You were.
3rd Person
Proximate: fro Btl fro ROI
He/she/it/this ... was. They/these ... were.
Remote: ~ Btl ~ ROI
He/she/it/that ... was. They/those ... were.]
Examples:
A'chJ UKf WI I was at home yesterday.

~trait3HI You were at the party.
~ OTCJ'""R frtB BtI The car was in the garage.
Negation. The negative of the past tense is formed by placing the word mlT right before the
verb. Unlike with the present tense, the auxiliary form of ~ is not dropped with the past
tense.
A' chJ UKf mlT WI I was not at home yesterday.

~~3mlTHI You were not at the party.
~ OTCJ'""R frtB mlT BtI The car was not in the garage.
9.2 The past habitual
The past auxiliary of the verb ~ is used with the imperfect participle (introduced in
Lesson 8) to create the past habitual. The past habitual consists oftwo parts:
1. The imperfect participle

2. The past tense (auxiliary) form of~
'\ In spoken Punjabi, mis sometimes used as a default form in every case.
THE PAST HABITUAL TENSE 73
This form is used to express habitual behavior in the past, and is translated in English as
'used to.' For example, iR' a=r~:fn:M~t W can be translated as, 'I used to go to school.'
Masculine Feminine
iR' O\cItr W iR'~w I used to do

~ orat' ff ~~ff You used to do
W/~i~Rt W/iE'u~Rt S/he, it used to do
~O\~w ~~w We used to do
~O\cRR ~~R You used to do
w/fEc:r 0\cR R0 W/iE'u~R0 They used to do
Examples:
~ ~o fu'B ~ <rcftT ff I You used to work at the office.

~ ~C1-e- U0 l:FEC # WI We used to eat at their house.
Negation. The negative in the past habitual tense is formed by reversing the order of the
imperfect participle and the past auxiliary and preceding this by the word odf.
iR'~~~WI I used to go to New York.

iR'~~odfw~1 I did not use to go to New York.
~~~~~WI We used to go to college everyday.

~~~~;:rodfW~1 We did not use to go to college everyday.
w fu;m--rT ~ flo I They used to watch movies.

W fu;m--rT odf R0 ~ I They did not use to watch movies.
9.3 Indirect verbal constructions
In Punjabi, various indirect verbal constructions are used to express wants and needs, likes
and dislikes, states of being and knowing. Some of these expressions utilize the
postposition Q, while others use the possessive forms. The use of indirect verbal
constructions requires the use of the oblique case. Whereas in the direct case the subject
and verb are in agreement, in indirect verbal constructions, the placement of a postposition
following the subject reflects that the action is happening to the subject and the
postposition blocks agreement between the subject and verb of the sentence. As a result,
the verb does not agree with the subject but rather the object of the sentence.
The basic structure of the indirect verbal construction is:
Logical Subject Q + Direct Object (Grammatical subject) + Verb.
1. S Q X w=Jtr ~I = 'S likes X'
'S' is the one who is doing the liking (the logical subject) and 'X' is the object liked. The
verb ~ conforms to the object X (the grammatical subject) and is conjugated accordingly:
~ &m-fT w=Jtr un I I like films. ('Films are pleasing to me').

~ (')'CO{ w=Jtr un I You like plays.
W Q fu? t:lC'B<il ~ oft3 w=Jtr un I They like the songs of Shiv Batalvi. 2
Note that the object of liking can be an action described by a verb.
WQ~w=Jtr~1 They like to play.

Heft ~ Q ~ w=Jtr ~ I My sister likes to read.
2. S Q X tT E";;{ ~I = 'S is fond of X' or'S likes X'
This construction is widely used to express hobbies and interests. 'X' is the object and/or
activity of liking. Because verbal infinitives in this construction are followed by a
postposition (tT), they must appear in their oblique case form, in which the final / C:,T / is
dropped.
R'Qit. <tt. ~ tTE";;{ ~I We like to watch TV.

~ Q(')'CO{ ~ tT E";;{ ~ I S/he likes to write plays.
~ t1;::rcft oft3 ~ tT E";;{ ~ I I like to listen to Punjabi songs.
~ 3'E" ~ tT E";;{~? Do you like to play cards?
3. S Q X ~ ~I = 'S needs/wants X.' (Where 'X' is a noun)

= 'S needs to/should X.' (Where 'X' is a verb)
~ (wanted, needed), which derives from the verb ~ (to want), functions like an
adjective and is inflected according to the gender and number of the object, 'X.' This form
is used to express general needs.
AA~~~I
= ::: I need a computer.
~ott~~? What do you need?
WQ~~un? Do they need cameras?
~J:8~~~1 I should write the letter.

"3Q foGrcr ~it ~ ~I You should read the book.
4. S QX -et fh; ~I = 'S needs X.'
~ means 'need.'
th
Page2 A93famous Punjabi poet of the 20 century. www.sikhbookclub.com
~Qurdtft~01 S/he needs a house.

~oratft~01 I need a car.
9.4 Additional expressions with Q
1. Q appears with motion verbs to express various feelings and phenomena. S QX~, for
example, can be used to express the feeling of getting tipsy after drinking alcohol, using the
verb B (to climb/rise):
~ QEcra ~ t=r8tft ~ 01 S/he gets tipsy quickly.

or
@R - ~ ~ 01
- ti= Ecra t'" ow aD3 (J
In the first sentence, Ba"'""Er ('alcohol') is the grammatical subject, and in the second, ow
('intoxication') is the grammatical subject.
Q is sometimes used with ~ to express an ability to do things. Note that in the

sentences below, the grammatical subjects of the sentences are again different in
Punjabi than they are in English. In the second and third sentences, the verbs ~ and
~ are inflected to make them agree with ~.
I don't know Punjabi. ('To me Punjabi

doesn't come.')
Can you read Punjabi?
Students can speak Punjabi
'S QX ~~' is also used to express other meanings. Think of the way in English one
says 'He gets angry,' or, 'She gets sick.' One does not actually 'get' these things; that
is just how the phenomena are expressed idiomatically. In Punjabi, one says that these
phenomena 'come' (~).
AQ ~r -et 0Vt! ~ ~ 1 I miss him/her.

~8(J3:w~~1 You are very irritable.
@R ti~ ~ fu"B ~ S/he throws up during travel in the hills.
- = -
qp~"Q01
2. 'S Q X ~' is used to express feelings and effects, where 'X' is a feeling or quality.
~ literally means 'to seem,' 'to strike,' or 'to attach.' With Q it enables one to express
how one feels, or how things seem.
to look beautiful
to seem good
to feel hungry
to feel hot
You look very beautiful. (' You seem to me to

be very beautiful').
~ ~ 3ffifta" tMt ~ 11? Do you like that painting?
gRf~Q~ttcft~~1 S/he likes you very much.
3. Q can be used to express knowledge through the construction'S Q [X] (t!'") 1..f3T ~'
(where 'X' is the object known):
He doesn't know. ('To him there is

not knowledge').
~~odTtJ3T1 I do not know anything.
~ Q~ ~ t!'" tJ3T 111 They know about your arrival.
4. Qis used to mark the objects of transitive verbs. In the case of indirect objects it acts like
'to' in English.
I give books to Sabina.
Q is used with direct objects if they are animate (i.e. people and, often, other animals).
When used with inanimate direct objects, Q marks them as definite (specific). It is not
translated per se; it functions merely as a grammatical marker.
~~-;:ftQ~~uTl I meet brother often.

~fuR~QDCJBB~D? Do you read this book everyday?
Note: Although 0- can indicate movement 'to' a place, in such contexts it is generally
omitted. However, the noun (place) is required to be in the oblique case to reflect its
grammatical position. For example:
My sister goes to Patiala.

We go to Lahore.
Dialogue Taking a Cycle Rickshaw in Chandigarh

ot'8-~ ~dl~ f.tB lH '81 C(H fuc;{w ~ ~
~~: uT ,:\T, fc;{l} t:i'ffiiT?

~: DeB fB~'f8C( ~I "f'cM DR?
~~: l..fRru~1
~: l..fRru ~ ~ tR]3 ~ DOl ff.1~If8C( ~ ~ ~ tit~, rnr m ~ '19.
~~: wfua, oft om
~ D? ~ ~ ~ ~ or3? ~ ~I
~: \3"'8, 3tu ~ BET I
~~: BE D'3t ~ feB I ~ ~ wfual ~ ~ d.:fBO(" 3' lWB D?
~: ar~?~~uTl
~~: ~ tffir8t tioft ~ Dim ft:n:ft Rt?
~: ~ f<tB ft:n:ft Rt, "3 ~ ~ 3' ~ f<tB afu m uTI
~~: fuu ~ RJi;lH3 ? l.ribw b~? 1
(')
~: odT, ~ ffB l.fftJc3+ ~ ~ WI

~~: ~ ~ ~ fc;{l} ~ it?
~: ~ 6-Rftt ~"3 ftfc;{ Htitor ~ m WI
~~: w ~ oft oft"3r Rt?
~: ar tffir8t O\W ura iffi ~ WI
~~: H ,:\T, ofuT ofuT f<tB L8'" tit odT ~ "3 ~ DeB rnr fWw I
~: IB<J H D'3t ~, tR]3 fi-I<Jd 8' 611
1. They used to buy clothes from this shop.

2. He used to live in Punjab.
3. My friend used to play the tabla.
4. We used to see many Hindi films.
5. I used to work in New York.
6. The people were hungry. (Phrase as, 'The people used to be hungry. ')
7. The children used to read books.
8. Their house used to be in the middle of the city.
9. Did the professor (used to) know Arabic and Farsi?
10. Did you (used to) go to the market?
]. aB"8':dT fttB ~ HO I
2. Hm-r tR]3 J:fCf'B Rt I
3. BErffi~~~lF.l~t:"d HOI
4. ~ ~ ~tn)~ ? tillf3 Rtl
5. ~ucrm-f-tr3TftB~~HOI
Exercise 9.3 Negate the sentences:
1. ~fHBrEt~RTI
2. A' oro t3H'G"t!' WI
3. ~3aB'~H'G"tn RTI
4. mH3wfEcft~ROI
5. ~d'3f<5Tt~RTI
1. ~ l..f tIffi: otiT I

2. o=rQ ~ CiIcl?)T ~ ~ I
3. ~Q~t3'"a"fT~RTI
4. ~Q-;::rcr~RTI
5. "3Q~~t'"it;{~?
Exercise 9.5 Create a 10-12 sentence dialogue about your hobbies and interests, likes and
dislikes.
1F.t8e'~81 Vocabulary
~ Verbs
t3HiG~' to drive (vt)

~ to climb, rise (vi)
~ to give (vt)
H"or<? to seem, attach, apply (vi)
~ to see, watch (vt)
~ to show (vt)
~ to hear, listen (vt)
~ to tell (vt)
~ to play (sport, game, etc.) (vt)
~HiG~i to play (instrument) (vt)
fbl3'G~' to spend, pass (time) (vt)
l.Ilft!i3 & Interests and Needs
tIf!'t liking, preference (f)

~ to want (vt)
~ wanted, required (adj/i)
~ need (f)
~ necessity, requirement (f)
~,ffc;{ hobby, interest (m)
mfB music (m)
oft3 song (m)
3EIW tabla, pair of drums in Indian music (m)
~ travel, journey (m)
- 0Ia()T to travel (vt)
ft:rBrBt sewing (f)
- O{OOT to sew (vt)
~.~
, game (f); sports (fpl)
"3"'"B cards (f)
~ tennis (f)
(')'CO{ drama, play (m)
fuffi-f film (f)
~3CJT5 Feeiin~s and States
Ww anger (m)
o9t: sleep (f)
atwclt; atwcr illness (f); ill (adjlu)
BOP"H cold (illness) (m)
g?;f'Cf fever (m)
tl:f hunger (f)
trl"'"t memory(f)
.91t!d3 Nature
eta3 nature (f)

~ natural (adjlu)
Bd-fto ground, land, soil (f)
~ river (m)
m3ta ocean (m)
~ pond (m)
~ lake (f)
CIO'Rtf3t vegetation, flora (f)
tcn.:B tree (m)
~ banyan tree (m)
~ jasmine (f)
m=ro-r weather (m)
Hfu rain (m)
Adjectives
general, ordinary, common (adj/u)

special, particular (adjlu)
great, excellent (adj/u)
bad; messed-up (adj/u)
fragrant (adj/u)
light (adj/i)
gl~j dark (color) (adj/i)
~ dove-colored (adj/i)
~ all toget~er (adj/i)
~ separate (adj/u)
~-~ various, separate (adj/u)
Transport
cycle (m)
rickshaw (m)
taxi (t)
bus (t)
airplane (m)
train (t)
station (m)
turn, circuit (m)
Time
tomorrow; yesterday (m)

evening (t)
'at night'
Va .(g'fi3 idJ-.itr tF.TEI'V Other Useful Words
name used for Indian currency, rupee (m)

money; paisa, one 100th of a rupee (m)
market (m, t)
information; address (m)
Lesson 10
RaPrClO
Imperatives
10.1 Imperatives
Imperatives are used to express orders and requests. Usage of specific forms is determined
by a speaker's desired tone of voice and the context. There are two different forms of the
regular imperative:
1. Informal Singular: When addressing someone as ~, the imperative consists of simply

the root of the verb.
Do this work.
Write the letter quickly.
Learn to speak Punjabi.
2. Formal Singular/Plural: When addressing someone as~, the imperative is formed by

adding B (or in some cases, ~) to the root.
foz;o1..rr O\cf ~ ~ 3" ~ I Please/kindly sit on the chair.

~ e:rrB 3" ~ l..lffi/~ I Eat food and drink milk.
"3 ~dH <F.PU t!t tita ~ I And recite Varis Shah's Hir.
In imperative phrases the pronoun (~or ~)is generally omitted.
Some verbs take irregular imperative forms for~. The most common of these are:
Negation. To negate the imperative, place?)T before the verb.
'fEu em ?)T O\cf I Don't do this work.

foBra E3t ?)T l..r~ I Don't read the book fast.
~lfT 0\0 ~ ~"3?)T ~I Please don't sit on the chair.

10.2 Polite imperatives
To make a request it is sufficient to use the ~ form of the regular imperative. However,
some dialects include additional forms that suggest an added 'please.'
1. With ~, the imperative consists of the root + Ef (or ?t).
~~!:fTEf1 Eat less food.

ftfo't ~ ~ fRtff I Write the letter next week.
a:rd-f'2~~1 Come to the railway station in the evening
~,~/tlMt' I Drink water.
Variant forms:
W: -eEf, M
&r: BEf, ffiff
~: if8t',~
2. With~, the imperative consists of the root + fuB.
3B 0'" tiM' fEg I

C{'"O Don't drive the car fast.
~ dBt l::fT1EB I Eat the food slowly.
iH0\1oHOiif.! 0'" H'iEB1 Don't go to McDonald's.
C{'-gj- 0'" t.ftfEB' I Don't drink coffee.
10.3 Verbal infinitives as imperatives
The verbal infinitive can also be used as an imperative, especially common in public
notices and official instructions:
fu"'ucr~ Walk here.

trclR~ Come day after tomorrow.
t!a~If.!' El't ~ Keep the door closed.
~ CIcf(')T Please hurry.
0'" is used for negative constructions:
Don't eat bad food!

Don't forget your luggage!

IMPERATIVES 83
10.4 Conveying similarity or 'like'
There are several ways of expressing similarity. The inflecting postposition ~ is used to
compare objects or people with one another in terms of size, color, quality, etc.
3a ~ tit ~ Ha- ~ 8ldft ~I Your friend resembles my brother.

-m ~crar ~ WB ~ m:ft.1 There is nobody like you in the world.
Other terms for expressing equality or likeness are:
ft:KJT like/-ish
~/~' like
[tit] 3CJr like
ft:KJT is a suffix that inflects to agree in number and gender with what follows, while the
postpositions ~~, r;:;i~, and ~ remain invariable.
-m3m~~ft:r0"J01 Your clothes and our clothes are alike.

~ ~f3't -,:ft- ~ B'oft ~ Like the teacher, we speak Punjabi well.
"ElE~~1
~~~~~ft:wet~1 That girl writes like her sister.
Hcft~~! Play like me!
10.5 ~and ~
~ and ~ translate as 'someone'/'some' and 'something'/'some' respectively. In

questions, ~ and ~ translate as 'anyone' and 'anything'/'any', while in negative
sentences, they correspond to 'no one' and 'nothing.' Generally, when ~ is used as a
pronoun or as an adjective it refers to an animate objects while ~ refers to an inanimate
objects.
cfRWtr~~1 Someone is in the bus.

c5t8t~~~1 Tell me some other story.
mU(d~ 3<H~di uol There are some paintings in our house.
3a~f.tB~~? Is there anyone in your apartment?

-m~f.tB~~? Do you have anything in your room?
H-a- ~flf'd'ctl'c f.tB ~ mft'l There is no one in my apartment.

H-a- 0(Ha- WB ~ mft'l There is nothing in my room.
The oblique form of~ is fcm". It should not be confused with fc;{R, the oblique form of~.
Note the difference between the two below.
~ fcu:r t'" ~ fr? Whose friend is he?

~ fclR t'" ~ octf I He is not anyone's friend.
~ UfO ~ fcm tft ~ frl Someone's car is in front of your house.
aR fu"B fcm ~ ft:orc fr? Does anyone on the bus have a ticket?
fc;{R -ao fun ~ I Please come some other day.
Additional expressions using ~ and ~
~()T~ someone or the other

~()T~ something or the other
~-ao some other; some(one) else
~-ao som~thing else
~ ()T ~ di'R B fr I Something or the other is certainly the matter.

~()T~~ml Please tell us something or the other.
~ -ao 3'"B'" l:faO? Any other new news?
Dialogue Riding the Punjab Roadways Bus to Wagha

orn-CJT3 ~ ;::rf";ft tl';:ra ~ tft 1iH "3
A conversation between Mary, a passenger and the bus conductor.
~ 0\cl?5'" fED aR ~ ~ fr?

fEDaR~~~1 W~~octf3"~~O'E~fi.iB
.... :::: .... ==
~I 2a=ft' 1Ell <W ~ v? ~ oft 0\cJ0 W c0 ~?
Heft: af ~ 3' uT 3" m tfRrcft ~ tqi'> ~ uT I ~ ~ ~ 3" E'"H
?i
:::: ~ 3fu 0\cJ0 tft Offifara ~ 3RT
.... ~
.... -at ~ I
~aBt~! affuu~~Rtfc;( fJii:d""I3'61,~fdTatfctB, ~BEt
~ ~ DC) uo fED ~ octf Rt ~ fc;( ~ 'itt fE't ~ ~ ~ uol
uT, ~ ~-et1J or&ft mrgcr v ~ fr I ~ ~ W' ~ (Wi'l't Rftre" 3"
~ tfHrEr ~ 3') i3c;{ ~-"QW ~ fuR Offif "2 ~ ~ uol ~ 3' ~
-ao
2a=ft' fc;(3 'itt ~?
Heft: af ~ ~ ofu;joft" uT 3" ~ Ha" ~ ~ aftJt! DC) I ~ ~ t'" ~
<bJr ~ fED fr fc;( ~ D-eR -at ~ trO C{O ~ BiJa w ~ VI
- ~ f.o!ffi..r3 ~ ~ 8tat" fft I w?i=....
3RT fJtd""l3'61rnt ?i:;:; ~ 1..l'f'O(fl3'(') ~ ~ BEt
~~~WDC)I BH, ~~!o"a~~mml
Heft: ~ ~ fiitJd6'61 fftl o"a 0TCfT!

IMPERATIVES 85
Exercise 10.1 Write 10 sentences in the imperative using formal and informal tones of
voice. Then negate them.
Exercise 10.2 Translate the following sentences into Punjabi. Use both the informal and
formal/plural imperatives for each sentence.
1. Please speak with her.

2. Tell me his name.
3. Put that book on this table.
4. Do not drink that dirty water.
5. Tell me the price of these flowers.
6. Do not ask me difficult questions.
7. Please take that book.
8. Sing a lullaby to the children.
9. Please bring me the newspaper.
10. Come back soon.
Vocabulary
Verbs
i1j~I@~1 to tell, recite (vt)

<Jl1::5 ~ to talk, converse (vt)
~ to taste (vt)
~ to move (vi)
3fu 0\cl?)T to fold (vt)
~ to sit (vi)
!WIHe 3
~~lc Adjectives and Adverbs
~ next (adjli)
ft.r5Br last, previous (adjli)
-aRt slowly; gently (adv)
~, RRt!T quickly, early (adv)
a; a()TB lateness, delay (f); late (adv)
3B fast, swift (adjlu)
fu"qa-, fuR 0&6 this direction (adv)
~,~3Cf.~ that direction (adv)
~ back (adv)
~ clean (adj/u)
oR"r dirty (adjli)
A.w soiled (adj/i)
right now, immediately (ady)

in large numbers (ady)
famous (adj/u)
iJo.(g,teJJ..itr iF.TEfF Other Useful Words
question (m)
answer (m)
price, cost (f)
culture (m)
lullaby (f)
just, a little bit (ady)
that is, meaning (ady)
East (Indian) Punjab
West (Pakistani) Punjab
to run about doing things without much result (vt)
success (f)

Lesson 11
HaP{ 9.9.
The Progressive Tense
11.1 The progressive tense
The progressive tense indicates action in progress, past or present. Its construction consists
of three parts:
1. The root of the main verb.
2. The particle faD'", crD, odt, or ~, chosen so as to agree in number and gender
with the subject.
3. The appropriate present auxiliary or past auxiliary form of the verb~.
11.2 The present progressive
The present progressive conveys action in progress in the present. Using the verb ~ as
an example, the conjugations of the present progressive are:
Masculine Feminine
A' ~ fcJurtft ... odttft I am listening

g ~ fcJ-ur -J ... odt-J You are listening
~~fcrar~ ... odt~ S/he listening
~~crDtft ... ~tft We are listening
gRT~crD'Q ... ~'Q You are listening
~~(mDO ... ~DO They are listening
Examples:
~ ~ tr.J crD tYI We are reading Punjabi.

a'B ofB OfT crD DO I The kids are singing songs
A' dl"ill-fPw f.tB ~ w odt tft I I am going to Punjab in the summer.
A' ~ ('>tif w ro I I am not going to London.
gFff LIdi~ &5 crD ~) Are you speaking Pashto?
Negation. M is placed before the main verb. As with the simple present and the present
habitual, the present tense auxiliarY form of~ is dropped when negating.
mlf, ))iffi fJ:l'Qt &5 crD tft I No, we are speaking Sindhi.
~ ~ ,'>tif Lft crD I They are not drinking milk.
88 AN ThoTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
11.3 The past progressive
The past progressive conveys action in progress in the past. Using the verb erE'" as an
example, the conjugations of the past progressive are:
Masculine Feminine
*cvfcKrrw .. atitw I was eating

g cv fcKrr ff .. atit ff You were eating
~ cv fcKrr Rt .. atit fft S/be was eating
~l:t'"adw ... ~ w We were eating
~l:t'"adR ... ~H You were eating
~CVadHO ... ~HO They were eating
Examples:
1..!OR'~~~~~ The day before yesterday, I was buying

mWI things in the market.
g ctt ffi:J fcKrr ff? What were you thinking?
~Haem3"ifRemHI You were laughing at my work.
fusB a:-7dIH~'d, ~ eft oro em HO? What were they doing last Tuesday?
Negation. cxft' is placed before the main verb. In this case the auxiliary cannot be dropped,
as it marks the action as happening in the past.
l.fOR' ~ ~ ~ ~ octf The day before yesterday, they were not

~adHOI buying things in the market.
~ Ha em 3" octf ti'R ad HI You were not laughing at my work.
11.4 The suffix ~
The suffix <gtBT roughly conveys the sense of 'that which pertains to' and can be added to
wide range of nouns, adverbs, adjective, and verbs. It functions like a postposition and puts
the-preceding phrase in the oblique case. It is also can be declined like an adjective and
must inflect according to gender and number. It appears in the following ways:
1. Nouns and Adjectives: It indicates a 'possessor' of some thing or attribute and it also
indicates someone who does something in particular.
~ffl~ the cloth shop

URJ~ one's household members, family
~<gtBT taxi-driver
~~l..fTOCi{ park with fountains
fuOlit~ rickshaw-driver
THE PROGRESSIVE TENSE 89
the woman with the red suit

the room with windows
2. Verbal Infinitives: It may indicate the doer of an action. In these constructions, the
infinitive form is used in its oblique form (i.e. without the final ))iT).
~3Bo~ fish-frier
~<t~~ vegetable-sellers
cf't!t J:IClt~ ~ recycler, buyer of old newspapers
~~~~ flower-seller
~~~~ fruit-seller
3. Intention: It may indicate the intention to perform a particular action or impending

action.
~~~Rtl She was about to go.

~~;~~I Something is about to happen.
a--fIu~~~1 It is about to rain.
4. Descriptive: It may indicate that something is worth doing, seeing, etc.
~~~Efucr~1 Amritsar is a city worth seeing.

fuv c;{H 0(00 ~ 01 This work is/needs to be done.
fuvfosra~~~1 This book is worth reading.
Note in this context the similar use of the postposition~.
~ ~ R'i8:0\" ~I Amritsar is worth seeing.

~ c;{H CIa?) ~ ~ 1 That work is worth doing.
fuv fosra ~ B'"f2p( ~ I This book is worth reading.
Dialogue At a Dhaba
orn-"EJT3 tE"onr-a "3
~ -;:ft, ~ BEt oft ~ ~?

tEa ~ ~-;:ft:
a-ra~t'B :<O~I
~-aMt :<lj~1
HCd l.IO'Ta SO~I
"ffR'""t <tO~1
~~ lj~1
edf~B'Rt <tO~1
0fTU0l:: ~ ftfc;;{ tTR t!t tfBc. ~ ~. "3 RB't! fuB I

wa~: o'fc;{, ~ BEt ~?
0fTU0l:: fH'o't.m t'" ftfc;;{ 0f8TR I
wa~: ~-at"3~~~~1
0fTU0l:: ~ fiiiJdCl'611
wa~: -aa~?
0fTU0l:: ~ fffiy tdf ~ ~ ~ fuBl
wa~: fuu B -RT "3 fuu rn'a t!t ~ ~ ~ ...~ affltrcr 0!
0fTU0l:: ~ ~~. ~-RT?
wa~: 40~1
0fTU0l:: fuu B -RT I
Reading: Punjab
tl'H"a
trO:
tl'H"a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '<1H' "3 '~' (~/~) t'" W3" 0 "3 fuu ~ <1H ~,
~, cr?t, B7)T"8, ft:rJRH, "3 mo, t!t"OC8t O{d" a: Hf.fQO 0 I fu<J+ t1Hi- ~ 3' ~ fu1} furnrR "3
~ ~ ~ DO "3 ClCfRT3 ~ W=rH ftB ufaTo ~ ftB ~ ~ ~ D Wt'" 01 tfRrCl ~ 3.OIJlCl(,) tE'a:
ffl:f <.f;:rru UB'Cf B:rdT HIE ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fi.m t!t 3fu ~ 0 "3 fi:ft:fret BEt
ffi-fto fro ~ t!t ~ ~ C{}-ft oDfl fER ~ ~ fJo ~"3 ~ ffiRft+ DO, ~ ~ ~
l.fd1E, ~ ~ d'fliHEl'(') t'"~, "3 tf6m ~ fi:fq ~ 01 yoa ~ ~ ~ 0 B ~ li1dj7)T
3'01" Wt'" 0 I
tfRrCl f.tB ~-~ t!t ~-~ ~ ~ 01 tR'ao "3 ~ '# ~ f.tB ftro ~ #
DO, crr3 Q~ ,;ffct 3' U'B BW Wt'" 0, "3 ofc;rcr "31jQ' ))fTH tit ~ DO1HEt"3 'F' ftB 'iJOT03' H3"Bt
fcr.oTCft 3'01" ~ 0 "3 fER aTa't-ft 0".5 ~ 11:rH~H ~ Wtft 0 I '3WCft "3 ~ ~ ~ ftB
3P<JlCl(,) m ~ ClCfRT311tft 0 "3 ~ ~ 5'" Wtft 0 I ~ ffi-fto "3 W=rH t!t ~ oroo tfRrCl
~ 'iJCJ '3'if t!t~, td'!:f3, ~, "3l.tsft ~ DO "3 ~ fs:mHT ~ ))of()TH, ~, "3 ~ t!t
0{"f.f3' oft3t fIT ~ 01
1. tfRrCl ~ ~ f.tB ~ ~ ~ DO?

2. <JRra~~-~~~~DO?
3. 1.JRra ftB fc;m- fc;m- '3'if t!t ~ ~ 0?

Exercise 11.1 Make sentences in the present and past progressive using the following
verbs:
1.~-tohear
2. ~ - to learn
3. ~ - to think
4. ~-tosay
5. ~-towakeup
6. ~ - to search, to look for
7. ~ - to weigh
8.~ towear
9. ~-tohold
10. ~-tosow
Exercise 11.2 Translate the sentences and then negate them:
1. ~ l:f3 fucr ~ uT I
2. ga:ff fuffif ~ ~ -0-1
3. ~'~n=r~~H1T ~ (J7) I
4. ~ for3raT
?-:fClh= fuDr vt I
5. ~ fc("31tn.f~ fuDr ~ I
6. ~ ~f.fT?) -e- fuDr 'ij I
7. ltcr3 Ht Uc~ 0\0 ~ tJO I
8. wet Ht niClt'R 0\0 a<J (J7) I
9. tR:Cft wfha fdRffi 3' ~ ~ (J7) I
10. WHtT~~, ~tam~1
1. Amarjit was reading in the park

2. What are you doing at home?
3. What were you doing last Saturday.
4. Last Wednesday she was cooking pasta.
5. This morning, I was eating bread with yoghurt.
6. I am listening to Hindi film music.
7. Kiran is dancing.
8. She is not going home. She is going to Jasjit's house.
9. We are not speaking Urdu; we are speaking Punjabi.
10. What are you saying?
Exercise 11.4 Create a 10-12 sentence dialogue on the topic of 'What are you doing?' In
the dialogue, use as much ofthe present progressive as possible.

92 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJAB!
Vocabulary
Verbs
to think (vi)
to laugh (vi)
to wake up (vi)
,Hfle' to scorch, bum (vi)
~ to search for (vt)
~ to stay (vi)
~ to drown; to go down, to set (the sun) (vi)
"3B?)T to fry (vt)
~ to weigh (vt)
~ to dance (vi)
~ to wear, put on (vt)
~ to arrive (vi)
~ to fall, to lie down (vi)
~ to grab, grasp (vt)
~ to sow (vt)
~ to keep, put (vt)
~ to flow (vi)
~ffi'~k' to spread (vt)
Customs and Rituals
fire sacrifice (m)

Sikh prayer (t)
Islamic call-to-prayer (t)
person who calls azan or Muslim call to prayer (m)
Time
~ in the morning
tfaif day before yesterday; day after tomorrow
~ summer (fpl)
m:i3 spring (season) (t)
~ Tuesday (m)
~ Wednesday (m)
IF.tf<'red~ld; (JfJ3'" Saturday (m)

Food
t;"'CfT roadside restaurant, diner (m)

alH2~h::, 'DeB' restaurant (m)
~ pickle (m)
~~~ mango chutney (f)
a=rB't salad (m)
atell cauliflower (f)
t'R pulses, lentils (f)
black lentils (f)
1..f?>'to a type of soft cheese (m)
HCCJ peas (m pI)
~ okra (f)
~ squash gourd (m)
~ bitter gourd (m)
uf\Iw bottle gourd (m)
ffa:ft buttermilk drink (f)
~ fried flat-bread (m)
t6f yoghurt, curd (m)
~ clay oven (m)
~ cooked in a clay oven (adj/u)
~ sweet (adj/i)
~ garlic (m)
bulb or piece (of garlic, ginger, turmeric) (f)
cilantro, coriander (m)
glass (m)
plate (f)
Land and Climate
land; earth (f)

rain, rainy season (f)
dirt, soil (f)
fertile (adj/u)
farming, cultivation (f)
irrigation (f)
plain, field (m); level (adj/u)
border (f)
hill (m)
desert (m)
temperature (m)
.heat (f)
sun (m)
frost (m)
fog (f)
greenery (f)
grain (m)
Vo.(gJIl3r3J...re" iF.fETf? Other Useful Words
~ word (m)
3p<dh::t(') approximately (adv)
~ square (m)
H.B union, coming together (m)
~-atfft interchange (f)
3fu layer; fold (f)
<tB on the side of, in the direction of, towards (adv, pp)
(j]T\JOl customer (m)

Lesson 12
RaP{q~
The Future Tense and Subjunctive
12.1 The future tense
The future tense indicates actions that will take place or actions that are assumed to be
definite. It is formed by adding the following endings to the root of the verb.
Masculine Feminine
H -~ -~
~ -~ -E'oft
~/fuc:r -Ear- -Eaft
~ -~ -~
gfft' -BoT -~
~ -~(lotIT) _~(~) 1
With ~, these forms would appear as follows:
Masculine Feminine
H80W &+oft I will sit

~~ ~ You will sit
~~r fu5aft S/he, it will sit
~fu5ToT ~ We will sit
gfft'~ ~ You will sit
~~oT 86dftt They will sit
In the case of verbs whose root ends in a vowel, a ~ may be inserted between the root and
the appropriate ending (except in the 3rd person plural form). The example of ~ follows:
H~T ~ I will go
~~ ~ You will go
~~ ~ S/he, it will go
w~rTit f1,~idftlW We will go
~~ ~ You will go
~~n ~ They will go
I In the case of verbs whose root ends in E, cr, R, or;f, a "0 is added in the 3rd person masculine and
feminine plurals. 3CJ?)T - to swim, ~ "3O"OaT/3d(')dftlW; ~ - to fight, ~ ~/M~(')dftt; ~ - to
count, ~ f<l1(')dM'dl~(,)dftlW.
Also note the case of the verb~, which is irregular in its future tense conjugation:
ar~ I will take

gcWcw You will take
~~ S/he, it will take
w~ We will take
gRT~ You will take
~~ They will take
Examples:
orH cfur ~ fu"B ~ ~I Ram Lila will begin in October.

~ 3" ~ ~ t"idl'9c:a11 2
People will light lamps on the Divali.
~ ~ t/ffi'3df'O ~ ~I During Ramadan, Muslims will observe fasts.
~3"W~~1 We will go to Amritsar on the gurpurab.
f?J::rrcfi 3" ~ ~ ~ I The boys will dance on Visakhi.
~fuRW5~3"?>dT~1 They will not go on vacation this year.
~t'"~~W5~1 Her wedding will take place next year.
Negation. Add ?>dT before the conjugated verb.
ar?>dT~/~1 I will not go.

~fuRW5~3"?>dT~1 They will not go on vacation this year.
12.2 The future progressive
The future progressive conveys assumed action that will be in progress in the future. It is
formed by using the future form of~ with the progressive construction.
Using the verb ;:::rrc;r:
Masculine Feminine
arwro~ ... mft~ I will be going

gWroW'or- ... mftW'oft You will be going
~wro-wor ... mft~ S/he, it will be going
WW~~ ... ~ ~ We will be going
gRTW~~ ... ~ ~ You will be going
~w~frc;oT ... ~ ~ They will be going
2 In the case of verbs containing an intervening ~ in the infinitive form, the ~ remains in the 3rd person
Page 115
plural conjugations. www.sikhbookclub.com
THE FUTURE TENSE AND SUBJUNCTIVE 97
Examples:
~~~~~O\cfo-a-~I They will be traveling in the ocean tomorrow.

~~~@oM~oD-~1 Next week, we will be buying a new car.
1..IOif ~ ~o ~ oD- W-at I The day after tomorrow, you will be taking the
exam.
12.3 Additional uses of the -(Wending
The verb endings -CJlT, -en, -oft, ~ (characteristic of the future tense) are used in Punjabi (in
the Malwa and Doaba dialects) with the auxiliary verb ~ to form: ~, ~, furtt, ~. While
often the use of these forms is merely incidental, they may add a subtle sense of surety.
fuu fcBra Ha U10 ~flt I This book is in my house.

Ha~fc!B~~~1 That file is there in my office (for sure).
tro~? Got a pen?
~ 0l.WR fc!B fct~ -Be< ~? How many people are there in your class?
~ fc;;i"B"ffiJ3 ~~ ~I The office has many chairs.
The past tense auxiliary form of~, at, can also be used with these endings.
fufim" WR ~ ~ ~ HtCJTTI Last year, he was our neighbor.

~ Ha "ffiJ3 a=ra BH3 RTcTI I There were many friends of mine there.
~~'8~HtoftI In the school there was a party.
~~oret~~; There were many boats in the lake.
12.4 The subjunctive
The subjunctive covers a wide semantic range that expresses intention, possibility, wishes,
suggestions, requests, and questions. It conveys the sense of 'may' and 'should' and is
often indicated by the use of additional qualifications such as B'"fEt (perhaps).
The subjunctive is formed by adding the following endings to the root of the verb. Forms
are the same for masculine and feminine subjects.
H -~
~ --8'
~1fEu -"8
~ -EtE
~ -
~/fuu -~(/o)

Using the verb ~ as an example:
HfusT I may/should sit

~~ You may/should sit
U~ S/he may/should sit
~~ We may/should sit
~~ You may/should sit
~~ They may/should sit
In the case of verbs whose root ends in a vowel, a ~ is inserted between the root and the
appropriate ending (except in the 3rd person plural form). This is omitted in some spoken
dialects.
Using the verb ~:
H~ I may/should go
~fRf You may/should go
~~ S/he may/should go
~;:rrBtE We may/should go
~;:r You may/should go
~~ They may/should go
Note that in all conjugations except the 1sl person plural, the subjunctive is formed in the
same way as the future minus the -OJT, -ill, -oft, and -CJflW endings of that tense.
Negation. The subjunctive is negated by the particle ()T, placed before the verb.
Examples:
H~~? May I come in?

~ iF.fTfEt! "0113 tfTCl'O( ~ I They might go to the park tomorrow.
~ Q odf l..j3T fc;{ ~ ~ fc;{ ()T I He doesn't know ifhe should go or not.
H~ @H3't! RtQ~&fc;{ I ask our teacher if we could come inside.
mm~~1
~ fuu oUf ~ ?BH orcft2l We should finish this work now.
Differences between the future and subjunctive can be discerned in the following
examples:
~0l13~1 She will come tomorrow.

~0l13~1 She may come tomorrow.
H~ftf<;I:~~1 I will tell you a story.

H~fu"a;~WI May I tell you a story.

~fc;(it~? Where will we go?

~ fc;(it w8TB? Where should we go?
12.5 ~
Colloquial Punjabi often utilizes the special pronoun ~. While ~ can be translated as
'we,' it includes the 2nd person (i.e. 'you'). Use of this pronoun is especially common with
the subjunctive, where it is conjugated the same as for ~ and gives the sense 'let us (all)':
Let's sit.
Shall we go?
12.6 If/then statements: emphatic particles ~ and tit
1. One common type of sentence that uses the subjunctive is the 'if/then' statement.ft
means 'if,' and is used in the first clause. ~, which means 'then,' is used in the second
clause.
-R ~ R'aT, 3" a1Q t"ft I If [you] should get hungry, then tell me.
-R ~ Ha- Ufa n-rB, 3" a1Q aQ3 If you come to my house, then I will be very
Jffft~1 pleased.
2. If/then statements that suggest an impossible or unlikely condition are expressed by

using the imperfect participle alone.
-R~J~, 3"~v~~Q If she were a doctor, then she would bring

~:fta:r ~ ~t!t I her family to America.
-R ~ ~~~, 3" ~ V3' <Jtrr If we listened to the radio, then we would
fc;( r.rfR at13 6~ ~ I have known today was going to be very
cold.
3. 3'" functions as a connective particle between clauses in constructions like 'if ... then;'
'when ... then':
-R~}'tQ~, 3'"}r~ '(ft' ~I If she asks me, then I will definitely say yes.
-Rcrc;-~ofub,3r*~(ft1 If the issue is one of eating, then I am ready.
-R ift .~ odt b, 3" n-rB B'IJ ~ I If (you) are falling asleep, then let's drink tea.
fW Hr.J~, 3" mRf ~~ ~I When it rains, then we will go inside.

4. 3"' can also be used as an emphatic particle, in which case it has the meaning 'after all,'
'then' 'as for,' 'actually,' or 'in that case':
~~odfl ~3"'mtit(}1 She's not Punjabi. Actually she is Sindhi.

W! H'3"'~fc;(BJcr~D03 Oh! [As for me,] I thought she lives in Lahore
~~I and must be Punjabi.
5. 3"' is also used in the following set phrases:
So that ...
If that is the case, then ...
H' ~ ~ vT 3"' fc;( H' Etcro I learn Farsi so that I can go to Iran.
1=1'" ifjO(i-l
~~ B"RtB 3"' fc;( CfOHT3 3' Let us go inside so that we can be protected
aB~1 from the rain.
R ~ ~ l..IOff (}, 3"' ft5cr If your exam is on the day after tomorrow,
~ 1..fW>'" ~ (}I then you should study.
6. Another emphatic particle is -at, which directly emphasizes the word preceding it. It can
also give the sense of 'only,' or 'just.' In colloquial speech it is usually pronounced Bt.
~ Ba f.!B -e- ~ -at DOl I have only two rupees in my pocket.

d'{'c3T U2 <t3- -at (} I Our house is just nearby.
12.7 The conjunction trcf
trcf generally functions just like 'but' in English:
H' ~ ~ vT, trcf ~ fffiJ3 I want to go, but my health won't allow me
~ IBfI''F.I3 odf ~I to go.
H' fuu fuRH ~ ~ vT, trcf I want to see this film, but I do not have time.
Ha ~ ffi-rT odf I

Dialogue Buying Vegetables

afB-W3 ~~
~ ~~BB! ~ ~ ~BB! ...&it, m,~, ufPw ... lWB

stat~, W oft BBoT?
-gw, &it t'" oft ~ ~?
3R:J g<.rE fc;ffi, atat ~ I
DTE DTE, ~ HftJaft! ~ Ptb-r3T ~ illfa:fT ~ Q ~ ~ I B'R, ~
fc;ffi ~ ~I
oftOlcltE, stat~1 ~t'"~DaH'R~~~1
Dcr W, oft~? ufPw ~ ~ ... 3'B'" ~ 3" ~ ~ ~
g<.rE fc;ffi ~ I
B'or"~, fB'o{ fc;(R ufPw ~ ~ ~ 3" O'R ~-fd0 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~
~W7)T~1
fuu BB wa'"~, atat ~I

Reading: Hindus
l.PO:~
~ QCfH t!t ~ Q400 st. Rt. ~. ~ ~ tl';:rtr ftB fu:ft 3" ~ 8c;{ ~ ruf 3' fuR
~ #tB Hdl' 3'd ~ ))iT aV i l l I ~ t!t ffiJ 3' yortt ifd'u 30( CfBOT, fcfaT %t, tfRra ftfB Dt: ftfB
~I ~ ~ d--RJ'O ~t~l(')i 7> ~ ~ ~ fe'Et Dt ~I ~ d'IJ-I't1 ~ ~ i?'B
~ ~ -01 ~ k ffi ~ ~ ill, ~ ~ ~ 3" ~ ~ ~~, 3" ~ RoI ffi \5
~ 1EEG ~ illl tl';:rtr i?'B 1E<T &r ~ ~ ~ ~ HfucJ ill, fRit fuu 8c;{ ~
fuEc+ ~ ~ t!t lfi1' ~ i l l ~ W t!t ~ W'B aB ~ tT offcr3o ~ illl ~ i?'B
~ ~/fefa(J11R O'B mfq ~ ~ cret 3tatT ~ ill, f,:ft B ~ ~ BEt we- illl
fu<Y 3totfT ftB '3~0(i.l3d tT Wbw (')crcr ~ 3" ~iF.I'lH oft3r ~ ~ fc;{ 6-J(J'l'd3 t!t ~ fuR "RaJ 3"-J8t
Rt I ~ ~ 1JClT30 Hfua ~ ~ 3" ~ W'B fi.f.cW i l l I ~ ~ fa(1(Jld i WB fB~d '3dl, "fl(')H
~, tlAf'ud', ~, ))fTfu ~ i l l I ~ IRt!t ~ ~ ~ ~ f.tB WH'" R't1l..B orfu,
WH'""ROB (,)d'lBc, 3" ~ ~ ~))ffu ~ N rnrW i l l 3" ~ CfTH ~ 3" ft::J? l:!c'B41 t!t
~IR"'fu3Q~~~1
~~ BEt 1JlWR:
1. ~ tT ~ ~ ora
<.lfra ftB ~ ftww?
2. tfRra~fdo~~~~Nml
3. tfRra tT}:f'ff ~ 3tcm ~ ~~?
THE FUTURE TENSE AND SUBJUNCTIVE
Exercise 12.1 Fill in the blanks with the future form of the verb in parentheses:
ar
1. fuR R'E 0(Tffii R'C'" I (to start)
2. uoif~tft3w 1 (to eat)
3.~~~~ I (to buy)

4. ~~ar~ fclf.t3t'd; 9 1 (to meet)
5. i::JPrcr wfucrr ~~ tT rBf3a'J""j I (to teach)
6. Hclt~...;-'i~ (to become)
1
7. ar~o(T ftB~t I (to drive)

8. mB ftB tfB t8dT I (to fly)
9. gRT HcfPW ~ QB1bo f.!B 1 (to find)
10. ~~~9DR 1 (to give)
Exercise 12.2 Translate the following short sentences into English and convert them into
their plural forms in Punjabi:
1.~~1
2.~~1
3.ar~?
4.~~1
5. ~ fu50ft II
ar
6. etJMialrl
7.~~1
8.~~1
9.~~1
10. ~ oG-f cBl
Exercise 12.3 Translate the following short sentences into English and convert them into
their singular forms in Punjabi:
1.~~1
2.~5'Wil-~1
3.~~1
4.~~1
5.~~1
6. ~ ft:f'3ir I
7.~B'fr~1
8.~~1
9.aiW~1
10.~~1
Exercise 12.4 Create a 10-12 sentence dialogue on your upcoming holiday plans-where
you plan to go, whom you will visit, etc. Incorporate the future and subjunctive as much as
possible.
Vocabulary
Verbs
to tly (vt)
~ to teach (vt)
~~ to start, begin (vi)
~0\cJ0T to finish (vt)
~ to count (vt)
~ to shine, sparkle (vi)
'Hdl'(8e:' to light, ignite (vt)
~ to break (vi)
ft:f3<? to Will (vi)
~ to lose, be defeated (vi)
~ to ask (vi)
~ to be made, become (vi)
~ to change (vi, vt)
il-fTa?jT to hit, to kill (vt)
~ to gt'tt busy (vi)
~ to cry, weep (vi)
~ to seek; to find (vt)
Relatives
fclf.l3t"l'd relative (m, f)

wife (f)
husband (m)
Festivals
~ festival associated with Sikh Gurus (m)

crnffur stage play 0n the life of the Hindu deity Ram (f)
fE~d'3cn festival celebrating the Hindu deity Shiva (f)
ffi'>H~ festival celebrating the birth ofthe Hindu deity Krishna
t"lflRJd' Hindu festival celebrating the conquest of evil (m)
lJH'" worship, offering (t)
0HF.r?> Islamic month of fasting (m)
ffi:p- daily fast (m)

Religion
VJT3ClT pilgrimage (f)

ofur3o hymn singing (m)
~ pilgrimage center (m)
~ incarnation (m)
fEBc deity, spiritual guide (m)
~ leader (m)
~ sect (m)
~ mythology (m)
~if.i~'iH belief, trust (m)
Other Useful Words
perhaps, maybe
for sure, definitely (adv)
entirely, completely (adv)
health, fitness (f)
enjoyment, delight; wave, surge (of emotion) (f)
kite (m)
jump, leap (f)
a men's folk dance (m)
to do bhangra (vt)
story (f)
story, tale (f)
literary (adj/u)
et cetera (adv)
Hdl'3'd continuously (adv)
old, ancient (adj/u)
beginning (f)
invaluable (adj/i)
rate, price (m)
more (adj/i)
kilogram (m)

Lesson 13
m:IP{ 9.S
The Perfect Tense
13.1 The perfect tense
The perfect tense designates action that has been completed. Unlike the imperfect past
tense (N ~ w) and the past progressive tense (I was going - N W fcR:rr w), the perfect tense
refers to a one time action completed in the past. It is formed by adding the following
endings to the root of the verb.
Masculine Feminine
Singular ... -~ ... -"81"
Plural '" -""8 ... -~
Masculine Feminine
Singular
Plural
When the perfect participle is used alone, without any additional auxiliary forms of~, it
conveys the simple past tense, for example:
~-towrite
N~ I wrote
~-tocome
rnr~ We came
13.2 Intransitive versus transitive verbs
Note that, unlike in other verb constructions, gender and number are the only relevant
parameters in the conjugation of the perfect; Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) has no bearing.
However, when using the perfect one must also consider whether its conjugation agrees
with the gender and number of the subject or the object (or with neither). The rules
governing this agreement depend on whether a verb is intransitive or transitive.
1. Intransitive verbs: Intransitive verbs do not take an object and the verb IS in
agreement with the subject of the sentence.

THE PERFECT TENSE 107
The boy ran.

The girls laughed.
1. Transitive verbs I : Transitive verbs take an object and can be conjugated in two
different ways, depending on whether the object is marked with a postposition or
not.
a. Transitive verbs without postpositions: When the object is not marked with a
postposition, the verb agrees with the object of the sentence.
arfumfT~1 I watched films.

~~R-m=tl We sent gifts.
b. Transitive verbs with postpositions: When the object is marked with the
postposition Q, the verb takes the default conjugation of the masculine singular.
ar~Q~at~~1 I saw the children in front of the library.

~~Q~I We sent the gifts.
13.3 The postposition "5
In the case of a 3rd person (singular or plural) subject and a transitive verb, the subject
must be followed by i;. The postposition ~, which indicates the agent of the sentence,
places that noun/pronoun in the oblique case.
a--& "5 iFrfu'R ~ f'or3rcrT ~ I

- <J
The boy read the science books.
~ ~}fQ ~ feB'"a ~I He/she showed me hislher book.
W"5ft!o1~~1 They bought a picture.
W~fum-r~d'3~1 They saw the film last night.
13.4 Irregular forms of the perfect participle
Several verbs have irregular conjugations:
Masculine Feminine
ora?)T Singular
(to do, vt) Plural
A few verbs that might seem to be transitive operate as intransitive verbs in Punjabi. Some of these are:
I
~ (to speak), fiiB?>r (to meet), ~ (to understand), ~ (to bring), and ~ (to
Page 126forget). www.sikhbookclub.com

~ 1..l't3'" ut3t
(to drink, vt) tft3 ~
~ a=ft3'" Rt3t
(to stitch, vt) Rt3 ~
W fe"3r f"3t
(to give, vt) fu"3 ~
~ iif3'" dj3t
(to sleep, vi) B'3 ~
~ i:t3'" i:8t
(to wash, vt) iB ~
~ ~ ~
(to bathe, vi) <J3 ~
fu5c ~ -att
(to sit, vi) fu5 ~
~ l:::fTQT li'"tit
(to eat, vt) l:f1l ~
~ fc@ O{(jt
(to say, vt) 08 ~
aftJ"e ro- m:ft

(to stay, vi) aD ~
~ f@w ~
(to go, vi) "CJTE ~
~ fulw BEl
(to take, vt) BE ~
~ fWw ~
(to fall, vi) LfE ~
Examples:
With intransitive verbs
fu5H HTB *~ <ll'Et I Last year I went to Canada.

Ha- -g-cJT ~ C1d I My brothers lived in the U.S.

~ HOI; ~ -3 siS I All the people sat on the floor.
With transitive verbs
ar~WB~cfur-1 I worked at school.

i:tm~~i:8l The washerman washed the clothes.
~ ?5 t!'E Cf'Cft I They ate lentils.
13.5 The present perfect
The present perfect indicates action that 'has' been completed, with respect to the present.
It is formed by combining the perfect participle of a verb with the appropriate present tense
auxiliary form of~. In the case of intransitive verbs (which agree with the subject) all the
personal forms of the auxiliary are possible. For transitive verbs the only possible auxiliary
forms are the generic singular (IJ) and plural (uo).
The paradigm for intransitive verbs is as follows:
Masculine Feminine
ar -~ur ... -Blur

~ -1ElW-fr ... -Bl-fr
~/fuu -~IJ ... -BlIJ
rnm -Et:r- ... -~c:r+
~ -E~J ... -BPWD
~/fuu -E eJ?) ... -BPWuo
Mascufine Feminine
ar ~t:r- ~ur I have come

~ ~tr ~-fr You have come
~ ~t~ ~IJ S/he, it has come
rnm ~ur ~ur We have come
~ ~D ~D You have come
~ ~uo ~uo They have come
Examples:
ita" <Rt t1'R tHe trfuc:3+ aj3 uo I Dad went to sleep five minutes ago.
Heft fr0RT ~1CI iffift IJ I My girlfriend has gone to Amritsar.
~i~fu5uTl We have just sat down.
llO AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABl
The paradigm for transitive verbs is as follows:
Masculine Feminine
Singular ... -~~ ... --et~

Plural ... -EDO ... -EtWDO
Masculine Feminine
Singular
Plural
Examples:
H~tft3r~1 I have drunk water.

H~Q~~I I saw Ranbir.
g~QaBart~~? Have you told her about me?
-3 ~ ffaft ~ I
o(q A picture has been hung on the wall.
~ ~ W' for3raT ~ DOl S/he has read both books.
13.6 The past perfect
The past perfect, in a strict sense, indicates action that 'had' been completed, with respect
to a past point of reference. However, it is also used merely to emphasize that the action
happened in the past, in which case it may be translated similarly to the simple past tense. It
is formed by combining the perfect participle with the past tense auxiliary form of &r. Its
paradigms are exactly parallel to the present perfect, but with the substitution of past
auxiliary forms.
Using the intransitive verb ~ as an example:
Masculine Feminine
H ~w gcftw I had walked

g ~* gcft* You had walked
~ ~Ht gcftHt S/he, it had walked
~ ~w ~w We had walked
~ ~R ~R You had walked
~ ~R0 ~R0 They had walked

THE PERFECT TENSE III
Using the transitive verb ~ as an example:
Masculine Feminine
Singular
Plural
Examples:
~~ 3' l.fftmi- ~ fdmir Htl He had gone to the U.S. before the Partition.
~ i) HB 3 ~ foI;3'"& ~ iROl She had put all the books on the table.
or She put all the books on the table.
H oR3 F.!fua fu'B Hld' Q~ HtI I saw Mira in town yesterday.
~ u:~, ~ ~~ ld crra iRO I Last week, we ate chick peas with puffy fried
bread
13.7 The perfect form of ~
The perfect form of~ is used to indicate a change in state that is complete. In this way, it
is distinct from the auxiliary past tense of ~ that you have learned earlier (w, H, Ht, R,
R7l), which merely marks a past time. The forms are:
Masculine Feminine
Singular
Plural
Examples:
The boy became sad.

What happened?
13.8 Participial constructions
The perfect form of~ can be used to create verbal adjectives. For example:
running man
broken chair
In these constructions, the perfect participle of~ (agreeing with the noun being modified)
follows either the imperfect participle or the perfect participle. In the examples above, Nt!'"

is the imperfect participle of ~ (to run), and ~ is the perfect participle of ~ (to
break). Distinguish:
~ ~ ~ ffi-ft?>-5 ~I The dying soldier fell to the earth.

~ ~ ~ ffi-ft?> -5 ~I The dead soldier fell to the earth.
Dialogue At the Tailor Shop

arn-aro ~tft~-5
~: ~, a-rRCO ;:ft2! fl.rem ~ H ~ ~ ()1R ~ WI ~ ~ Worr

'" ~~~~~&~Htl
(Jf ;:ft, AQ ~ we- ~I e'R, H ~ oft ~ ~ ROlt'" uT?
H f8'O( ~ (~ ~) -5 fu"c( RfbdTr 1Ji~ I@C I ~ ~ c;{'t.wr ()1R ~ it ~
(Jfl fuD~, ~ tit ~ ddT ~I
(Jf;:ft, c;{'t.wr c;ft ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ lHC'21H fctB fR~'(jcl ~?
~ ~ mrBT ~ 0it B'"6ttft ~ ~ ~ ~ iF.fTDT lHc'21H f.tB I
8fttcIT BEt, H crt.[ ~-RR ~ uT ~ Vo+ fu"c( ~ ~ ~I
D ~;:ft! fuD ~ ?=fTR ~ RBt~?
(Jf ;:ft, ~ fctB Ha B'B tft ~ t'" ~ ~ -5 H acr3 ~ ~ cri}-crt.[
~~~(Jfl
B'oF, ~ ~ fl.1c S<5 -5 H 11:r~ (lH0'1EC{~) AA ~ 0'1-[ ~ uTI
~ tW-~ t.fIT W BTU"~?
tWm~1 fi10d6'XlI
fav~, 0'1-[ iRcft 3' :
6ia'tE
6':ft SE
a+i:r't9
c~
O{HO' ~9
ffc;( SE
~st:
~'t8
~~E
~'t~
~: ~ cW 3"c;{ f3lWCf D~, H'RCCf ;:ft?
H"'RCO ;:ft: f3'o Bra fun :V R"or tit ~ I
~: B'oF I ~ Itv~ -e- ti1:f ~ Ha urcJ ~ fu"aT?
H"'RCO ;:ft: uT;:ft,~~~1
2 Tailors are often referred to with the generic title of 'H"'RCO ;:ft'.
THE PERFECT TENSE II3
Reading: Buddhists
trO: EtQt
-g'q Qd.K Iffirrr tft ~~ fctB B'cf R' eft. ro. ET. ~ ~ -iTt fctB ~ I ~ t'" ~
~(f.j~ if1 ~ n8 ~ ~ta+-:cfu-r3+ 3" fu:rrcft
-
fBtait \J I EO
-;:;;:;
~ 3' itft
u
~ ~ tit -atr
-
Qd.K ~ ~
l1"R'cf fctB <.rQB ore 3" W ~ 30\ fEM oT ~ IF.ifJa ~ ~ <teo ~ I fud1 M 10(] d 31 f.t:rcJ ~ e~ I(')i ~
i
f2R IF.ifJa fctB .ID ~ R-O\T ;!!i ~ ft:'3T n8 ~ ~ ~ I fuoT Rfi.1W fctB ~ ~ a-ro
:::: - U
wa- l1"R'cf fctB ;~ ~ HO 3" W ~ ctrcr oz:Et ROJ 3" ~ ~ ~ B'" a::rc& (J7) I UOO' Rt!t 3' ~ Lft:rra
fctB -g'q Qd.K tIT 1.f3O ~Q- ~ 3" ~ ~ Rfi.1W f.tB EtQt 801 f2R fu'3 fi'B' D.Rt D.Rt J:f3H D
orE I ~ iFret fiB ~'3" fcftr l!
fRc:rcft, ~-~, tft 8<Jo l! ~-~ ~ Q ft.-lEo tft ~
~ aJTI ~r FtMBlHlf ~ \J foI ~ Rt!t f.tB -g'q Qd.K Lft:rra ~ ~ f.tB ~ ~ IF.iO\5
~ O\cf ~ fucr t'J;:ff, ~ \JI qtllt: f.tB Scft crftrQw twBt WW ~ Ba3 ~ ~ rJ~f131(')
~ fu4W 3" .rOT t'" ~. ~ ~ IF.ifJa f.tB O\cf ft"3r ~ I ~ ~ f.tB ~
- - <J
~ ~ Scft ~ ~ fcrmrr \J 3" 00 WB BWEt f.tB oz:Et ~ 3' Bm 801 twBt WW ~ tdEoT 8Bt
~~(J7)1
1. ~ f.tB -g'q Qd.K t'" 1.[37) ~ ~?

2. l1"R'cf f.tB?'q Qd.K ~ ~t:cr fOl"E: fcn} (J7)/HO?
3. ~ RH f.tB -g'q Qd.K Lft:rra f.tB ~ ~ ~?
Exercise 13.1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the perfect participle of the
verbs given in parentheses. Then, translate the sentences into English:
1. fda FrB trfbBT ~ fJ'~iH3i(') I (to gO)

2. ~ ~ tft 3 Roft3 I (to listen/hear)
3. tt,:dt!o trfbBT ~ ~ fu'Bt 3' I (to come)
4. ~3~~l::fTC'" I (to make/cook)
5. ~cmDc;~~~~~fi-rRo I (to come)
6. Heft~BBt~3~ I (to buy)
7. Heft ffiJ8t ~ "fl7)d-f-fuo BBt ~ ~ I (to make)
8. ~ fctB ~ 3 ~ (to tell)
9. fu58 FrB ~ ~ R'U -et d70 I (to read)
10. ~~UfCf~3~ I (to cook)
Exercise 13.2 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the perfect participle of the
verbs given in parentheses. Then, translate the sentences into English:
1. ~ ~ 3' trfbBT ~ I (to bathe)

2. -oRJ CJT3 ~ Bttft O'B ~"3 -afRT I (to do)
3. ~ 3 fc;{ ~ cr.ft ~ -JI (to say)
4. a:ft3r 3 ~ ~ fcsrcrT RO I (to buy)
5. ~ 3 ~ ~ Rtl (to give)
6. ~3~ I (to read)
7. ~a:w~~Qfu..tlorofctB Rtl (to meet)
8. fu58~~m I (to go)
9. gRf 3'"R HfuR I (to see)
10. ~3~l8 I (to write)
Exercise 13.3 Translate the following sets of sentences into English using appropriate
forms of the perfect tense:
1. I drank milk. I have drunk milk. I had drunk milk.

2. I went to Delhi. I have gone to Delhi. I had gone to Delhi.
3. He saw her. He has seen her. He had seen her.
4. They did a lot of work. They have done a lot of work. They had done a lot of work.
5. She came home. She has come home. She had come home.
Exercise 13.4 Create a 10-12 sentence dialogue involving what you did yesterday. For
example: Where did you go? Whom did you meet? What did you eat?

Exercise 13.5 Translate the following passage into English:
~R'BtrfuR+, ~~tit, fu"c;{~~, ~~~3'~ ~~I1~ ffaTrl ~

fctB, fu"c;{~fRdaaftBWB,~?5 fE(')fll(')i, fl'(,)~di " 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1~
Q El~i 1~ fctB (~ tit ?5 ~~ ~ ~ "3 crnt~, lWfu ~ I U'W fc;{ S"Q3 wa- 8ol" ~
BffiT Q ~ ffi~ HO, ?5;0l; tit?5 ~ ~ ~ CJTtiT ~ tft ~ tlRC ftf3T1 fuu ~
ft:rvr B:OftBr ~fl:I?)T 1ttB ~ ~ ~ -e- fuBrR Bt I ~ fctB fc;{R Qfuu 1..f3T odf Bt fc;{ ~ tit oft O\cf fcrc::rr
(} ~ fuu B:aflBr fE'wo;jT -e- flR ~ ~ Bt I B'O RTW 30{ (JTO\ ~ -e- 0Icf3T ?5 ~ f'ora"3
Ror tft 0BCf 3' .~ cil:ft I ft:rR ~ fctB ~ fER Q ~ fcrc::rr Bt ~ ~ tftBT tft ~ ~ O\cf
fcrc::rr Bt, ~ ~. tit :ara--PrQr5T HO I LfCf ~ ~ tit ?5 fER ~ t'" ~ ~, ~ Q a=rf.lT fHBo tft
~, fu"H3"(,),8 f?>~1 f'flm' ~ nG- ~ Q m ~ ~ ~ etff WQ(') W3 are I ~ 3'~,
fuu ~ (JTO\ ~ -e- 7m 0'8 ~ D~ I ~ f'ora"3 ft:rR tft ~ ~ fRd aaftB 3' ~ Bt,
~ =<ll ~ f'3 ~ fu:ft (} nG- ftltR3'?) ~ ~ 3' a-rf.fiJCf cfcrfTc ~ fiB' fB'<;l: (} I fuu LKft
- - - :=;::; ::;:
~ fctB 1.{fRtr (}I (JTO\ Ol~ fctB ~ ~ DO ~ ~ ~ 3' ~ DO nG-~;-

cl.'q+, lll:ra~~, :~~ ~t3O('d Rftr3DOI qtt:~ fctB, ~titQfuR~~~
tRH f.jT -e- fuorH 0'8 R7)}-frfc53 ~ ~ I ~3dd 'Becft tfqa- "3 ~, ~ ~ m-ft-0l0'l-ft ~ H?5 ~
DO I R ~"O<i! ~ ~ ~ t'" Hor- fi-fH, ~ (JTO\ ~ t'" B'oIcr ~ ~ I
Vocabulary
Verbs
to fall (vi)
gcf(')T to walk (vi)
~ to hide (vi)
0BCf 3' crB'""8t ~ to keep something hidden/concealed (vt)
f?>~i'H~1 to honor, patronize (vt)
m~ to complete or finish something (vt)
~ to spread, disperse (vi)
~0\cf()T to honor (vt)
~O\OO'- to adopt, follow (vt)
Adjectives
political (adj/u)
governmental (adj/u)
illegal (adj/u)
famous, well-known (adj/u)
~ precious (adj/i)
rn'3dd'iF.tedl international (adj/u)
m-ft, m-ft-orarHt famous, well-known (adj/u)

yor complete, full (adj/i)
~ useless, worthless (adj/u)
FeHt3lHlf interesting (adj/u)
~ spare, extra, excess, useless (adj/u)
lH"ftE located, situated (adj/u)
~ fundamental, basic (adj/u)
erJ:IB entered, admitted (adj/u)
Measurement
count, total (f)

measurement(m)
length, height (f)
width (f)
wide (adj/i)
narrow (adj/u)
weight (m)
thin, slender (adj/i)
lightweight (adj/i)
heavy (adj/i)
shoulder blade (m)
chest (f)
wrist (m)
hip (m)
the side seams on a shi~ (m)
circumference (of the bottom of the shirt) (m)
circumference of the bottom openings ofloose pants~ (f)
a style emanating from Patiala, an erstwhile princely city (adj/u)
Religion
~ image, icon, sculpture (f)

~ non-violence (f)
~ moral, ethical (adj/u)
PRoT-pfu.sT values, norms (f pI)
@ora follower, devotee (m)
~ leader, guide (m)
H"o monastery (m)
~ camp, lodging, monastery (m)

Work
Hor opponunity (m)

~ worker, official, employee (m)
iFkJlfBO( assistant (adj/u; m)
0(03T creator (m)
foIcr3 work, occupation; creation (f)
~ con~truction (f)
"O(BT art, craft (f)
"O(BT3HO( artistic (adj/u)
BR research (f)
~ honor(f)
fuorH reward, prize (m)
means (m)
service (f)
try, attempt (f)
successful (adjlu)
unsuccessful (adjlu)
Places
center (m)
valley (f)
cave (m)
region, territory (m)
small garden (m); diminutive ofEr:aT (garden)
museum (m)
Time
period in time (m;

decade (m)
forever, always (adv)
iJo .(;]118 eJ-1t! tF.fEftT Other Useful Words
person; existence, being, life (f)

gift (m)
trash, waste (m)
sight, scene (m)
body, constitution; appearance (f)
to change the face, appearance of

118 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJAB I
secret, mystery (m)

to discover, divulge or reveal a secret (vt)
acre (m)
stone (m)
footpath, pathway (f)
fountain, stream (m)
level, plane, standard (f)
circle, rotation, revolution (m)
to journey to and back
decline, downfall (m)
story, account (f)
though, although, even though (conj)

Lesson 14
HaP{Cla
Auxiliary and Conjunct Verbs
14.1 The auxiliary verbs ~ and ~
In auxiliary verb constructions, a main verb determines the primary semantic import of the
sentence, and an auxiliary verb supplies additional meaning. Auxiliary verbs can never be
used as independent verbs. Here we look at two auxiliary verbs: ~ 'to be able to' and
~ 'to have finished doing.'
1. The verb a=r~ is used to convey ability, in the following structure:
Verbal root + a::fC{~ (conjugated appropriately)
Examples:
iR"1..ft:rcft "6B ~ ~JT I I am able to speak Punjabi.

Heft tB?ft Ha (')'B o-oT -,:r ~ I My wife cannot go with me.
iR' ETH 3'ol" ~ l:f3H ora ~ v+ I I can finish the work by evening.
~ Ha REt 1:81El:f ~ v? Can you write a letter for me?
2. The verb ;,t~ is used to convey that an action has finished. It occurs in the following
structure:
Verbal root + -,jcrer (conjugated appropriately)
Examples:
~~CfT~')1 He has already eaten food.

iR' 1:8 fBcf ~ v+ I I have already written the letter.
~ fur- tft ~ v? Have you already drunk the soda?
Note that both ~ and ~ are intransitive verbs and so the agentive postposition ?) is
never used with them, even if the main verb is transitive.
14.2 Conjunct verbs
Conjunct verbs can be formed by combining nouns and adjectives with a verbal infinitive
to create unique verbal meanings. The verb mostly combined with nouns and adjectives is
OfaOT, Examples of such conjunct verbs follow.
~oraoT to work
IE(') 0( I d -0(Cf(')T to refuse
~O(OO' to fix
~O(OO' to make happy
cit: 0(00' to close, shut
~ Ci{07)T to begin
l:f3H Ci{07)T to finish
R'"?<i Ci{07)T to clean
~O(OO' to prepare
"l:il't Ci{07)T to remember, memorize
"l:il't~ to remember
WW to deceive
mr~ to be deceived
~W to give an answer
~~ to ask a question
#.ld~ to make noise/trouble
UB~ to plough
Some constructions require a postposition to link them to their object (represented by 'X').
X t'" ~ / ~Ci{07)T to use, to employ X

X t'" fuBrB Ci{07)T to cure X
X tft ~ Ci{07)T to wait for X
Xtft~~ to try to do X
X tft 3FE orcro't to search for X
X tft ~ orcro't to praise X
X tft t-ret orcro't to help X
X tft ~-WE orcro't to look after X, to take care of
X tft "l:il't ~ to miss X
X "3 ill-/W Ci{07)T to attack X
Examples:
Heft t-ret 081 Assist me.

0\'0 m 0Ia0 BEt ~ B'8t "3 To fix the car the mechanic uses a wrench and
DBoz:H t'" ~ 0l;CJtT ~ I a screwdriver.
~~~~~cfuftl We waited two hours for you.
~ cit: Ci("O ~ 0Q-faT R'"?<i Ci("O I Shut the door and clean the room.
Wt1~~~E'Htft~cra~ They will begin to eat dinner at 6: 3o.
~I
fu"B cffi ~ Eo ~ DO I
1..['00{ Kids make a lot of noise in the park.
H ~ wc;:ft tft tiaft ~-WE 0l;CJtT I look after my niece well.
uTI

AUXILIARY AND CONJUNCT VERBS 121
14.3 Sequential action: the conjunctive participle ~
Sequential actions are expressed with the help of ~ appended to the verbal root. The
conjunctive particle followed by another verb links action together in a sequence. The
conjunctive particle can be loosely translated as 'having done X.' For example:
having written
having eaten
having done
Examples:
My sister came to the U.S. and went to school.

(Having come to the U.S., my sister went to
school).
My daughter will start going to school after
getting older.
H DCf ~ l:fC':T CfT ~, ~ tT oQ-r O\cf ~, Everyday, I go to sleep after having eaten
3<J~~uTl food, done my homework, and bathed.
Additional uses of the conjunctive particle:
After nouns and pronouns it means 'because of or 'due to':
because of this; therefore; so

due to the snow
After some adjectives it forms adverbs:
~ general generally
2. ClB~
From a:R7)T ('to meet, mix'), it means 'together':
We will sing together with them.
From ~ ('to know'), it means 'knowingly':
He did not go to school knowingly.

4.~a
From ~ ('to leave'), it means 'leaving aside,' 'apart from':
B'arRt ~ a, A' Do a::rcfPW fJ';;f13'<Sl Leaving aside Bengali, I have learned all other
~~DOI Indian languages.
14.4 Expressing compulsion
To express compulsion, there are two constructions in Punjabi.
1. Using~
~ means to fall. In this indirect construction, it is as if one is saying that it 'falls upon'
someone to do something. ~, like ~, must agree with the action that has to be done
and is used to express a strong sense of compulsion:
I have to write the letter.

('Writing the letter falls to me.')
You will have to come again.
2. Using a verbal infinitive, followed by an auxiliary form of~. This construction has a
wide range of use beyond just expressing compulsion.
This form is used to describe a planned action, something that is 'to be' done. Relat i veL0
the previous construction, it is used to express a milder sense of compulsion, Of a one-
time/immediate obligation. It consists of the infinitive followed by an auxiliary form of the
verb~:
A'~-a-I I am to read. / I have to read.

~ fc;{'8: ~ ffi? Where were you to go?
Intransitive examples:
~~~~I We are to go to Multan.

~7i~~~1 They are to go to Kalahari.
~~~~~~? Why do you have to go to New York?
Transitive examples:
A'~~~I I am to read the newspaper.

A' CfJ:r~:hfv;7i DO I I am to read the magazines.
A' (')'CO( ~ -a-I I am to read the play.
Page 141
* 7)ffi-fT ~ DOl I am to read the poems.
As with the perfect form, if the object of a transitive verb is a definite object marked with
Q, the verb takes the default, masculine singular form:
m ortr fo8ra 1>= ~ ~I (,,1

We are to read the new book.
H ~"fEw03+ Q~ RTI I was to see the old buildings.
Similar to and yet, distinct from the perfect, this construction uses the agentive postposition
i) when the (implied) subject of a sentence is a 3rd person noun or pronoun. This holds true
both for transitive and intransitive verbs.
~i) ~3" om 0\cl?)"T RT I The boy was going to work a lot.

W i) a::r;~ ~ l:fTC:T ~ RT I They were to cook for us.
Wli)~~RTI She was to write a letter.
BfuW i) ~ ~Rtl The kids were to sleep early.
~;~ fu"Bt () c1: ~ RTI The foreigners were to come via Delhi.
14.5 Negation in Punjabi
Though negation has been covered earlier, a summary of its various uses is provided here.
Sentence negation in Punjabi is expressed with two negating particles, ()T and odT. ()T is used
with the subjunctive and imperative forms of verbs. It is also used in if/then and
neither/nor statements, along with some types of infinitive phrases. odT is used in most
other cases. The different uses of both these negating particles are exemplified below.
Subjunctive:
H ~ lY'fo{ ~?:~ ~I I want that s/he should not go.

m~'~fo{()T(~)? Should we go there or not?
Imperative:
O\R'R fct'8 ()T EtB! vo not speak in class!

f8D fos'-a ()T ~! Do not read this book!
If/then:
R n-ra=ff j~ E1'dEld' ()T~, 3' If we were not in Santa Barbara, then how
ffij12Cf t" ~ fcm" 3W il-fTti? could we enjoy the beauty of the ocean?
R Wl a:5 DR ()T t}i!, 3' ~ ~ If she did not have the money, then she would
~O{'cf()T~~1 never have been able to buy a car.

NeitherlNor:
H 0'" 8& fdJw 0'" ~ I I went neither to Lahore nor to Qasur.

;rRf 0'" <f;::rcft fR'tfi 0'" ftJeT I You learned neither Punjabi nor Hindi.
Infinitive Phrases:
~ 0'" 0Icf0T ~ om ~ I Not doing work is a bad thing.

m -3 0'" ~ tfa1r m:Jf I Not eating at proper times is not good.
octf:
m:Jf m, IWft' H'R m:Jf ~ I No, we don't eat meat.

~ m
1
~ ~ fc;( m:Jf? Do you plan to go to Pindi or not?
Recipe Shahi Panir

3Cft:a: B'tit l.RfuJ
::?lI0 0lCJTH Lf<'fur

q ~~
q ~t'"~~
8 ~I3"flC
::? ~fi-roB+
q/::? Bl-fBT (it Rl;fO) tfu:ft crBt fi-tcJB
q Bl-fBT tfu:ft (Jffift
q/::? Bl-fBT~
q/::? Bl-fBT CIC!H HW8'"
8 ~ BHB HB"'tft
qlj-::?O ~~~,~,~~
~:
1. ~ f.tB rn"6 BHB 3B CIC!H em I

2. Lf<'fur ~ ~ ~ ~ O{O ~ ~ ft:rJ 3.R tffi I
3. m=rBtft~:~,~, -3I3"flCo(c~ClC!H3Bf<!B~1 tW3B~~ffaT,
3"~, fi-roB+ -3 (Jffift trB I fuR 3' ~ ~ ~ ~ l.fT ~ ~ ~ rn"aT -3 ~ I
4. "3B ~ lR>9o ~~, fu"c;{ B"HB'" HB"'tft, -3 HfPBT CJBT fuB -3 fua fuR Q lj 1}?C il:i[t il:i[t
~-3l.loM3"l
5. m:ft iJEt ~ -3 ~ (')T1'5 HW ~ HE -3 ~ I
I The short name for Rawalpindi, a city in West Punjab.

Dialogue On the Telephone

afu-ar3 ~"3
Bt.t=ft: frR... ?
a-tc':t uttft, H ~ 3' M- 8B odt uT I
Bt.t=ft: tc'", ~ ~-O'O{ or fl? -eo ~ ~ cft3r I
M-: ~mfl,~, H~~~DEtwl t!"Cftftfot'e-"001
aJ-fft: tHe ~ cfcf, H (giJi QM'(gt:n uTI
fu"c;{
t"'d tft: 118, tc'"! eft" U'B fl, ~ ~ tfB crdt fl?
M-: I1:tM~M m~, t!"Cf tft I ~ <5tOl" tfB em-"00, "3 ~ ~ ~ H
dTCId-ftW ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I
t!"::ftft: tc'", ~ ~ fc;{ R'B oro-rwcft O'R 1:8d-f ~ I
Ho"'T: ~ BEt w m mft ~ tftf.r~?
tTCf tft: odT, odT, ~-Ol1d~~~~iHfftrr~1
m: ~ -0-, t!"Cf tft I fu"c;{ ~ fuN ~ H ~ ~ orcr-att -3 ~
fe"fft ~ tT ~ 0l1d tfHioft I
~ fl, H ~ ~ i:fac "3 ftfWar"1 SQ3 SQ3 fWwcr!

Reading: Jains-
trO:M
.--~--
~'-~~-_,"~,e~:5~- .
-gl::r GGcK ~ #0 -croH ~ o'for" t!t ~ f.tB OtT ~ 3- ~ ~ ~ 1.JRra f.tB ~ ~ I

~ f.tB ~ ~iF.i~ If! ~ ~ fucj Rcr- t!t ~ 1.JRra f.tB <JilW ~ jt crdt LfCf fucj t'" IE f30 If!
fuR ~ f.tB fU'5R ~ ~ WR 3' Hdl'3 ' d ~ ~ fcKJr ~I ~, ~ 3- ~, fucj -e- !:fTR
3lcrET ~ -00 ft:fEr ~ fJ';;;!f! 3' (') 3' #0 8c;{ W8'?5'" W3CJT BEt ~ -00 I ~ -e- #0 a-ifta f.tB
~ (')TEf t!t ~ ~ -# ~ ~ R-et t!t ~ m fMft ~I #0 8c;{ ~ ~ -00 rn3 ...'1=ra -e-
~ ~ d':lfuot fctB <!H W -001 ~ fE<J+ ~ t'" ~ ~ ~ to% ~ 8~1@~ t'" ~ -fu5
~ -e- # f.tB ~I ~ -fu5~, ~ ~ ~ m(<tt::<E-<tttS), ~ ~ & R(') R
Ril]ecr l..f'cf O\cf ~ <t t 9LJ f.tB ~ ~ f.tB ~ 1 W ~ ~ HaRt fctB ~ ~ :crfud-f oft3r 3-
fER ROJ t'" 0+ fJivql '3Md-f ~I ~ -e- ~ f3@O'd ~ fuitft (~) 3- LldljiF.i(')' (R3'Bo)
DO I ~ RH'CloI, ff!c;( -e<J3 ~ #0 a-ifta, 18t 3' 0\cf0':H -e- 0J13 f.tB ~ t=fT ~ ~ I
1. 1.JRra f.tB #0 -ooH -e- 3lcrET ~ ~ -oo?

2. 1.JRra -e- ~ tf'cr ~ ~ -e- # f.tB DO?
3. #0 -croH tflW O'd-ft ~ -e- ()i trR?

AUXILIARY AND CONJUNCT VE~BS 127
1. H atwa -&, fuR O\cf ~ H ~ ~ mft' RT ~I

2. ~~tft8:B~~1
3. ~fu'RtRT~uTl
4. oft~~tftf~~~iJ?
5. ~ ~ O('(,)<Hdc 3" nt'" ~ iJ?
6. ift- ~ ~~ o(H 0\0 ~ iJ?
7. Hl.l7fur~~<YI
8. H furn--f mff ~ a'1c{t'" I
9. H fuv feB'tf odf lj~ o:=rortT I
10. fB0 p;a-ftR ~ Hft:Joft ~, H mft' ~ ~ I
1. I can cook Mexican food.

2. My friend can play the tabla.
3. She can speak Hindi.
4. Can you sing that song?
5. He can work today.
6. I can read Urdu..
7. They are able to come to our party.
8. He can drink a lot of alcohol.
9. I cannot come to your house.
10. Can you do this work for me?
Exercise 14.3 Translate each sentence into Punjabi in two ways: 1. Using the present
perfect; 2. Using the verb~.
Example:
She has [already] eaten food.
~~~crt:r"~1 ~~cr~~1
1. He has [already] gone to the office.

2. She has [already] written the letter.
3. We have [already] seen this foreign film.
4. We have [already] visited the Darbar Sahib in Amritsar.
5. Have you [already] finished your work?
6. He has [already] arrived home.
7. I have [already] read this story.
8. They have [already] had tea.
1. I cannot fix your car.

2. When will you clean your room?
3. Who are you waiting for?
128 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJAB)
4. Perhaps I will finish my work before the party.

5. How can I refuse your request?
6. They praised you highly.
7. I am looking for a new job.
8. Who looks after their children?
9. Rich people should help poor people.
10. Punjabi students should try to speak Punjabi everyday.
Exercise 14.5 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given below:
1. g ~aQ3 ~I
2. afuB, ~~~ ~?
3. ~nfclT ~ 0DT _
4. ~~~~3 _
5. ~ cfu--rcft tT ~ 0DT _
6. as tT ~ ~ _
7. ~ ~ ed~'f.l' aQ3 Bo O'R _
8. $J~ 0(HdT ~ odt~1
9. g Ha- O'R ~ Et8 odt ~I g ~ VI
10. ~~~~~
- <J -------
0DT - - - - - -
ill-IW~,~~, 8t~, "Gl'"t~, mr- ~

~~, mr-~, ~~, ~~, fEc:5rR C\cf ~
1. My friend Aman went to the store and bought some chickpeas.

2. My sister Shalini goes to school and works in the library.
3. ~hahla stayed in Lahore and studied Urdu and Punjabi literature.
4. Today I made breakfast, ate, and went to school.
5. Pritam went to the store yesterday and bought a book about Punjabi music.
6. Each morning my grandfather gets up and bathes.
7. I went to the library and looked for a book.
8. Having arrived at Coney Island we ate hot dogs.
Exercise 14.7 Write a recipe in Punjabi for your favorite food item (appetizer, entree,
dessert, etc.). Utilize imperative forms as well as the conjunctive participle. Some verbs
that may be useful are ~ (to mix), ~ (to cut), ~ (to place), ~ (to grind,
mash), ~ (to knead), ~ (to cook).

Vocabulary
Verbs
~ to be able to (vi)
~ to have finished doing something (vi)
iii t"1 i @C':' to decorate, adorn (vt)
~ to give up, leave off, let go (vt)
~ to avoid, be saved (vi)
~ to put, place, set
~ to cut (vt)
~ to knead (vt)
~,~~ to mix (vt)
CJ:C3?)T t9 mix, mingle, combine (vi)
~~ to ripen, get cooked (vi)
~ to roast (vt)
~ to cook (vt)
~ to grind (vt)
~ to grind, mash (vt)
Literature
literature (m)
poem(f)
tale, story (m)
heroic ballad (f)
magazine (m)
crrc;r Food
m-i'orcft ingredients (f)

~ chickpeas (m pI)
~ onion (m)
gat clove (of garlic, etc.)
HiJiTf3T spice (m)
~ ginger (m)
URt!t turmeric (f)
fi.1atj chili pepper (f)
~ cashew (m)
HTiJi" meat (m)
H"a"'"Ef alcohol (f)
3B oil (m)
cream (f)
spoon (m)
wok (f)
knife (m)
fJo.(glter3J...lp- F.TEftT Other Useful Words
~ fire, flame (f)

~ ice, snow (f)
ffir noise, clamor (m)
<::R-/C)T attack, invasion (m)
3Cftc;r- method, way (m)
EfTPft remaining (adjlu); remainder (m)
~ piece, portion (m)
~ plentiful (adjlu)
~ wait (f)
~ joy, pleasure (m)
ft.M'cr love (m)
~ love (f)
fE1:r3HrB, ~ use (m, f)
1EwR cure, treatment (m)
3ffF. search (f)
~, fffi8 praise (f)
~ readiness, preparation (f)
~-~ care, maintenance (f)
i:tcr deception, deceit (m)
~ help (f)
a-o-3t request (f)
6jl:f face; main, chief (m)
oMffi.f established, existing (adj/u)

Lesson 15
RaP{ 9.4
Time Expressions
15.1 Units of time
a:Tfc: second (m)

fi-1c minute (m)
l.l1cr hour (m)
<:fB a unit of time comprising a moment (m)
ur.ft a unit oftime comprising a few minutes; watch/clock (f)
Lffucr a unit of time comprising about three hours (m)
~ today (m)
~-~ these days (adv)
~ yesterday; tomorrow (m)
~ tomorrow (adv)
1..IClH day after tomorrow or day before yesterday (m)
"ili8'" week (m)
~~ next week (adv)
~~ last week (adv)
~ month (m)
R"'B/~ year (m)
~ decade (m)
fftft century (f)
15.2 Daily cycle
~ morning (f)
~ in the morning (adv)
~ noon (f)
~ at noon (adv)
fuo day (m)
~ during the day (adv)
f.T'H evening (f)
wHY in the evening (adv)
0'"3 night (f)
or3T at night (adv)

15.3 Days of the week
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
lVo(d~'d, ffHr Friday
d":l1?>\3d~'d, ili5?fT Saturday
~ Sunday
* The italicized names are used in West Punjab.
15.4 Months of the year
The Gregorian calendar is in common use in Punjab today, with the names of its months
derived from English. Months of the native Punjabi lunar calendar, used mainly to
determine seasonal festivals, are given in Appendix III.
~ January (f)
~ February (f)
iI-f'd"B March (f)
~ April (f)
HEt May (f)
w> June (f)
t!WBt July (f)
~ August (m)
R3'ao September (m)
~ October (m)
~ November (m)
~ December (m)
15.5 Seasons
~,~ season (f, m)

ClR3", aD'O spring (f)
orarlt, IJO'B summer(f)
aoR'"3" rainy season, monsoon (f)
~, ft:fi:I+ fall (f)
~,fWwR winter (f, m)

TIME EXPRESSIONS 133
15.6 Dates
For the 1st day of the month, the ordinal number, l..ffb8t, is used, whereas for all the
following days the cardinal numbers are used.
trlbril" a--r8t 1 May

a--r8t tft" l..ffb8t ~ the first of May
~~~ 2 October
&~ 3 December
Other time expressions involving the word ~ (date) are as follows:
~ett~~? What is the date today?

ROHt:ft~ date of birth
il-fa7) -et ~ date of death
The postposition Q expresses 'on' a date, as in:
iR"3 F1~ Q or
~ tft" iR"3 ~ Q on 7 January
3aT'J0Q or
'J0 t!t 3aT ~ Q on 13 June
15.7 Clock time
Clock time is expressed using perfect forms of the verb ~, 'to strike' or 'to sound.'
Accordingly, one o'clock is ft:fe{ ~ ~ (one has struck) and two 0' clock is ~ ~ 00 (two
have struck). The terms used to express quarter, half, and three-quarter hours are ~, ~,
and ~ respectively. The 1:30, ~, and 2:30, "W8t are the only 'half-hour' time expressions
that do not use~, and hence are irregular.
XctHool It is X0' clock (for all times except

those involving ft:fe{)
X~ ... At the strike of X (for all times)
~~ool It is 8.
~~,~~WI At 8, I had gotten up.
~fttc;{~~ 12:45
ft:fe{~~ 1:00
~ft:fe{~~ 1:15
~~~ 1:30
~~~oo 1:45
~~etH(J() 2:15
~etH(J() 2:30
~ f3'o etH (J() 2:45
f3'o etH (J() 3:00
~ f3'o etH (J() 3:15
~f3'0~(J() 3:30
~B'cJetH(J() 3:45
~fE'c;{~1J It's 1:00 sharp

~o:fuetH(J() It's 7:00 sharp
fc:;t5 etH (J()? What time is it?

oft~lJ? What time is it?
cr2m/~/m;+ oft IJ? What time is it?
Time expressions indicating minutes before the hour are expressed using the oblique
infinitive form, ~, followed by ~ or Q. Time expressions indicating minutes past the
hour are expressed using the conjunctive participle etH ~ and the auxiliary present or
present perfect conjugation of~.
nfo ~ ~IQ "ffi tHe (J() or 7:50

nfo ~ WBIQ"ffi tHe
arPft (J()
nfo ~ ftfBlQ "ffi tHe 3" or At 7:50
~ ~ 3' "ffi tHe l.ffuBT
nfo etH ~ "ffi tHe DB (J() 8:10

nfo etH ~ "ffi tHe 3" At 8:10
~ etH ~ ~ tHe DB (J() 6:24
Distinctions between 'a.m.' and 'p.m.' can be made by referring to the part of the day
(morning, afternoon, evening, night).
~ -e- ~ etH (J() I 11 a.m. (in the morning)

~ -e- araT etH (J() I 12 p.m. (noon)
F.fT}f -e- ~ ~ (J() I 6 p.m. (in the evening)
0'3 -e- ~ <tR (J() I 10 p.m. (at night)

.TlME EXPRESSIONS 135
\-
i
i
1\ \
Dialogue Giddha and Bhangra at Khalsa College

ofB-EfT3 J:fTBW C{Tffi1 ~ fdTtp- ~ ~
~: ;m-ft?>r, ~ 8Q3 fuo ~ fi1Bt~, ~-~ ott ~ mft~?

m--ft?;1": ;ur, ~ ~ fuo ~ fH8 cYl ~,~ 1E'c;( tatit ~ ~ BBt ~
"6\0 mft u+ "3 fuR BBt ~-Cl1J ~ ~ tit ~ u+ I
~: fEu ~ 8Q3 ~ ofB ~I ~ ~"3 foil}~? ~ fuR f<tB ~ ~
ri--rB~?
m-fl7ir: i{orcn-r fuR ~ J;;fTBW crER fiB tit ~I <1wtft li.161~dfRel (~), ~
~ij61~dFJ:tel (~), "3 tft. ~. ~. ~. (~) ~ ~ ~ fu"w ~ ~
ani fafqT 3- m-w ~ ~ ilW ~ I
~: HOT OJ;BO didEl'l""ft3 ~ ~ ~ ~ f.i'B ftfw ~ ~I ~ ~ f.tB
~ ~ I ~ -et ~61~d rfiel -et ~ -et & ~ I ~ ~ ~ Rt fc;{ ~ 'ift Rol-
~ 8Q3 ~ ~ uo I ~ 'ift ilW fiB ftfw ~ uo I
m-fl7ir: ~;ra! fEu ~ feHtidiLJ am ~I
~: trT, AQ- ~ ~ tit ~ ~I ~ didEl'l""ft3 0-
- ~ fcI wQ ~ ~-et
-
fdO<'dfctdl urnl
m-fl7ir: tHudEl'61! W t'" ~ ~ ~ 8Q3 J3iF.ft ~I
~: Bar-~, 3cft & ~ <.rfuB (')acr "3 ~ BEt ~ ~ I
m-fl7ir: f.HudEl'61, ~! ~ fHB ~ uHW J3iF.ft ~ ~I

136 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJAB! .
Reading: Muslims
lPO: ljHffi-I'<')
c!/e.a/iCl, HdadleH'
tfRra ~ ~ ~f.i~iCHi tIT ~ ~ m :cMffi.f t!t tfR3'7) ~ 9:;10 ~ f!
<'>~ ~ ~?>'E ~I ~ lH"t!t ~ ~ ~ l..1t=ra ~ ~ ~ CJTR tIT fda:r' ~ fdJiW
3'fuR3'~~~~~~,~, 3'DolWR-~~~~trffi1W08O\"tfRra~
~ etH dl"'81 fuR ffif uTHt, ~, ~, tfR3'7), ffiJcr, ~ HfucJi' ~ ~ 3' ~ ~
flO I fuR ~ ffore'r ~ fc;( ~ mt 3'<;{ ~ m:rcft 80\" <it fEa::!BrH ~ C\cf ~ flO 3' trffi1WO m:rcft
~' elti'd f<i'B ~ f<i'B flO I <1t=r'Bt ajRBH"O ~, aftw, -3 ~ ~ f<i'B ~ VE DO I fu<:t -e-
WR f3~o'C1 ~ ~-m-a- -3 ~ ~-~ DO -3 ~ -3 djJl uta+ -e- ~ w?>-ffiG (')'F5 ~
~ DO I <1t=r'Bt ~ ftf3c;{T t!t fu1::tm.fi RB Q~ ~ ~ I fucj frlB ~ Qfi<41dl, ffi:r ~
CHClFJt!l, ~ fi..ro;;v:QJRTH ~ wftra ~ 0+ ~ DOl ~ ~ wfua, ~~, wu~, ~
wu, ~ wu, ~, ~ ftltaft tIT fu"c;( ~ ))\or DO I ~ trR ll' fc;(CH 3'(') t!t RB ~ C\cf(') frlB
~ IBP<El H a:ritrl::r ~ wfffift tIT ~ fda:r' Rt I
i
~~ BEt tJlWB:
m
1. tfRra frlB fEw:Nr ere' 3' ~~?
2. m:rcft~~~~~DO?
3. tT;::rSt ~ ~ orHt ~ ~ N ft?

Exercise 15.1 Write out in Punjabi:
1. 3:00 p.m.
2. 4:15 p.m.
3. 7:02 a.m.
4. 10:00 p.m.
5. 6:45 a.m.
6. 1:30 a.m.
7. 5:50 p.m.
8. 8:30 a.m.
9. 11 :20 p.m.
10. 2:30 p.m.
1. What day is today?

2. My birthday is on June i h
3. Today's date is December 15 th .
4. Everyday I work from 8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m.
5. I will come to your house tomorrow morning.
6. Are you going to Amritsar next week?
7. In autumn it is difficult to buy fresh mangoes in the market.
8. Every Friday, Muslims pray together in mosques.
9. What was the day before yesterday?
10. Summer holidays begin in the third week of June.
Exercise 15.3 Conjugate each of the verbs given below in all the forms you have learned
so far, for a given person. Provide English translations for your conjugations.
to fear
to walk
to tell
to wash
to sing
Example, using ~ (to say):
~~DO They (f) say

~~H0 They (f) used to say
~ecttr~(7) They (f) are saying
~ecttr~RO They (f) were saying
~~ They should say
~ O(rb~dnlW They (f) will say
~~fc\(y They said
~~fc\(y~ They have said
~~fc\(yRT They had said
Exercise 15.4 Write a 10-12 sentence essay on your favorite season. Why is this season
your favorite? What do you enjoy about it?
taa'cf ~ ft:il:fi- t'" ReJ 3' ~ -3ljiH'q ~ ~ I fuR ~ ~ f.tB EItaft t'"
tf1:f ~ ~ oftf ~ DOl ~ ~ R'B taa'cf ~ ~ ~ REt ~ DOl fu"if ~~"
~ ~ ~ ~ ~, ti'al)-a- -q~, fi:ra" d=t f':3O(id 0'R ~ ~ ~ w-e- DO I taa'cf ~ tit fE"c;{
~ ~ ~ ~ mf fi:ra" wa ~ ~ DOl fdo ~ ~~, toa'Cf ~ ~ ~ ~ uo ~
CJ'Oft ofta"3o ~ ~ DO I B'O~, ~ tit ~ t'" ofta"3o ~ ~ ~ I l1R~, ~ oftf wftra tft tit
~ l..fTROft ~ f.tB ~ 3J:;f3 3' ~ wftra <tB ~ ~ I l..IitJBr ~ ~ ~ l1R ~
~ ~ ~I dT'CJT fuo, Bel- ~ REt ~ uo, ~ # uo, ~ ~ uo, ~ ~ l.2Wt
crt.ft' ~ tit ~ lfU3 ~ DOl
Hecr oft::rcJrR t'" trO d=t'"d"R ~ ~ EO cJtr ~ I as t'" ~ -3 ffi-lTl8t ~ 1) ~ ~ ~ I
- :=;; - -:; - - -
ut tR ~, i!Jlfi'lO 3' ~, ~ oftf ~ tit ~ l..fTROft f.tB ~ ~ 3J;:f3 ~ ~ ~ I

rl, il~ltid taa'cf ~ tit ~ a-tt BOG'" 0'R ~ DO ~ 0'R tit oa=r-M ~ f.tB <:!ld8'~ t'"
LrO ~ DOl taa'cf ~ ~ ~ ~ 3' ~ ~ ffi-lTl8t 3'0\ ~ ~ croft ofta"3o ~ uo I tM"l@,
H3 fuo, ~ R'B, ~"O(T R'oro ~ ~ ~ J;jaq'~1W REt lftJ ~ ~ ~ fu"if ~ ~
~ ~I ycft ~ 3' ~ Bel- fu"if ~ ~ ~ uo ~ mro ~ ~ DOl ~ taa'cf wftra tit
~~~,~~~~~~~DO,~t'"fuu&-rMdl'3'dR'cft
~~I
Vocabulary
Verbs
~ to join (vi)
~ to fear (vi)
'8810(2;' to plan; to draw, delineate (vt)
ufM2:"'" to send (vt)
~ to cover (vt)
~ to hide (vi)
~ to eat (vt)
~O\cl?)'" to accept (vt)
R'cft~~ to continue (vt)
Time
midnight (f)
high noon (f)
end, conclusion (m, f)

early morning (m)
daily (adv)
beginning (m)
Religion
~ religious, spiritual (adj/u)

~ religious (adj/u)
~ Sufi (m), the mystical dimension of Islam
~ Sufi hospice/retreat (f)
HR'O, a'F.r" tomb of a Sufi saint (m)
iHf3O('d respect, honor (m)
~ tradition, practice (f)
(')H'"B~ to pray (Muslim), to read namaz (vi)
~ sacred, pure (adj/u)
8taft worship, prayer (f)
~ devotee (m)
~3J;:8 "throne of the Timeless," a seat of temporal authority in Sikhism (m)
~ order of the day (m)
iljCPRO comfortable posture/seat; closed position of Sikh scripture (m)
~ offering (f)
consecrated food (m)
tfdld'.r;fJqrr Geography
~, 'ijdld'iillW geography (m)

~,W place (m, f)
~ wodd(f)
~' a-mfcroft eastern (adj/u)
~,~ western (adj/u)
Vo.(gIIbJJ.i'tr F.TETF! Other Useful Words
~ importance, significance (f)

~ present, available (adj/u)
~ door(s) (m)
~f.l(')iFlh:n, ~ good fortune (f)
"iH?'Cft conveyance,ride(f)
l.ffiCft palanquin (f)
~ gift, blessing (f)
OR-fu'or enjoyable, tasteful; melodious (adj/i)
;go note; tone, pitch (f)

~ in fact, actually (adv)
J'~B'd' brotherhood, fraternity (m)
tfQffi-r3t majority opinion (adj/u) (f)
ftf3c;l: intellectual, thinker (m)
fRcrc;fu prominent, distinguished (adjlu)
~ busy (adjlu)

Lesson 16
RaP{ cH~
Relative-Correlatives
16.1 Relative-correlative constructions
These constructions are made up of two related clauses connected by particular relative-
correlative pairs. The clauses have a somewhat parallel structure. Oftentimes the
coordinating element of the pair, which occurs in the correlative clause, goes unstated.
Relative clause: ~ ~ ~ ~~... The man who is in the room ...

Correlative clause: ... ~ EfQ3 HffiJO ~I ... he is very famous.
'The man who is in the room is very famous.'
The following table gives some of the frequently used sets of relative-correlatives.
Correlative Correlative Relative Interrogative

(Proximate) (Remote)
fuu ~J #, ~ (fffi:r, ~) ~,ott,~
it, s/he, this it, s/he, that who, which, what, who? what? which?
~I ~~ ~/,:&- fcr~ll~
this much that much as much how much?
~ W fttc)r ~
this much that much as much how much?
ful} ~ r,:ro foro
here there where where?
1E'lf ~ fR1f m
from here from there from where from where?
ful:rcr ~ fi::fqo fc;{'qo
to here to there to where to where?
~ W f',:W ~
this way that way how how?
ili'R ~,:r - fcffi
this way that way how?
~ W H~ cWl<J;t!
now then when when?
~3 w~ H~ cW~
henceforth since then since when since when?
fED ft:lUT Wft:lUT ft:RJ ft:lUT f'c;0 ft:lUT
this kind that kind which kind what kind?
I The characteristic fu vowel of the proximate correlative forms may vary with the vowels ~ or E. Similarly,
the initial vowel in the remote correlative forms may vary between ~, , and l)f.
142 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJARI
fER~ ~~ fffi:r ~ fom~

at this time at that time at which time at what time?
a:r .
fER3if - 3W fffi:r3if fom3if
in this way in that way in which way in what way?
Examples:
-# ~ ~ ~ fu"B aftttrr~, ~ aW The boy who lives in New York is my brother.

~~I
~ fcBraT HI f8 Elddl fu"B "i'>dT,
My (female) friend has those books which are
~~~-asuol not in the library.
f,:m c\"d-f R"Et A' ~ w, ~ c\"d-f 11 f@w I The work for which I came got done.
f,:m~QgRffoGra~, ~~ The girl to whom you gave the book is my
~~I (female) friend.
f,:m ~ -as CfQ3 P&-r3t ora ~, ~ The man who has a really expensive car is my
aW~~1 neighbor.
fi:r<t ~ R"Et ~ wE- w, ~ c\"d-f 11 The tasks for which we came got done.
orEuol
fi:r<t ~ -as Dw~, ~~~ People who have money don't leave New
"i'>dT~1 York.
f,:fut- U ~ }jo{T(') ~, ~ -ao tom There is no house as big as ours.
tT "i'>dT1
f;:foT RW gRf uo c\"d-f 3" R'W 11, ~ As much time as you spend on every task, I
A'~otifW~1 can never spend.
B'oT ~ -et f;::f(ft fffi3 00, ~ tit urc However much you praise a good person, it's
~I not enough.
f,::fqo fEu ~ tfift~, ~ ~ The place where this road goes to has a
EF.OT ~I beautiful garden.
~ Q~ ?)T~, ft!t:r~! Don't hold the pen that way, hold it this way!
~~~wE-W,W~ When we came to America, we had one
-as- ft!c;{ i1 ~ ffi') I hundred dollars.
R'Q fE"J ft:rd GlH 3' e -et &~, ~ We need the kind of teacher who speaks eight
rn"o~~WI languages.
Some sets of relative-correlatives use a special coordinating element which is used only in
introducing a second clause. These are variants which, unlike the correlatives listed above,
usually cannot be used without their relative counterparts.
R R that which ... so

ft::r? ~ as '" like that
~ ~ when .. , at that time

RELATIVE-CORRELATIVES 143
~*~~uT,R~Ha When I go to Chandigarh, Arfa takes care of

urcrtft ~-~ ~ ~I my house.
~"EfB ~ >wf'
- ~, 3 fu
:::: - aU3
- When the kids come from school, they are
~#~I very hungry.
~~hfdjgj mft3~uT, 3* Whenever I listen to Sufi music, I forget
HB ~ WB Wtr uT I everything.
~dtma=ft~ac3'~, tWdt As soon as we came out of the airport, he
~~$ fcrrm"r I arrived there.
16.2 Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses are phrases which cannot stand on their own and are only meaningful
in relation to the main part of the sentence. For example, in English:
Even though he liked the movie, he didn't want to see it again.
The second part stands on its own, but the first-which is preceded by a subordinating
conjunction (even though)---cannot. Common subordinating conjunctions are:
~ Although, even though

~fc,{ Although, even though
~ Because
fERBPt For this reason, therefore
X-e-Ol;'<30 Because of X, due to X
X -et ~'if ~ a: Because of X, due to X
Examples:
~~~~,~~trR Although she is intelligent, she was not able to

?5tfl' ~ Rcft I pass the exam.
* atc-ro:r uT, fER B-ET Ci{Tffi=f m:ff w I am sick, so I cannot go to college.
a=rort"T I
~ iI-ffu" l) ~~, ~ -e--a- ~ I Because it is raining, please wait a little while.
~ fc,{ ~ ~ er::~ uRt ~, rn1=r
OO~~uTl
* Even though I like roti a lot, I want
to eat rice today.
H H"m1 ~ ~ ~ 0{Td?) m=rc-o m:ff Due to the bad weather, I did not go to
~I Boston.

16.3 Colorizing verbs
As seen earlier, auxiliary verbs can be used in conjunction with a main verb to create a
variety of meanings. In these constructions, the main verb carries the core semantic or
meaningful content of the structure and the auxiliary verb adds nuance. Recall the form of
auxiliary verb constructions:
Main verb root + auxiliary verb (conjugated appropriately)
Some of the most common colorizing auxiliary verbs, with a description of their nuance,
are as folluws:
This verb is used to emphasize completion of a change in state. Often it does not add
significantly to the meaning of the verb.
The rice became cooked.

He lost.
He died.
2.~,"kr
These verbs are used to suggest directionality with respect to whom an action benefits. For
example, "kr indicates an action performed for someone else.
H }.:f3 1Rl:f f't!'3T I I wrote a letter (for someone else).

~fl3le fft~wQ~fRtfTf3t1 The teacher taught us Punjabi.
On the other hand, ~ indicates an action performed for one's own sake.
~ ~ (')'F.f3T,~ 1f9w I He had breakfast.

H~~1f9w1 I made food (for myself)
These verbs are used, in a limited number of contexts, in conjunction with ~. ~ is

used with ~ to indicate to bring.
I brought some food to your house.
~ is used with ~ to mean to take along (~~ is used in a similar way).
I am taking Gibb to my house.

4. ~
This verb is used to indicate disinterested action.
JjVO(a~la 3c;(;R' <:JHW ~ c;{H"O(Cf I always finish my work by Friday.

~uTl
O'd"ii V a: ~?l WCJT ~ ~ ~I Having gotten upset, she spilt all the milk.
5.~
This verb, less commonly used, indicates forceful or sudden action:
~~W~~~wa-fuotT Waiting for you, he finished the whole day's

.~ ~;:fa( tit"O(Cf ~ I work by noon.
~.". ~ REt ~ ~ WCJT ~ In order to find the treasure, he dug up the
ifc~1 whole yard.
6.~
This verb indicates concerned action:
rnRr ~iH31e 1ft REt iHIMFcJI~' tft We will make preparations for the teacher's
~tft~"O(Cf~1 birthday party.
7.~,~
The use of these verbs is idiomatic and, therefore, less predictable.
B ~ - to bring down with oneself
His foolishness brought us all down.
B L~ - to take to a higher point
t1<J ~ W03 ()TB c"acr Q1..f3T With his hard work, [one] doesn't know where
0df fc;fl3: ~ L$tw I he will take (his) family.

Dialogue Visakhi
afu-ara f.ffltclt
'Hili t:fl3, tf'HrEft ~ ~ fuwtft -et eft ROJ ()?

~,~~fuwtft~-et:GIHE~~3"~H't!t(), ~
~ (acftJ) -et F@ 3' ~ :GIHE () 3" fuR ~ ~ ~ 3" i3c;(i ~ Rf.I7)
0Icf0T dj 13' ~ 0( tit () ,
m=rclt ~ ~ ~ WR ~ ()?
vT, fuwtft 3" m
~ HR ~ 001 BOI ~ ~ ~ QD'"-~ it ~ ~
~ tr it RR-l:fR O'B fE<t ~ 3" ~ 001
~: ~~eft~()?
l..lR:JH~I(')i ~ ~ , ~ ~~, fuj-~ ~~, 3"l:fT-~
~ Rf.I7) ~ 00 I
~: fi:n:f ~ ~ fuwtft -et eft ~ ()?
'H1lit:fl3 : 'tE ee -et fuwtft 3" ~ -atftftr mur, fRl:fT ~ ~ ~ wfua, ~ fRl:fT ~ Wffi1T
<fu ~ 0+ fu'3r 3" fuR 3"if fuwtft Wffi1T <fu ~ H(')H ~ ~ m I fR1:f ~
~3'~wfua,~, ~~oo3"croQ~iF.1i(')e'a 1~1'f3iF.1Cl'Hl
- -
tfffift (),

Reading: SHills
trO: fR1:f
POEPO J1TfcJcr, ~
RJ~ qcm t!t ~ 3' ~ rn DF.l'Cf iFfT5 ~ tff:rra t!t ~ -3 ~ ~ ~ ~ "CfdH fi:fCf
tm ~I fuR t!t ?ffu ~ ;:')'(')Ci{ wftl1:f (q8Et:-qLl~t:) ~ cfcft -3 W ~ t: H'(')itJl(')i t!t ~ Va f8v
~ ~ I fRl:rT ~ ~ ~, ~ fiiUf wftl1:f ~, fuR Q J;:f'"RW tm t'" oT ftt3"r I ~ a=rtft ~
~ WB ~--,::f8 fiiUf t.-ft ~ Va fRl:rT ~ tff:rra WB fu"c;{ (f.jl (') t '(j CFR ~ oft3r B q t:8 t: cfu:r?t
WB ~ ~ ~ WB dW fdTdWl fuR 3' ~ fR1:f ~ m WB ~ VEl RTd-ft ~ t!t 3if fi:fCf
a"Er (~I~~lJ~) t!t ~ WB ~(f.j~IJi a'l:& (J(')I fi:fCf RB ~ fB(,)Ji'(') Q ~ ~-P&BT -3
~ dWl-f~ ~, ~, m3 ~ ~ ~ BEt ot'H C{OOT ~ ~I fR1:f QJ9 ~ wftl1:f Q ~
- -
~-(')"'Bd" Q~ ~ U?l: I ft:::n:r ~ Ji ~ El' (') "3 ~ IE f3Q rJi 0( ~ (')'B ~ ~ Q 3'tcf&t t'" tat=r"
I I
R (J(') -3 tcI'El'd wfua, ~, ~ t'" He 3' ~ ~ ~I ~, fR1:f f3GQ ' d, ~ Ji'~El,(')i

t!t fu'toft -3 Do f8 f3QI fIfO( ~ ~ 7)TB ~ VE (J(') I fuR m W t!t f'dTa ~ =<Ll ~~, ft:1<t
f.tB' =<~ ~ ~ 1d8T tff:rra WB ~ (J(') -3 arPlt PJi;Ji3 ~ Dd ~ WB -3 ~,
1
(')
QidlC(idl,~,~,~,~, -3~~~tfEOfWB~VE(J(')1
~-~ BEt tJ1WB:
1. ~ ~ fiiUf ~ fiil:fT QB ~ ftt3"r, ~ t'" oT eft ~?

2. '~~~' t'" eft H3ffif D?
3. fR'trT ~ f3GQI(j ~ (J(')?
Exercise 16.1 Join the following pairs of sentences using relative-correlatives:
1. ~~~WB~~I ~~?:I3~1
2. Hata::rfrffi~~~1 ~t'"~~~~1
ar
3. ~ UfO ~ (]f I Ha" Efu::ft ~ ~ uo I
ar
4. Boft fcBra ~ mft (]f I ~ fcBra Ha" eo'" ~ f&ft ~ I
5. ~ ~ :ofu-r3T etB ~ mft ~ I fuu:ofu-r3T fi.rJo3 3"17>crffi:r uo I
1. When I arrive in Delhi, she will not be there.

2. Whenever I go to the gurdwara, I help out in the langar.
3. As soon as I came home, my husband made tea.
4. As long as I eat well, I will stay healthy.
5. I gave my friend a book, which I bought in the United States.
6. I like that girl, who lives in New York City.
7. I live in an apartment, which is very small.
8. Where there is a flower, there is also a thorn.
9. By the time I arrived, she had already gone.
10. As soon as I get your letter, I will reply.
Exercise 16.3 Translate the sentences into English and, where applicable, answer them in
Punjabi:
1. fE'D fi:Kp- c\H 00, ~ F@ Q1..!Rt ~ I

2. ~ fa;"0-fHd ~ 1..!Rt uo 3" ~-?
3. ~ UfO WB ~ oft:fet~, ~ ~ a-rdE WB~?
4. gAT m v? ~ ~ 3' ~ v?
5. ~~kCf'CfElCJT~~~uol ~mv~uo?
6. ~ ~ R'? ~ 3"~?
7. ~HB3"~fcffi ~e:'<@'dl'?
8. ~ W ~ o-dT f8cRt, ~ ~iH 3' t! t:ft tm& uo?
9. ~ ~ Q fi:Mt ~ ~ fHB (]f, ~ ~ WB of Effi ~ -cr ~ uol
10. ft::f1::Io gAT w aD v, ~ ~ ~ fEwo3+ ~ uol

IF.'taI~81 Vocabulary
~ Verbs
~ to throw (vt)
~ to bend (vi)
~ to pour, spill (vt)
~ to pull out (vt)
fu1:3oor to spread (vi)
IYedfl L~fe
~ birth (f)
~ life (m)
H3 death (f)
iH'Mf{jI~' anniversary, birthday (f)
"RHO celebration (m)
BlWO,~ young (adjlu); young man (m)
~,~,-,:r~ youth (m, f)
ElBCJd1 elderly (adjlu); elder person (m)
'w/~ old man/woman
~,~ old age (m)
~ Neighborhood
~ courtyard (m)
HdW,~ neighborhood (m)
~ neighbor (m)
orr5H College
O(TR""R college (m)

~<Sl~afJ:tel university (f)
<f-/"ffijO, fuw subject (m)
fuiH"rB" mathematics (m)
fl'~O('dl knowledge, information (f)
~ education, study (f)
3'Cfu1 education, instruction (f)
~ professor (mlf)

Country Fairs
HRr country fair (m)

~ crop (f)
rn I f3CF.l8' iJl fireworks (f)
l.fC'O{T firecracker; explosion (m)
m:f-OR ~!O'R with pomp and show (adv)
~ wrestling (f)
U1:R a wrestling match (m)
tlfbH~'('), ~ wrestler (m)
~ a Punjabi tackle sport (f)
~ race (f)
~-u bullock-cart (f)
Adjectives
fffiBHt healthy (adjlu)

Jje' ~O( natural, normal (adj/u)
"(')'d'"B angry (adj/u)
~ hungry (adj/i)
CF.l"Cfu5 noble, honorable (adj/u)
CF.l'(')t:"d glorious (adjlu)
moral, ethical (adj/u)
dependant (adj/u)
all (adj/u)
omnipresent (adj/u)
sacred, holy (adjlu)
Vo.(g'I80-if::!- iEfETf: Other Useful Words
m foundation (f)
fll(')iF.fl(') successor (m)
~ leadership (f)
possession, seizure (m)
Semitic (adj/u)
related to (pp)
happening, incidence (f)
thorn (m)

Lesson 17
flClP{ Cl9
Comparison
17.1 Comparison
When expressing comparisons, Punjabi makes use of postpositions or relative-correlative

phrases: Comparative statements indicate a feature that is greater or lesser in extent than
another. These are created in Punjabi in the following ways:
1. Using postpositions of comparison
3' than
orB than
-e- C'OIt in contrast with
-e-~ in comparison with
-e-~ equal to
WB' among, out of
Adjectives that are used in constructions of this type are frequently modified by markers of
degree such as~,~, Vcr, and ufc.
Examples:
~/~ l.ffira ~/~ Western Punjab is bigger than Eastern Punjab.

l.ffira :3' ~ ~ I
lEu ora ~ ora ?l'ff lHftMt ~ I This car is more expensive than that one.
(JTa-f iF.fTH -e- C'OIt uk ~~ ~ I Ram is less intelligent than Sham.
a'Pft ora+ i~ ~, D~ RR3t ~ I Compared to other cars, Honda is cheap.
fu5 ~difJ:fiH6( -e-~, ffcr El"'cf8dT Compared to San Francisco, Santa Barbara is
~~ffibo~1 a very small city.
~ f.tB ~ tft fdla HotT ~ In Punjab the number of women is not equal
octfl t{) that of men.
~ "3 CfF.ITa fci'B' wdoft ~ ~ Between sarangi and rabab, sarangi is more
Wt!t VI used.
2. The relative-correlative expression ft::tc?" ... W
ft::tc?" ~ ~ urer~, & (urer) W My house is not as big as yours.

(~) octfl
~ ~ f~i5 ~iF.l~'d ,:xfI', ~ lEu U7>1 Those flowers are not as fragrant as these.
3. Farsi-derived adjectival fonns of comparison
The suffix for adjectival comparisons, -30, appears in words and expressions that are
borrowed from Farsi.
ft:ru3o om or fEu ~ tot.. The better thing is that...

BaT C{OO't Elt30 ~ ~ I To steal is a worse thing.
Superlative statements indicate that something has a feature to a greater degree than
anything it is being compared to. These are expressed in Punjabi using the words f@ or ~,
which mean 'all' or 'whole,' in conjunction with postpositions like 3' and orE.
~fcGraf@3'~~1 That book is the best (of all).

fEu iEwo3 ~ orE ~ ~I This building is the tallest (of all).
17.2 Reflexives
Reflexives are pronouns that are used to refer back to a noun/pronoun already appearing
within a given clause. In the English phrase 'I see myself,' 'myself is a reflexive pronoun
that refers back to '1.' In Punjabi, ))f'l..f and ER ('self) serve as the basic reflexive pronouns.
As an emphatic reflexive pronoun, they take the form of ~-))i'1..f or ER-~ (' all by
oneself).
fEu ~ H ))i'1..f/ER cft3r ~ I I did this work myself.

2ffi ~ ~-))f'l..f ~ ft? Did you use to cook all by yourself?
fEu ~ ~ ER-~ ~ ott3t ~I You have created this difficulty all by
yourself.
1. As a possessive pronoun, the reflexive has the inflecting form ~ ('one's own'). Note
that the possessor is the same as the subject or the agent of the action.
~ ~ ~ ~ O'E ~"fIT crdt That girl is going to school with her friend.
~I
O(BTR f.tB H ~iH 3' e fft Q ~ ~ In the class, I show my work to the teacher.
~uTl
2. The repetition of~ indicates respectiveness.
~~~~fiB We sleep in our respective rooms.

~uTl
~~~~~DOI They read their respective files.
2ffi~~~~1 You guys do your respective/own work.
3. ))f'l..f is used to include rnril/~ fiB ('among -selves'), and the oblique form ~-))f'l..f.
aB ))fT1.lR fiB ~ ~ U?5? Why do children fight among themselves?

H ~ ftB ~-))f'l..f Q ~ uT I I see myself in the mirror.
COMPARISON 153
Note that, as seen in the examples above, a reflexive pronoun must be preceded by the
subject of its clause. It would be incorrect to say,
Instead, one must say,
I eat my food.
4. The reflexive possessive ~ is also used for people or things that one deems as very
close to oneself. In this usage it is not a true reflexive and hence, is not required to refer to
the subject of the clause.
~ ~ Her- ~"Teft ~ I That boy is my very own.

~ ~ fift-R'O ~I Agriculture is our life-blood.
17.3 The ablative case and postpositions
The ablative case marks direction and movement from something or someone. The ablative
postpositions 3' and AA' (~+ 3) are used idiomatically with certain verbs, including~,
~, and ~Sdi~C':i I
Examples:
A' ~ ~ 3'/~ ~ fc;{ I asked [from] that man where the sweet
~ tft -~ fc;fi3- ~? shop is.
~rn-'~3'~T~1 He is afraid of coming.
~ fJ...fcJBT ~ 1:fTC':"T ~ I We are afraid of eating spicy food.
UfSdi~'t~ -oT1
I Ablative form == ~ + 3'

Dialogue Divali
ofB-l:[T3 ~
ECl7>: ~, ~ ara- ~ Rit?

~: u+"At, BI ~ fc;g:r 3W t!T 'H'~C('dllfRtr ~I
ECl7>: fEu Fa1tJ'd cW~~?
~: ~~~~(~)-e-~m~~3"UfO~~~~
~~~DOI
ECl7>: fER f31tJ'd t!T~~~~~?
~: ~ ~ ~ c;r8t "QCfH-~?>'R ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ (;{Cf ~
~ t!T om'" ~ DO I fER om'" ~ O'd-f
"At R8" 3" ~ ?>'R qg
H"'8 t'" 8~8'iIi ~ 0\cJ ~ fER fu?> ~ ~ ~ iHOl W t!T ~ t!T
~ fctB 8<;{T ~ ~ URJT fctB ~ ar:R I fEu ~CF.1~ 'iii oft3r ~ ~ fu" fER
3W fER f31tJ'd t!T ~-Jetl
ECl7>: Do~oft~DOI
~: ~ t'" fMq taOT'"
- l..fRT ?>'R ~ ffiJtT ~ 3" fER fu?> f6t ~ ~ M t!T
= - :::
VR'" ~ ~ DOl ~ ~ fu?> H"'8 -e- ~ fuwa-fosra BEt ~
~~~DOI
ECl7>: fER fu?> Do oft oft3'" ~ ~?
~: ~ ~ URJT fctB ~ DO, m-f Q~-~ -e- RCF.l7) ~ DO, u& ~ 3"
W~3"~3"~~DO, 3"~3"1)j'f3CF.18'f.fl t3M'1\! DOl
ECl7>: ~IJT. fER3WfEu~t'" f31tJ'd ~~I

COMPARISON 155
Reading: Christians
"fERrEt
lPO:
itfc!or orm:r, E1CW
tft:ru fu"B 1Ea=rEt mJB" ~ ~ 9. t:38 ~ fu"B qa,tleldllW) fi--rf.ro ~ ~ fu"B M

w:riLG O\cl?) VB fu:ft I 9. t: 8 t ~ fu"B tfu:rc ~ oRl3t ~ J;:fTRW or,:[ -3 fR'3 3' ~ fuRrBt
~ tT lJRra fu"B ~-~ Do ~ D ~I fu<t ~ Q ~ ~ ffi ~ t.fRr-at, WR CI;O -a:
fi:hf, 1Ea=rEt mJB" Q~.~ ~ ~, lfO fuR 3W or DfEw I ag3 ~ ~ 7i fuRrBt ~J:l~jfij
~ f'eH9fiLftBEt -3~~~ ~ ~ ~ -3 ~ ~3'ROIl.ffbB~3 ~
3"c;{ ~ REt ~ -31ffiB VB ~ ~ -3 ag3 #0 ft:"3'"1 ffiJcr ~ ~ ~ orBH,
~ ~B-MaT ~ ~C\'BR,~~~d'@5,-3~ ~ ~d'@5, 7i ~~
- - -
3'ffu-f -3 iffiB ~ <focr ~~ f.tB ~ ftfiw ~ I ~ Rtft W'B, Rrg ~ fi:fuJ, ~ ~ aftQw,
-3~CJT}{~,B-MaT 0('Cffi ~ ~ (9.tllt:-9.t911), ~Uw8tft\'taftQWRR~1fuR~~
~ ~ tarc3t fu'a: 1~ ~ ~ ~ -3 fuu ~ ~ t3CI"W fu"B ~ DB 001 tft:ru ~
1..1ld~f.l(,) -3 ~ ~ ;~ H'C 3' ~ fuRrBt II ~91dl ftfc{ ~ Rli;ld fElf ~ '8 fctB ~ H ~
3'c;( Dtr ~ mrcf 0ctt ))fr CK!t I
~~ BEt t.PWB::
1. 1JRra WB fuR'tft H3 tT ~ ~ 7i -3 ~ ott3'"?

2. 1JRra WB orcfuf ~ cf30 fu"B fuR'tft ~ ~ at R c1?
3. ~ WR t1frcft fuR'tft ~~ ~ N ~?

Exercise 17.1 Review of the postposition Q. Translate:
1. W~B'0~1
2. ~~cru-IDwl
3. ~~Q~IDRtI
4. gffiwQ~~fuBl
5. fu<t QBOrH 111
6. (1iJi Qom 111
7. ~~11?
8. fua:P:t'B Q~ 111
9. ~mQ~w=ftD01
I o. ~ ~ ~M'(1c:l ~ 11?
1. That store has more books than this one.

2. My brother is taller than me.
3. Karachi is Pakistan's biggest city.
4. The weather in Delhi is hotter than in Chandigarh.
5. Their car is the fastest.
J. When it comes to restaurants, there is no comparison to Sindhi Sweets.
7. Although I eat less than her, nonetheless I am heavier.
8. Gurdas Mann's songs are good, but Alam Lohar's songs are better.
9. Sunday is my 1avorite day ofthe week.
10. Out of Punjabi, Japanese, and Arabic, Punjabi is fairly easy to learn.
1. Do your own work!

2. He was in his own room.
3. He lives in his brother's room.
4. I was reading my own book.
5. We were talking amongst ourselves.
6. Please tell me your address.
7. You are my own.
8. She was telling us about her country.
9. What does he think of himself?
10. This is not his car, it is my car.

COMPARISON 157
Vocabulary
Verbs
1R~,gc;' to have stitched (vt)

Ultld,gc;' to be uneasy, be confused (vi)
~ to use (vt)
Comparison
c:ontrast (m)
equal, matching (adj/u)
better (adj/u)
more, additional (adj/u, pp)
Body Parts
RCfto, ffiRH body (m)

0\HCf waist (f)
aiD, tl'tJ arm (f, m)
53 leg (f)
aft5r shoulder (m)
iJo .(g'I&JtJ.It.:! fF.1EfP" Other Useful Words
term of address for young man, boy

term of address for young woman
nonetheless, still (adv)
joke (m)
backward (adj/i)
organization (m)
~~pic tale of the Hindu deity Rama (f)
exile (m)
roof boundary (m)
hope (f)

Lesson 18
RaP{ 'It:
Vocative and Locative Cases
18.1 The vocative case
The vocative case may be used when addressing or calling someone or something. It is
formed as in the following examples, depending on the number and gender of the noun.
Masculine I Masculine II Feminine I Feminine II

Singular Direct ~ ~ ~ ~
changes -~+fEw +))1'" +-e +-e
Singular ~ ~ ~ ~
Vocative
Plural Direct ~ ~ ~ ~
changes --e+fEB +B -W+B -~+B
Plural tff.N WB ~ ~
Vocative
A few interjections are associated with the masculine and feminine vocative forms,
respectively. These are roughly equivalent to 'hey' or 'O!'
Masculine: W (~in poetic or literary contexts)

Feminine: ?>'t/o9'
W~! o boy!
WtiOO o boys!
09'~ o girl!
09'~ Hey girls!
Inflecting adjectives (and other inflecting modifiers such as the possessive postposition t'"
and possessive pronouns), when preceding nouns in the vocative case, form the vocative
case themselves:
djuc:fle ~ beautiful girl!

~~ good boy!
AAHt~fu' people of my country!

VOCATIVE AND LOCATIVE CASES 159
18.2 The locative case
The locative case expresses a sense of place and/or time. Strictly speaking, the suffixes -B-
and --Er apply to singular and plural noun phrases, respectively. In contemporary Punjabi
one finds these forms used in conjunction with a limited number of words. Common
examples are as follows:
~ in the villages
6 in the fields
~.dl:lf with one's own hands
oi'Rt in/through talks
~ in places
E1d-lt in the evening
CJT3f at night
fu<1l'~ fuo'T in these/those days
~ in the morning
iW> during the day (while the sun is out)
~ at home
UfCfT in homes
Examples:
~arBt~ur~~ufc~1 There is very little dirt around/in the villages.

~ fuo'T, ~ ~f ~ tR a-ftB ~ WI In those days we walked ten miles everyday.
~ ufct otta-3o oroe- 001 They sing hymns at home.
~ t!t W "fifo8r, 'iW> ~iWBf' I His mother said, "Return during the day."
~"fi ~ ul3f}:f3 ~ I She wrote the letter with her own hands.
18.3 Repeated action
Repeated or continuously-performed action is expressed in the following ways:
1. Basic form, used to express frequent ur habitual action:
Imperfect participle of main verb + ~ (conjugated appropriately)
B'at~DO~~~DOI Good students keep reading all the time.

DO ~ ~ ~ fi::R:r3 REt tiaT'" odf I Eating all the tinie is not good for health.
Heft ~ HQ ~ orot!t crftrtft ~ I My niece keeps calling me.

2. Progressive form, used to express cumulative action:
Imperfect participle of main verb + ~ (conjugated appropriately)
~ @;;flC(feiW l@ ~ ~ DOl While waiting for you, hours pass by.

,w 3CI ~ '8'J:r' or 08, W 3CI Eftt:ft Until you say 'enough' Mom will keep on
~~~~I filling your bowl.
Ha- urcJ or ~ O{O~, "JO BtB "3 u[cT Due to my not being home, dust kept
~~f@wl gathering on everything.
3. Continuous form, used to express continuous action:
Main verb root + Et + ~ (conjugated appropriately)
~c;ft~~,~~~ However much commotion there may have

em Ol."at ~ ROI been, my (female) friends kept on
working.
Although her stomach may feel bad, still she
keeps on eating.
i{ ~ fucft~, ~ Whether I get an answer or not, I will keep
~worl on writing letters.
18.4 Habits
In addition to expressing repeated action, it is possible to express inclination and repetition

of certain tendencies and actions. Positive, neutral, or negative habits and interests can be
expressed as follows:
1. Positive or neutral habits:
f.t;{ is often used to express interest. Examples:
~Q~tT~~1 S/helikes to read/study.

Ha- 33tH Q ~ ~'HI~?: tT ~ ()I My nephew likes to play piano.
wQ~~tT~()1 We like to learn languages.
2. Negative habits:
Negative habits are most commonly expressed using the word ~ (habit). Examples:
R()~~-et~()1
- ::::::::: S/he is in the habit of gambling.
fuR Q"OT'W ~ -et ~ () I S/he is in the habit of cursing
~QHCJTa-et~om(j1 S/he has acquired the habit of drinking.

18.5 ore-
Depending on how it is used, ore-
can mean 'at one time' or 'ever' in an affirmative context
and 'never' in a negative context. When it appears twice as ore--ore-
it means 'sometimes'
and indicates infrequent action.
~ore-~~ml She used to write stories at one time.

~or~~~H? Did you ever use to write stories?
~~ore-odTm~1 She never used to write stories.
~ ore--ore- ~ ~ ~I She writes stories sometimes.
Dialogue Lohri
ofu-l::fT3 ~
&r-: 1..fe, ~t!t'oft"~~?

~: B~ tT f3G0 d Rd't!t t!t 9"3 ~ ~ '3 ~ ~I fuR tT ~ ~
1
~ ~ ~ ~ '3 crB UfO-UfO R'" ~ ~ t:j~O(IG\~ 00 '3 ~ HoR 001

&r-: B~ fc;g::r ~ HoR oo?
~: B~ tT ftfc;l; ~ ofB fuR ~ ~:
~tl'fcffi~
~~~, UfO~'3~~,
~ f.!B ata, ~ a::r-g ~ ~ Ha',
a::r-g f'dpw Uf'D Q, El"'"6' ~ cru Q,
tHe- arEfT a-rfcmr-, ft:1:ft ~ ~
ft:1:ft ~ ()= ~ ~,~ - Rrfua ~ ~
~ d1B~, ~ Rrfua ~ tfo1
~d1B~, ~Rrfua~~ ...
&r-: 'fEu f'eMtiiHLf ofB ~I
~: fuRofB~ f8~f.i'~ ~~Q~,~,~, '3of'Bc;{~W-et
~I
fuR 3' ~ oft" ~~?
Q8c;{ ~ ~ f.!B)){or ~ 00 I ft5cr fuR ~ ~ -ao 'it
B'1-f
itJ'"~, ~, ~, '3 of'Bc;{ cr-e- 00 '3 Rd't!t t!t 9"3 Q~ ~ (JOI
&r-: fuR f3G0 d t!t~Da<tt~~?
1
~: (]i', LfRr6t ~
f.!B ~ ~ ROH 3' ~ t!t ~ lffuffi ~ C:RJ3 ~
l:PH ?>':5 ~ W-et ~ I

Reading: The Dawn Of The Twenty-First Century and Punjabi Life

trO: ~ a:Rt t!t i1JW "3 tlH'cft ~
t1;::r1:T~crm-r-"3 ra~11B3i, HB"3 f'3(1U'd, trti'a3 ~fp(R ~~ ~~, ~~ fu?

~ LlRJH~,(')i ~ UtB, ~ "3 ~ ~ ~ "3 ~, E'1-f Q ~ Q ~ ~
IF.l RJf.11 f'emf "3 IF.l RJf.11 tDmf ~ ~ ~ 3' tf;::rcft ft1'taft tIT ftf,;{ ~ fJw ~ ~ U(') 1cfuctf
ffiit ~~ fro W B"'O ~ ~ fER ~ fctB ~ ~ ~ 38el81mf ~ U(')
ft:RJ+ -{j tf;::rcft ft1'taft t!t ra~ 'IB 31 ~ 3" aQ3 })iRO ~ 11 1 f@ 3' l.ffuR+ ~ ~ ~ O':R orao-ft
~ fuoT W'B "8"'"UCf ~ 3" ~ ~ at=fTE 8cI ~ w w -e. HI". ~ ~ ~ "3 ~ LJRt ~ mr 1..fE
U(') I 281 ~GJ(,) -{j fER ~-~ ~ ~ W'B Do ~ oft3'" 11 "3 ~ ~ ~ ~ W'B ftf.;( W'3"B
f,:ruT DtrOld"W3r 111 ~, ~R'W~~I~''H'~ ~~fctB~aQ3~~111 3P<d18(,)
uo ft& W'B ~ ~ ~ ~ O':R B"oV tIT ?>'B ~ BfuaT fctB ~ -,:rcr >m-r -a fdTw ~ 1l.ffuRl
~ ~ ~ IF.lfuclt ~ ~ FeHtilRtft -{j ftf,;{ ~ tit doT ~ 111 fER ~ ffartrr 11 foI rn'R ~
IRH' fctB ~ ~-o(U'(11 ~ ft& fctB -aitre "f3Bt.~ tit 0df1 qt:t:O ~ ~ fctB ~
LJOtft tfRra ~ Cf't1fft ~
:::: - -{j ~ fctB ~ ~ B"oV () BfuaT W'B BR ~ "f3Bt HFr8Cf "O(Cf f't!"3'"
:::: ::::
"3 ~ ~ ~ tit ~ ~ "3 etR orE U(') 13tfra <S'Elo "3 ~ fdT8t W'B 1..1~ tIT ~ iJ:fHOl:' fB
~ O':R ~ l..1w8t RB fB ~ ~-BW -a CRJ U(')11E<JT ~ ~-~ tIT ~ ~
1..ft:rr8t ft1'taft "3 oft ~~, fER tIT Her--,:{q" ~ ~ 3-ata ?>'B ~ 0df ~ I w:fT ~ ~ u'
foI ~ ~ t!t ~ 3' Bfft ))iT otit ~ fER t!t ~ ~ otit f.fO{5 fctB fuit N fc;lit ~
~ P:'fud.f ofraft I
1. tfRra fuiW ~ 3" LffuHT oft oft oft3'" WtIT HI"?

2. fu5E IR'E" fctB 1..ft:fra fctB ~ 38 el81iW ara "'R?
3. tf;::rcft ra~ 'rE 31 ft1'taft tIT oft ~ -a ~ 11?
1. ~ c& IF.lCJTa 0df HI" <Jh:r I

2. Heft IFf(]8t N B'ah=M:!t 11 I
3. Hc&Offi-f~WI
4. w:fT~c&<WB~WI
5. tfCJ H ~ ara c& 0df fu1:;jt!t1
6. 8dlR'd) ~OId"c);0R3at~crftRU(')1
7. cr:aT fctB cffi ~ ~ lAO 1
8. EIOi3 ~ ~ O'R uo OW t!t ~ ~ Wtft 111
9. tW 3'01" ~ N fHH, w 3'01" H cfutIT ooiar"l
10. >m-r ~ "3 r.rHl' ~ ~ t.fR- u', tfCJ c&-c& B'IJ ~ tfHt!t 11 I

Exercise 18.2 ~.~ 3CJBW ofct:
1. She used to get up early once, but these days she gets up late.
2. Have you ever heard the story?
3. Shabina keeps on making rice and lentils, even though I don't like it.
4. Every time I ask the teacher questions and she always gets mad.
5. Sometimes, a rainbow is visible behind the clouds after rain.
6. All night snow kept gathering on the ground.
7. The father told his sons to continue working.
8. The kids kept flying orange, green, and purple kites.
9. She kept on cooking saffron-colored rice.
10. His sisters never fight among themselves.
Exercise 18.3 Create a 10-12 sentence dialogue between you and a rickshaw-driver.
Explain where you need to go and ascertain if the driver knows the directions. Remember
to negotiate a fare!
Vocabulary
~Verbs
to wait (vi)
~ to shake (vi)
ch30(1 {1C': I to knock (vt)
ffi;f~ to gather (vi)
~ to be visible (vi)
~ to be on fire (vi)
Food
~ peanuts (f)
fBd<i;i3 ' puffed rice (m)
~ round sweets made with sesame seeds (f)
af'trO( peanut brittle; chunky sweet made with sesame seeds (f)
PmJ.f2' Adjectives
R'W>'t purple (adj/u)
~ saffron-colored (adj/u)
0Tfucr" deep (adj/i)
CJTRfft political (adj/u)
~ forced, compelled (adj/u)

Vo.5'I1::0-fp- F.TEfP" Other Useful Words
sky (m)
star (m)
CJR3T, O'<J path, passage, road (m)
ORH custom, ritual (1)
f(j~ifB3 tradition, custom (1)
i;tqT warrior (m)
fu:5 large, barrel-shaped drum (m)
# women's festival during the month of~ (July-Aug.) (m pI)
~ young woman
1..\tuf swing (1)
~ girls' whirling game (1)
~ entertainment (m)
(f.j~f.llt'/c1 prince/princess
~ speed (1)
~ tendency, proclivity (m)
J:f88 interference, disturbance (m)
ll11~1'H'e1 traffic (1)
~ spread, expansion (m)
~ boon, blessing (1)
f2<;'=:f.lI(')1 compensation (m)
Bcr--~ assessment (m)
~ bamboo flute (1)
'2B=~ sound, voice (1)
~ by way of (pp)
~ fort (m)
quail (m)

Lesson 19
RaP!" 9.t
Causatives
19.1 Causative verbs
Causative verbs describe an action that is initiated by the subject but performed by another
person. These verbs convey the sense of getting something done by someone else. Note the
meanings of the following three verbs:
~ - to be madt~
8~lg~1 - to make
8~~lg~r - to havt~ made (by someone)
All three come from the same root, ~. The second verb 8~lg~i is the causative form of
the verb ~. It means to cause something to be made, in other words, 't<\ make.'
Similarly, 8~~IG~1 is the double causative of~ and means to cause to make, i.e. to have
someone make it.
There are many pairs of verbs in Punjabi where the verb, having a short vowel, is
intransitive while its causative, which has a long vowel, is transitive. Some of these pairs,
along with the double causatives, are given below.
1. Verbs with a root ending in a consonant typically form causatives by adding -4jT to the
root, while the double causative is formed by adding ~ to the root.
Initial Verb Form Causative (add -lW) Double Causative (add ~)

(often intransitive) (generally transitive) (transitive)
0l;iJ(')T o(d,g~1 O(d~ig~1
to do (t) to make [someone] do (t) to have [s~meone] do

~ t3M'G~1 t3M~IG~1
to move (i) to make move (t) to have driven
~ 8~lg~1 8~~lg~1
to be made (i) to make (t) to have made
~ ~ ~
to learn (t) to teach (t) to have taught
~ Mdllg~1 (~) Mdl~lg~1 (M~lg~i)
to be attached (i) to attach (t) to have attached
~ dj~lgci ilj~~ig~1
to hear (t) to tell (t) to have told

~hj~lg~1
UW5' ~ <J -
to read (t) to teach (t) to have taught

~ ~ fiiOM~lg~1
to meet, be met (i) to introduce; join; mix (t) to have introduced

2. Verbs with a root ending iL a vowel, or with certain vowel-consonant combinations, are
less predictable. Note the following examples:
Initial Verb Form Causative

-
~ ~
to eat (t) to feed (t)
~ ~
to drink (t) to make drink (t)
~ '"'
~
to spill (i) to pour (t)
~ ~
to open (i) to open (t)
~ ~, f'e~igc;l
to give (t) to make give (t)
&r M~'gc;l
to take (t) to make take (t)
~ ~
to sleep (i) to make sleep (t)
~ f'elH~'gc;i
to send (t) to have sent (t)
~ f86,gc;'
to sit (i) to seat (t)
Examples:
BTU~orBtl The tea got made.

Ha ~ 7i Ha BEt BTU crc;rEt I My brother made tea for me.
Ha ~ 7i ~ 1..f3<5t 3' Ha BEt BTU My brother nad his wife make tea for me.
ab~I~1
~~ om octf~, -a-& 3' d;d~lg;
We don't work ourselves, we get others to do
uti the work.
~ 3' ~ EfH fc;{R Do ~ 3' From tomorrow, we will have someone else
~~I drive the bus.
~~fcGra~HEt, ~ To get the story book published, I had to write
~~~~~3 some stories (myself) and had to have my
~~AA'~~I friends write some, too.
~~oracfu;{~~111 ~h.e can have your car repaired.

CAUSATIVES 167
fH.Ror (to meet) and its causatives have many alternate meanings and uses.
~ is used to show receipt of something, or 'to get':

fm-m 3" gg ~ ~ 1H81 I got many gifts at Christmas.
% ~. ~ oj!' fi-litw I You will not get anything from there.
'0(')l~df.li<!l fu"B 3'Cfu-f ~ -JI Education is gotten at the university.
fH.Ror and its causatives are often used to introduce people:
~, ~ fRlTHr3 Q1H8 D? Surinder, have you met Jagjit?

~, ;rrJTQ~o'R~1 Come, let me introduce you to David.
~ 2U'"Q 9JRd'B flofua O'R fiiB~ 18 dl' I He will introduce you to Mr. Gujral.
fi-lRo 3'~, gRT HB-RB ~ After meeting, you guys should keep
a"'fuB1 in touch.
OlE ~ means to embrace; ti'Ef ~ means to shake hands:
A' R-e' ett If&

- ~. vT,fu - fWwo
- 8"03 Whenever I go there, he embraces me very
OlE fHBtr -J I
O'R warmly.
R ~~ fIE D, oT ti'Ef fi-lF" I If both of you are happy, then shake hands.
~ can mean to join, combine, mix, or blend.
R 'A" :3 '3" QfH.BrBt8, ~ "mI''' If 'A" and '3" are combined, then 'mI" is
~t'"-JI made.
~ fu"B m=rnr ,Nft 3W fi-rB-r M3" I Mix the spices well in the vegetables.
19.3 Expressing 'to begin' and 'to allow'
Expressions that include 'to begin' and 'to allow' can be expressed with the allxiliary verbs
~ and ~. However, unlike the auxiliary verb constructions seen earlier, these require
the main verb to be in its oblique infinitive form.
1. 'to begin to .. .' = oblique infinitive + ~ (conjugated appropriately)
~8~~tf~vTl We begin to study at 8 in the morning.

a-lfu~~1 Rain began to fall.
2. 'to allow to...', 'to let...' = oblique infinitive + ~ (conjugated appropriately)
It's late, let me go.

--------------------
168 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJAB1-
She let the cat eat roti.
19.4 Word repetition and echoing
Repetition. Adjectives and adverbs are repeated for emphasis:
0l0H-0l0H Bl(J piping hot tea

~-~~ ice cold beer
~~~-~~ America's wide roads
iSBt-~~00! Work fast!
Numbers are repeated to give the sense of allocation or apportionment:
~ tfH-tfH He ~I We ate five apples each.

W-&8~-~~uol They have two cars each.
Echoing. Punjabi also pairs words that rhyme or alliterate. In these pairs, the second word
is often meaningless and merely serves to echo the sound or semantic connotations of the
first. Such pairings indicate generality or 'and so forth along these lines.'
Rhyme:
foodstuff and so on
foodstuff and so on
tea and that sort of thing
happy, in high spirits
renowned, very famous
AlIiteration:
~-~ to drink and that sort of thing

~-~ to spill and that sort of thing
~-~ to take and so forth
0loi-0'0{ O.K.
Nearness in meaning:
Bl(J-~ refreshments
~-~ beautifl,II, good looking
~-~ to dine and wine
~-~ to know and recognize
~-~
u -
to wash up

CAUSATIVES 169
Examples:
-wQ l:f~ -~ 0I;i~ ft..t8oTr? When will we get food?

B'U-iWU~? Will you have some tea or something?
fE1} ~ <5J<;(-()TO( c11 Everything is just fine here.
lWR orcW ur fez; ga=ff CJTf.ft-~ DI We hope that you are doing well.
8"'""QO tT ~ ?)T l:f~-~! Don't consume anything from outside.
~H~-~~-~3'~ Those lushes don't do anything except drink.
~?>df~1
m ~ a:Et w>fRR-~-boft-? Have you got a pencil or pen?
Dialogue Basant
orn-W3 m:f3
B'fut, LJRra fc!B mi3 -et oft ~ c1?

~ -m, aR3 g"3 m -tr3+ fc!B ~ 3" 3cftE" ~ ~ 3" <M -a'oT ~ ~ ~
Hao3"#D?>1
~: fuu ~ O'".B ~ ~ EfQ3 ?jEUjd3 ~~?
B'ftr: ur -m, ft:fEf 3'a: 0f.10 tMft c1 ffT(jT ~ tfl:R'- tit tfl:R'- <Jt!r c11
~-fT: m:f3 g"3 t'" ~ WH 8('JQ i d ~ c1?
B'itr: ur-m, fuRQ~mi3~~D?>1
~: m:f3 ~ 3" tffirBt oft orcW D?>?
"f.J'fut: fuR fuo ~ <M ~ ~ D?> 3" <M -a'oT ~ m B5 ~ D?>I ~ EfuaT
~ H8 ~ ~ D?> fH'Et ~ l.ffil+ ('J;;lI('JC; fc!B ~ ~ ~ D?> I
~: t80r ('J;;l'('J?: 3' ~ ~ Do ~ ~ orcW D?>?
"f.J'fut: ur, ~ ~ ~ urcr ~ # D?> 3" REO orcW D?> I ffiJo -et mi3 LJRra fc!B
EfQ3 d-fffiJCf crctt c11

Reading: Rituals and Ceremonies

tro: tftaT 3" ami
fr50rru tit am-r

a'Pft ~ ~ HOH, ~, 3" ~ 1..1t=r1ft ft:teoft -e- ~ HTB-tf'ad 001 ~ -e- iliH "3
~~~~oo, ~"31'diF.l3e'di fu"B~~~~, 3"fm00ft3~
001 1..1t=r1ft ell B'lti'd I ~ ffiTcift ~ acracft ~ 3' ~ ~ m ~ 3" ffiTcift -e- HOH 3" ~ ~
BT1-f "ctt a\ft ~ ~ 1
~-e- ffif ffiTcift 3" ~ -e- UfO ~ ~ d"ffW ~ 001 ffiTcift -e- UfO &aT -e- oft3 orE
~ 00, 0'B 0'B ~ ~ ~ ~ Qt8t -e- UfO H'" ~ ~ ~ ~ iJi"RT crra- BW ett ~ 001
~ Q ~ ~ ft:teoft -e- ~ ~ BEt f3rnro cft3'" ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ RR-QR ~ ~ 1'diF.l3e'd i "3
~ 0'B ffiTcift -e- UfO EfOT3 ~ ~ ~~, "3 ~ om-rT ~ 0'B ~ <Jtr ~ I ffiTcift tft ~ Q
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D'B3 Qoft3+ 0'B ~ 0\d0 ~ ~ cfuft ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ffift
~"3 ~ ~ BEt ~ 0'B fEu om-rT J:SH ~ 001
~ ~ am-r+ HOO ~ ~ ~"3 ~ 001 ~ ~ fu"B (]Et ~"3 ~"3 R:JiF.l3e l d
HOO ~ -e- UfO ~ "# 00, ~ ~ wt fu"B ~ trE ~ 00, 3" aww aww ~ t'" m:rcrcr cft3'"
~~ "r ~ Qejg(jilBlW ~ ~I ~ fu"B (]Et ~ ~ w:ft ~ ~~, HOO ~ ~ ~ HWBt
~~"3iER~~~~~ool ~Qff<5~it.ft~~~~wtcft3'"~~1
~-~ BEt JjlWB:

1. 1..1t=r1ft cft3T 3" om-rT ~ ~ ~ ~ HTB-tfuoT 0'B ~ ~ oo?
2. ~ ~ HOH 3" ott cft3'" ~ ~?
3. ~~-e-dfBT~ott~~?

CAUSATIVES 171
1. ~ 1=ft ~ d-l7>H8 3' RaP( ~ I

2. afu-ar3R3'~~~~Dl:l~1
3. 3H ~ ~ fu3r 1=ft 3' '2R3'O a<;j~ ~ I
I
4. ~~3'tft3Rr~~1
5.Ha~~HaH0H-i~3~-et~~~~O(a~'~1
6. ffi:r ~ ~-i.'ttt forEt fi1B-et ~?
7. Ha"fu:B ~ oro Q~ 3' o9c;{ o(d~'~dl' I
8. ~iqco* 1Ef.l1'a<J'd ~I
9. rBAO(f.l(') 3' ~ ~ ~ iE'Ol"-~ or:B alB fHRl
10. gRT <y-it a Ha urcJ 7 ~ ~ t=rB I
Exercise 19.2 ~ fiB 3d"BW cfcf:
1. I will have my friend Sharan teach my brother Punjabi.

2. I introduced my sister to my friend Sonia.
3. My father doesn't let me play tennis.
4. Because I cannot tell stories, I will have my friend tell them.
5. He had a new house built for himself.
6. They will have the carpenter make their table.
7. Can you have someone else drive the car? I am tired.
8. Tomorrow I will have my husband cook dinner for me!
9. Dancing and prancing, the kids celebrated LohP.
10. The waiter put two baskets of bread on each table.
Exercise 19.3 Create a 10-12 sentence dialogue about a shopping excursion to a tailor
shop. For example: What would you like to buy or have made? What fabric would you
like? What colors?
Vocabulary
Verbs
to be born (vi)
~ , lH~'d(')' to improve (vt)
fJ:J~' ~C': I to get stitched (vt)
5\..feT to be printed (vi/t)
~ to leap, prance
~ to fill (vt)
~ to celebrate (vt)
~m to see off, say goodbye (vt)
I'BfI~ I ~C': I to have sent (vt)

~---------
172 AN rNTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI
to bury (vt)
/Yeafl Life
arar old man, grandfather; saint (m)

H'F5t wife's sister (f)
~ parental home (m)
~;~ father-in-law, in-laws (m)
HB-HB friendship, association (m)
a-flB-tfEfd milestone (m)
aero wedding party (f)
iERJ'OT (t'" dft3) nuptial song (m)
c;ftooT wail, cry of mourning (m)
~ old age (m)
~ bier, hearse (f)
RROrCJ cremation (m)
iJo.(g'/l::!i3-lt! iF.1EfF Other Useful Words
wg holy man (m)

~ quality, characteristic (f)
gH-t:rd-f pomp and show (m)
HU'cf3 expertise, skill (f)
"Q7SCf skill (m)
CJ'"Bt willing, consenting; healthy (adj/u)
~ show, display (m)
~ halt, stage (m)
~ blessing (f)
~ dependent (adj/u)
~-BTlJ silently, secretly (adjlu)
~ without doubt (adv)
~-~ one-another (adv)
~, 3cfPw types of mustard plant (f, m)
throat (m)
skirt (m)
jab (f)

Lesson 20
RaP{ =?o
Passive Voice and Complex Verbal Moods
20.1 Passive voice
The passive voice is used when action happens to the subject of a clause. Nonnally, most
phrases occur with the verb in the active voice, where the subject is the doer of the action.
In the example below, the subject ('person') does an action ('eats') to an object ('bread'):
Person eats bread.
In the following example of a passive voice construction, the subject (bread) passively
undergoes an action (eaten). The actual doer of the action is left unstated:
Bread is eaten.
Passive voice verb constructions in Punjabi follow the fonnula:
Perfect participle of main verb + ~ (conjugated appropriately)
If agents (doers of the action) are needed, ~ or ~ ('by') is used to mark them.
~ ffibo f.tB fE"'ol: m~ ~ ~ ~ I A new cafe was opened in our city.

1Ft~~~OOI Letters are written here.
yfRR ~QT -H8 fu"B '80 Ut of8 ~ Thieves are locked up in prison by the police.
001
Unlike in English, the passive is rarely used in Punjabi. Impersonal passives are expressed
using the 3rd person plural with no marked subject. For example, instead of saying (as
might be said in English),
It is said that ...
.. .in Punjabi, one would more commonly say,
They say that ...

20.2 Complex verbal moods
Punjabi is capable of expressing a subtle range of differences in verbal mood through

recombination of the basic participles with auxiliary verbs. Oftentimes these more subtle
constructions, although common in speech and nuanced writing, differ very little in
meaning from their simpler, more direct counterparts. In many cases, the exact translation
of such constructions must be understood in context.
1. Potential forms. These build upon the subjunctive's sense of potentiality or 'may be.'
Recall that the subjunctive conveys what 'may' happen in the future.
He may study math.
The potential imperfect conveys what 'may be' happening, in the present.
Imperfect participle of main verb + subjunctive of~
He may be studying math.
The potential perfect conveys what 'may have' happened in the past.
Perfect participle of main verb + subjunctive of~
He may have studied math.
2. Presumptive forms. These build upon the use of the future's sense of 'must be.'
Recall that the future of~ can convey what is presumed to be.
He must be Harpreet.
The presumptive imperfect conveys what 'must be' happening, at present.
Imperfect participle of main verb + future of~
He must be studying math.
The presumptive perfect conveys what must have' happened, in the past.
Perfect participle of main verb + future of~"T
He must have studied math.

(He will have studied math.)

PASSIVE VOICE AND COMPLEX VERBAL MOODS 175
3. Several forms emphasize that an action happens habitually or 'all the time.'
The present habitual--as already learned-is often used to describe an action that is
happening at present. It is distinguished from the progressive in that the latter specifies to
an action actively in progress at a given time. However, in certain contexts, use of the
present habitual overlaps with the present progressive. Compare:
Ud ~ '0 "fER ~ "3 ;::Mft ~ I Everyday, a car drives down this street.
~'O"fER~"3W~~1 Now a car is driving down this street.
~ Q1;TO fuR ~ "3 ;::Mft ~ I Now a car is driving/drives down this street.
This is because the imperfect merely indicates that an action is not complete, and not
necessarily that it is performed habitually. If one wants to emphasize the habitually
occurring nature of the action, the following form can be used.
Imperfect of main verb + imperfect of~ + present auxiliary offu?
He is always studying math.
Similarly, the past habitual is often translated with 'used to' in order to distinguish a
regularly occurring action from one that happened just once (i.e. the perfect) or one that
was in actively in progress at a given time (Le. the past progressive).
He used to study math.
However, many times a translation without 'used to' is equally appropriate.
Last year he studied math.
If one wants only to emphasize the habitually occurring nature of the action, the following
form can be used.
Imperfect participle of main verb + imperfect participle offu? + past auxiliary of~
He would study math (all the time). or

He was (usually) studying math, or
He used to (always) study math.
The same types of idea can be expressed with another construction.
Main verb root + ~ (invariable) + imperfect participle of~
~ fill:rra ~ ~I He studied math.

~ fuwa ~ ~ (fft)1 He used to study math.
As soon as we arrived, we called our mother.

~~R'cJ~aTRtQ~
WI
3. To denote 'for' (a time), with Q
Page 194 Ho\B~~Q~~D0r81

S/he has been teaching music for six weeks.
'1.1.0.. hn.'I::'-.o. h.cloL:lt._ 100.....,1'1"\"'" Pll1n1~h; .f1"\'I'" nnp "p~r
.~~..P-.-...r:-.......,...\l-~,..,.........,.~~'
176
"I" fi rIDS ofDF are generally omitted in this construction, however, to
Note that the aUXI mry 0 " "
specify an action in the past one may use the past auxIlIary"
More examples:
Gurdit may be staying in Hyderabad.
~fftJt!d'6't!~~1
9=.,.==&.:=:t-21 She may have gone hom~u.

tPO: UOT IE ()P(H I a
.>
. '.-,,~;?'{ -. '~~~:~f -;! ~~--
~ tft qo3t fJ'iH3 1(') ~ Hf 3' ~ ffi-ft?>T ~ tW ~ ~I ~ Rt!t WB ~ 3' ill'5C

tft ~ 7i m' tft ~-'6'oft WB fE'c;l: ~ !B(')PlM ' 6 ~ I ~ Rt!t WB ofuaT tft Htt O'B ~
~ WB fur ~ ~I (H~E:< WB ~ Bfuo WB ~ ~dldlo(Mt3dM <j61~dlJiel HCfTlf3 ~
or8tl ~ ~ ~ fJiH3 ftB ~ !B(').O(M'6 tft ~ ftB fuR <j61~afJ:tel tT ~ ftfw 111 ~
i
(')
'&r0, cfu:l+~cfq~~~~~,ft:1<1#~, ~~~tft

!B(')PlM'6
~ WB IF.t'(')t!'d ~ ~I ~ WB ~ tft ~ 7i ~ fJ'iH3 1(') tft ~ LfRC fu'3t1 ufuBt
fuR ~ friB ~ ~ UR ~ ffi l.fd" ~ dt ~ fiB fE1} ~ ~ ~ 3' cfq ~ iR; ffaftl
~ [E(')PlM'6 tft ~ 7i illfW fffit ~ tft ql'afe0(3' QEftB ~I fuR ~ # cr8T ~ '3
~~~ Deft ~I ofhrnra ~ tT ~ 3' ))iRCf, ~ tft 8f0iH'6 ~, ~ ~ <iR
~ ~ 0IcJBT ~ !B(')P(M'6 ~ ~ ~ ~ DOl l.fd" fuu fu.PG ~ ~ ~-~ ~
tt;:rra ~.~ 7i fJiH3 1(') tft:orcftcft 3' ~ Q~ ~ ~ fuR ~ f.tB flc;{T # ~ ~
#fWwoQ~~JI

Examples using R"'C":'":
fdfu "ffi:5 ~ fl' g~ fdw.r" Rt I Gibb had gone to play the drum.
~~~~DOI The students go to school to study.
ern- Lf'OO{ ftB ~ ~ I The children will go to the park to play.
ai"' ~ ~ m:rcr ~ WI I used to go to the bazaar to buy vegetables.
Examples with ~:
~l)frCft~~~1 She has come to learn Punjabi.

~ ":2U' Q1kffi'> ~ iY I We have come to meet you.
~ orcr o'tol" 0\cf0 ~ I The mechanic will come to repair the car.
ai"' 1B"U fc8rcF ~ ~ WI I used to come here to see books.
20.4 The present adverbial participle
Adverbial participles are essentially verbs that have been turned into adverbs, that is, words
that describe how an action is done. Most common is the present adverbial participle,
which is fonned by adding -~ to the root of a verb. I It is used in the following ways:
1. To denote 'while'
fcr3ra ~ ai"' a:faft3 octt ~I While reading a book, I do not listen to music.
8'R ftB ~ ~ , a=rQ 3ft rnr ml While traveling in the bus, we fell asleep.
The present adverbial participle is often doubled for emphasis in this process.
tRft~-~, ~i>AA~
- :::::
All the while drinking water, she told me with
O'B~I a gesture.
2. To denote 'as soon as' with the emphatic particle -crt or R'd
~fi'B~dtHwQRf3ffl As soon as I enter the room, I say Sat Sri Akal

l;rfCi{'"B ~ iY I to them.
~~R'd~at=ftQ~ As soon as we arrived, we called our mother.
~I
3. To denote 'for' (a time), with 0-
mft3 ~ ~ Q ~ ili8 ~ orE I S/he has been teaching music for six weeks.
<.t,::rcft ~ H'Q f8'c;{ W8 ~ fdw.r" I We have been learning Punjabi for one year.
lOne may also form a past adverbial participle, by adding -~ to the root of a verb. As its usage is rare, it
Page 196 is of negligible importance at this stage of learning. www.sikhbookclub.com

trO: UOT IE ()P(H I a
,
""
\) ~--
',d
Jlf\. f'~).
~. ,. .....
1JRra tft 'ClCf3t f'J'~iH 3'(') ~ f@ 3' ~ ffi-ftnT fiB' ~ t=M!t ~ I ~ Rtft fu'B ~ '3 illR
tft ~ ~ iE'B' tft if3T-~ fu'B fu"c,{ ~ 1B('),o<H'S ~I ~ Rtft fu'B oftraT tft Htt! 0':H if3T-
~ fu'B ~ ~ ~ I q tE:< fu'B ~ EitJcr fu'B 1JRra ~dlcfl O<Ht3dH ljc5l~d 1Jic!l Rtr1-f3 ~
oTBtI 1JRra ~ tR1
::::
f'J't:!iH3'(')
-
fu'B c:fcf 1B('),o<H'S tft orw;rm fu'B fuR &J<Sl~drtJ~
=
't:!'" ~ ftfw ~I c:fcf
IB(,)PlM'S~, cft;::rT ~ etq ~ ~ ~ ~ orm-r, ft:rcJ+ ~~, ~ ~ ~ tft
~fu'B f.t'(')t:!'d ~~I1JRrafu'B ~tft~~~ fJ'~iH3'(,) tft~ URCW3t1 uftrHT
fuR ~ fu'B ~ tft urc ~ a=ft 1../0 ~ tit ~ fu'B tEl} ~ tft ~ 3' etq ~ ~ Ifaft I
c:fcf IB(,)PlH'S tft ~ ~ illfJ:t+ BEt 1JRra tft ))j 'd Fe 0<3' Q&tB ft"3" I fuR ~ ~ orBt ~ '3
~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ 't:!'" ~ '3~, ~ tft ~f'0iH'S~, ~ ~ <tB
~ ~ C{d"W c:fcf IB(')P(H'S ~ ~ ~ ~ IJ(')' I 1../0 fuD' iliit'tPr3 ~ fc;( if3T-~ ~
tfHra ~,~ ~ f'J'~iH 3'(') tft:oratat '3 ~ Q~ ~ ~ fuR ~ fu'B ReV ~ aitrc ~
~~Q~~~I

1. @iH3'e tft(5~QfeW'" '~()T~'I

2. "H~<5~tBt!>feW'"fc;l:afft1:ft~~uTl
- ;:::;-
3. trR ~ ~ fu -
iH""6"P{ aD3 ~ 3'".B <.r.feT ~ I
- "
4. ~ wa-~ ~ -;:;ft3 ~ 07>, ~ W UJd?
5. exfftft, Ha~~ettexff~1
6. 0\Et ~ feW'" ~ (j fc;l: t't;::ra rJ'~iH 3 tft ~ tft &cft (j I
1
(')
7. l..ffc:JBt ~ ~ -e- AA 3 ~-~ f<!B ~ ~ HOI

8. W<5~~, 'wcftWHB'"D~til~(j'1
9. @iH3 e tft~~fi:rcr"Bt~(j1
l
10. ~-"i:~~wfua<5Hcr-cmoft3rl
Exercise 20.2 ~ f.t.B "3"CfBW ofcf:
1. In India, Hindi is spoken.

2. These clothes were made in Banaras.
3. The thieves will be caught.
4. We were not told about this.
5. The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.
6. I have been told that you know several Indian languages well.
7. I cannot eat such spicy food. (Such spicy food will not be eaten by me).
8. This letter can be sent by air mail.
9. I want to drive my friend Irfan's car at night, but he wont allow it.
10. This necklace was given to me by my husband.
Exercise 20.3 Write a review of a film in Punjabi. Summarize the plot and analyze the
storyline, the acting, and music. What were the strengths and weaknesses of the film?
Would you recommend this film to someone else?
l..fRrEft -e-~, fJ'~iH 31~ 1..7wcr f.t.B fJ-et 3 ~ ~ ett ~ ~ 07> I 1'lflf ~ 3,
fJ-et t!~(')'dIJl fR<Jt ~ ~ ~ fR<Jt f.t.B fmft ~ (jl 1.8 ~ ~ odf RTI 1.1wat -e- ~
fRcrcft Will--Icft - fR<Jt f.t.B iRl:R HO ft:!R tft ffillW3 rnocft ~ 3' DEl (j I arCfT ~ o'fH-E-E'o\cr 3'
-:::;
()ffi-f -gRo ~, l1t=r1=ft tIT 8"IT3 if1TaT PItfuf ~ ~ ~ (wftr3) ~ fR<Jt f<!B til fBfWw ~
(jl ~"ffi-PO ~ ~ (')i~fHiHc tft CfB?)T titf1?'(') ~ ~ ~ ~ ~"(')'"}ft O(]lijO(ld tfl

CfB?)T "Ho'" ~r ffiJcr' ett Will--Icft f.t.B til ~ ~ HO I urW fc;l: ~, f'o<iH 3 tft iH dO(l eft B"S'?) @oe" (j,
- - 1
(')
- -:::;
t.j f'o<iH 3
1
1
(') fcttr E0% 3' ;;fq R-O\i- tft w-aRt l..fRrEft (j I ~ ffiJcr W'B ~ DE R-O\i- tft aRt ~ -e-
8W -et aRt orff ~ <tcrcft odf, ~ Efua+ W'B ~ l..fRrEft fBcIc; ~ ~ ~ fR<.ftW ~ 07>1
fR<.ftW tIT M 3'".B <ITfucr" ~ ~ u:ret W'B ~ ffop-I q tB ') 3' ~ ~, ~I f'o<iH 3'~ 3 rJ'~iH 3'~
1..7wcr W ft"-tJ, l1t=r1=ft W'B W ~ 36 JlHl~ ~ 07> I ~ t't;::ra W'B ~ 3 rnocft f.l6 e'~Hl
tIT rn3 ~ l)Hra W'B fbtft 3 ~ f.l6ei~Hl tIT t'ft:rrat BS'0 ~ orftRp- ~ fuw VI

Vocabulary
Verbs
~ to choose (vt)
~ to try, test, experiment (vt)
<;:'!ql~~1 to increase (vt)
Crops and Livestock
~,~ grains, cereals (m)

~ seed, piece of grain (m)
~ wheat (1)
~ millet (m)
H barley (m)
H'oft corn, maize (1)
lI.fTIJ grass (m)
WJ livestock (m)
~ cattle (m)
U, fu5, ClB"t ox (m)
~ yoke (1)
Adjectives
}JflIHt!'d spicy (adj/u)

~ commercial (adj/u)
~ return (adj/u)
~ elementary, initial (adj/i)
~ ancient, old (adj/u)
~ contemporary (adj/u)
~ separate, separated (adj/i); same as ~
Green Revolution
1B(')P(M'8 revolution, transformation (m)

agriculture, farming (1)
Persian wheel (m)
example (1)
canal (1)
laborer (m)
science (m)
experience (m)
founded (adjlu)
to found, establish (vt)
important, significant (adj/u)
production, yield, output (f)
consequently, as a result (of), in the wake (of) (adjlu)
production, yield, output (f)
Uf'C lack, deficiency (f)
~ success (f)
))1lafB0(3 1 economy, state of economy (f)
~ aspect (m)
&-~ criticism (f)
~ pesticide (adj/u)
~ environment, atmosphere (m)
~ resource, means, medium (m)
aRJdi's limitless, endless; too much (adj/u)
~ debt (m)
~ reality, truth (f)
:orcftBt poverty (f)
fWwcr standard, level (m)
iJo .(;j5'18r3J..itr fF.fCft!' Other Useful Words
Haq- relation, association (m)

rJi~1 1'diF.l recommendation (f)
H1T a women's garment (f)
~ necklace (f)
~ darkness (m)
~ to pass, elapse (vi)
~ attention (m)
yfuR police (f)
HfbHro guest (m)
~ difficulty (f); difficult (adjlu)
~ account book (f)
~ the script for Punjabi, adapted from Arabic, used in West Punjab (f)
.e~(')idldl the script used for writing Hindi (f)
O(iJ,cflO('a story writer (m)
~ relation, relationship (m)
384151 change, transformation (f)
~ effect, influence (m)

Part Two
LANGUAGE THROUGH LITERATURE

Poetry

Lesson 21
RaP{ ~9.
~&~
~ w ~ ,~~.09"~!
~~~, ~~09"H8tB!
ClR fH.B cr:01f <.ffuV ~, ~rnT N<3TCf WI
~ ~ (5T(5T H'-a, fBjfjO(e-; 'J'd ~I
~ dta a'Bt, d.:{cf Hftr3ra09" ROO I
~w~, ~~o9"HEtB!
~~~~,~fu>~1
~~~~, 3't~~~
~~~, Do~o9"HEtBI
~W~d, ~l\'Rra09"~!
iiR wEt ~r ~, w:crr ffi-ft0T ~

'~'
<JHrat 003T ~ Q}1c{ QHO{ l.fE B1=W,
~ ~ ft:1v8H, ~ \:fora 09" HEtB I
~W~, -eR~o9"HEtB!
R'o1c" (19 32) fctB'

2. ~ ~ ~ (popular) ~ ~ ~ ~ (pastimes and activities) ~ fuc;l;a ~~?
3. R ~ l];::rra ~ (')f.fH futrc:'t W, ~ ~ f.tB l];::rra ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ff.rc;ro o0aT 3-

~?
~ jujube (m), i.e. maroon-colored

~f3ld(,)' to raise (vt)
~ Attock, the Indus River (m)
~ friends! (voc.)
QJWa rose (m)
~,~ to make whirl (vt)
BOl:fT spinning wheel (m)
~ to swing (vi)
(5T(5T waves (fpl)
R thread (f)
~ spinning session/group of women (m)
~ delicate (adj/u)
~ to bear fruit (vi)
Hfu3ra moon (m)
fRlflOle' to sparkle (vi)
~ creeper plant (f); (')'dld<i)f3 = the betel plant

Lesson 22
HElP{ :?:?
~cfuffliuf
HeftW00~H~~
~ cf3t (') 0BCf GlrO H uaa3 ~
H m-r ~ doT B i.h:f (') <to tT,

uT g-a' :oratcft ~ H ~ HOB 31
H ~ I)fClB ~ 3..B uW H ~ffi <:fT,

Hor orB ~ tiB crf3 ClB ~ 1
H WT3 ~ U'BHaTO oIftr ~

uT fto Q ~ ()lB ~ ~ mle'l
~ ih:ft ~ ~ t=I 0lB B"aTtft

H~~~ '~(')or-~1
V, fud at &+ uriE ~ ~f.RB!

Heft -&09" fuu ~ feW (') f~1
Heft feg0 ~ ~tRJ 3 tw..r :~.~ ~

~, vcft tNt ctu H30B ~ fcR:fT I
mao ~ (1948) fiB'

~ heaven, sky (m)

#.h:f, ffi:lt playful, lively (adj/i)
~ garden (m); bloom (adj/u)
~ moonlight (f)
CLf'cf evil eye (f)
3Clf3T desperate endeavor (m)
~ dew (f)
~ neck (f)
~ violet (m)
&r black-bee (m)
<!0 color; appearance (m)

Lesson 23
HaP{ ~3
t:i?>'t tJTH ~
1..f;:rra! ~ oft tm2 3at, W?)T -e- Re m-ro 3-a-,

RR-~3o'-, ~3at,~, UCfCB, ~3-a-1
W03 -e- fi:ro 3 5:1: 30'-, 3-a- fRo ~ fud..rrw t'"
M 3 B'ta" ~r tft, ~ ftB flc;{ ~ t'" I
era dcr ~ "ffi-lN tft, <ffR til:f ~ qrcc{ t'" 11,
~ 8'q tfcr?>+ t', ~ ~ ~ 0' ROrt'" 11 I
~ 800\3 ~ ~51~, ~ -e- w ~ 11,
~tm"~~tl1, 300 ~~111
fRo d'j' fB a 11 ))faT t'", ~ d-IJ=f4-I8t ur? tft,

I (')
o:f0 B'Q 3 ~ mft ~ 3fcpW ~ tftl

UfO 3-a- ~ }Kft;W 71, ~ ~ ~ Bfuo BOT'"Et 11,
urva~~-~7i, ~tft~~111
~ 3at ~ fcrm-r 71, ~ B'cv ~ 11,
~ ~ ifH fdj))r-, fRR 30'- taEO ~ 111
fffi-rw, ~, HCft 3-a-, ~ 30'-, ~ 30'-,
fe1:ft 3at, P.i& 30'", ~ RD ~ 30'-1
(3)~
taR ftB W'B ~ .~ otit7 taR ~ f.tB otit foBro 30'-7

taR dju ftB 3cr- ~ otit7 fom fRo 3 otit ~ 30'-7
fom fcm tft erR 0' Ct-Ioft 11, i.io8 3 ofbd-f3 3at 3?
ffcr+ Hl:lTa l..fE l..[~ 71, 3faW ~ tft ~ 31
~ 3l:f3 ~ of~ t'", fRo t'" ~ HafT f"3'",
~ -E-go 3Rt 2r l:lCJ ~~, fuB))l 'l.E' tftd w f"3'" 1
00 ~fEfoIt5 em ~ra- 3 ~ 11 ~ wr7i tft,
fi:ro -f fcru'" 11 a-m3t t'", <.ft <.ft 3-a- ~ tft I

3-at 3RJ 'F.ft Cl PIt:fu.tt ~, fb'lCl H 3CJT "H"R'?>9" ~,

I
30( Il1 H 3-a fB f'::kJ /H i -et f8'O\ ~ ft:ftit f?>r.ro't ~ I

I I
~ ~lJ.ffaw Rt~~~~,
~, ~, ~~, ClHEfla i , ~ (')'"df~,
~ ffi!P{T & BEt, Rt ~ ~ ()ltT~,
3tfoO\R1tPw~~,lJdO~, ~~I
~, ~ ~ 3to aD~, ~(J'l'a3 ~ llU-IH'O ad,
~ ~ 3:or ~ ft::r0 3-a 3' ~ H'O aDl
are'" O'?)O(, are'"~, ~ 5'""3t 3"l.PB ~,
~Q~~BEt, cret~~~~1
~ fiB ~-Hitro eft eft 3'cft ~ 0 otit?

aTw * Lj~~ Jt fcRJr ~ is is Hdtft otit?
I I
~ ~ 3-a m 3" ))iT ))iT ~ fi-fc fi-fc ~ ad,

~ 3-a ~ ~ ~))f'O('E 3-a ~ aDl
-;:raT cret #R fldl' ~~ BEt, B'3 if "illE ~ cret,
~ ~ c;ft -J, a:fwt c;ft -J, Btclf ~ -J, $;; fd (J t ~ -J I
I
~~cret~~c;ft-J, LjCJ~fWW~~-J1
~ ~ ~ ~ -J, ~ ~aCl'61 t'" a'?>'t-JI
va ~ fWW, ~ -et, ~ jt"O(Cl""tT ~ -J I
(E) ~
~ ~ ~ fX'ur- -J, ()T aTdd-fi ~ ()T 1..f'F ~,

()Taruo~~~, ()T~crwcrw~1
Han -et ~ flBT8t~, ~ fiB HCO( ~~,
1tfc;{t -et ftJH3lWBt ~,
ft:R:ra 3" ~ ~ B'Bt ~ I
few" ~
::::: cit} ~ <5-, Han-H'3PW ~ -, ~
Rt ~ w:re:'t BTit fiB, 3t Eo ~ ~ ~I
~ ~ ~ ~ cf3tft~, ~ tffutft ~ ~ ~~,
~~~~~
- '~~~~~I
:;
fti't.l:BT -et ~ 1..lfufT?i=' oft
- oft
- ~ HH3t ~
u'
~
~~HE~Q,f8'0\~~f8'O\~~1
Rt 0'3 ~ fl:wtft~, ~ O'OT fuBrctt ~~,
fafQ- QBw ~~, Han 3" ft::Kr(JT ~ ~ I
~~fiBcr.ret~
-u ' Rtdarm~~
::::: - ,
~ fl.pw ~O(i ~~, 3" ~ IfuJ dje'j"t' ~I

~3"fGBfGB~~, BfiBUBuE~<5-,
~ 5T(J ~ <5-, D'Bt 3'0\ 3'0\ ~ ~ <5-1
qo'tO'H~ 191
3-at d--flfu' 1H'o't aBt -et, ;:ft ~ ~ (')T ~ ~,

~ ftJtft fulW ~ 1?'B, ~-3'B 3ar ~ ~ ~ I
<tR oR, UfO a'U-O 3ar, ~ -,:roT ~ 3ar,

~, il-fft:a, ecra'cJ 3ar, ~, B'"W, Rat'O 3ar I
~ R'cft ~ dj"tJCit ~, tKJ 3ar cfaT ~ ~,
3-at ~ t:'" ~(e,' ~ wdt HftJB+ 3' ~ ~ I
3d1N 1N ~J, ~ ft::rdt ~ ~~,
3cftiITet 1?'B a1~ ~, ~ - -et ftBT ~ ~ I
tddl,Jr ~ ~ aTE 3, H"'WO ~ ~ t:'"~,
tKJ 3d ~ ftj~ Q'~' t:'" ~ mff ~ ~I
tlt0?'9'Il (1931) f.tB'

2. ~ tl'"frra tflW ~ ~ W (boundaries) t'" fi;rc;z;o ~ cJ? fuR -et ~ W O'B

~cict?
3. ~ nB ~ W ~ a8('),~i fc!B 1..1t=r"a ~ ~ ~ D"(')" I fu<J+ ~ -e- 1m2 Old?) -e-

~ cr-a- fR1f I
~~
~ favor, kindness (m)

~ leadership (f)
~ intimacy (f)
~ celestial (adj/u)
~ leader, forerunner (m)
~ freedom, independence (f)
~ inhabited (adj/u)
~ grand, majestic (adj/u)
~ difficulty (f)
fuR<;( love (m)
IBP\El'M confession; dignity (m)
1Ewdt divine (adj/u)
~ generosity (f)
~ truth (f)
R3t chaste (adj/u)
RtPI'" because of, for (Pp)
~ call (m)
HLrcr longing, yearning (f)
~ hunter (m)
~ heaven, paradise (m)
iii' fBEl'(') canopy (m)
iH'UR courage (m)
~ to sew (vt)
~ patience, faith (m)
fRo head (m)
~ nature, character (m)
~ heat, warmth (m)
att prey (m)
#t()T gold (m)
B"dtt
Page 210 martyr (m) www.sikhbookclub.com
193
w6t princely, imperial (adj/u)

EMf Shirin, the heroine of a love legend
f.1'a3 power, influence, status (f)
urRt ploughman (m)
ftf'oz: chest (f)
ftJH3 bravery (f)
~ to spin (vt)
~ ancient (adj/u)
oto ear (m)
$3d861 sacrifice (f)
W hut, home (m)
cry, call (f)

J;ffiOl3 mankind; large crowd (f)
~ sword (f)
~ to flower, bloom (vi)
l;fU well (m)
fai'o hand-span (f)
~, -art lap (f)
~ fierce (adj/u)
ur.:R)T to manufacture, sculpt (vt)
UjT,~ wound, cut (m)
~ clarified butter (m)
~
buzzing sound (f)
B'cro large boulder, cliff (f)
B'lfr unit of measurement = 'breadth of 4 fingers' (m)
~
a medieval pulley-based torture device, stretcher (t)
~ earthen vessel for churning milk (f)
B't'"O sheet (t)
~ silver (f)
~
light, radiance; dawn (m)
~ moonlight (f)
fuua'" face (m)
ftf3r worry, anxiety (f)
Bta slit, tear, fissure (m)
~
to hull, husk (vt)
~m morning meal (m)
~ to begin, start (vi)
'Hdl'@e' to wake, rouse from sleep (vt)
ffifW age, period (m)
-,:far particle, speck (m)
"'HB-<1e water and wind (m-f)
~ glowing, majestic (adj/u)

R'O life (t)

~ courage (m)
~ inclination, mood (m)
~ fire (t)
RH enthusiasm, gusto (m)
-HaT pair (of oxen), yoke (t)
Bcro-H'3r proud of ones youth (adjli)
~ storm (m)
tffiO{ glimpse, glimmer (t)
~ to swing (vi)
~ to drip, trickle (vi)
feB snap, clicking sound (t)
~ to nudge, goad, poke (vt)
tm7)T to melt (vi)
~ to approach (vi)
~l:::1 heap, pile (mit)
3RJf.flEl civilization (t)
~~ peacock throne (m)
3Bt palm; sole (t)
3'cft swim, dip (t)
3'E rhythm, meter (t)
3tcr arrow (m)
~ to card (vt)
~ string instrument (m)
eaEO seeing, meeting, audience with (m)
eadliJl divine (adjlu)
~ pretension (m)
fuB heart (m)
~ lamp (m)
~ wealth (f)
~ to go in (vi)
qo earth(f)
g'qw foggy, misty (adj/i)
~ to flee (vi)
(')'""t sound (m)
~ different, peculiar (adjli)
fc5Hro mark, sign, indication (m)
foorru sight, view (t)
fu"ufr warm, cozy (adj/i)
fmrBr unique, extraordinary (adj/i)
& eyes (m pI)
~ crib (m)
t5tCflH~ 195
~ to string, thread (vt)

l..ld~IG~1 to have something torn (vt)
t.r:W chill, frost (m)
~ backside, rear (m)
~ to grind (vt)
~ to fit well, suit, match (vi)
~ son (m)
sgfd(]J e the hero of a love legend
~ steel (m)
~ construction, design (f)
tfq stoppage, closure (m)
"8ClO\3 blessing, bounty (f)
~ spear (f)
BT(]O outside/fields (m)
wo't founder (m)
Ef':ROT to burn (vt)
fucrc:r" pangs of separation (m)
~ button (m)
~IG~I to extinguish (vt)
~ endless (adj/u)
3dT3 devotee; holy man (m)
~ morning meal brought to the fields (m)
~ to collide, clash (vt)
HF8t ecstasy (f)
a--rmtt carpet (f)
Hdf water buffalo (f)
H!:fW3t velvety, smooth (adj/u)
Htftcr honey (m)
HCO( enticing movement (f)
6-fa1T to sacrifice (vi)
~ churning stick (f)
wfu' honey (m)
~ fatal (adj/u)
~ to be erased, rubbed off (vi)
~ epithet for a Muslim (m)
~ mouth (m)
~ bar, liquor shop (m)
Wi wax (f)
~ to get on well (vi)
afu1-f3 grace, benevolence (f)
-a'1=re to be satisfied, satiated (vi)
ere; battlefield (m)
-----
a set of musical notes used in Indian classical music (m)

saliva, drool (f)
ray, beam (oflight) (f)
sage (m)
~ to be washed away by current (vi)
~ cotton wool (m)
~ lighted, luminous (adjlu)
~ hustle and bustle (f)
Rfba wave (f)
twf'7>'t unmatched, peerless (adjlu)
WW epithet for Hindu (businessman) (m)
ffir full-blast (m)
~ to reside, live (vi)
~ course of river, flow (m)
~ to fall (vi)
~ to be spread, laid out (vi)
~ enemy (m)

Lesson 24
HaP{ ~8
HuoiffuJ
g: Billft ~~,
3 ~ tkl\3I~~ g,
~3'ti"~~,
fu"O( ~1tT,
~fuB ~ f3O(i o't
UfO m fforr o't I
HTd?)~o't,
ft:ra:r tfB ~ o't, tfu3"?)~g:
(J =
~~~o't, Billft g <gO( i o't I
eft ~ tT ~ o't,
~tT~o'tl fuo~wa3'
tfO wctt ri' o't, -A-acft~B
~ri'o't, ~~~tT
fuuAQ~E,
fuB~~~,
3l:(cT~EI
3~~tft,
i:R"~~~1
fuo ifo ~ tfu3" 3'

- (J'
IA large mango tree with small size fruit. Such
trees were commonly found in the courtyards of g:~afu~,
Punjabi homes and families sat under them during tfu:ft LiCf &t '3,
Page 215
hot summer days. www.sikhbookclub.com
~"WB~~ ~ercr-~3t1
~~ofuT3t, ~ofuT~g
HW~~3t, ~tft~-~7>
~tft~7>,
cftaT 3 ~ 3t, ~tft~~7>,
~~~3t, BOl:!t tft ~ 7>,
~~3Cf83t, c"fWW tft Rat 7>
3~~3t, ~tft~7>,
WB3))iT~, m=t '3 ljT f'tf3'",
~"dtljT~1 3 ~rco3w f'tf3'" I
~forur~Rt? ~ iif3r H'tit 3t,

$J~~Rt, BOl:!t t!t BCfHtf 3'
$J orcJa-rT ~ Rt, ~ 0{'Bl:f w"dt 3t I
fi:rH~~3t, ",. ;5'3 ~ ~,
UKf~~RtI a-r& '3 wBt 3t1
~~
v ~tiRt3t,
~ <JSt it3T 3t, ~ "3'ift wBt 3t,
~~~3t, ~ -euat ~ orBt 3t,
~ of,:mr ~ 3t, ~ ~ -a orBt 3t,
~~BTE3t, $J~~3t,
H.R H.R ~ iftt ~, ~~3t,
ti8 fBf.iO('@ 3t, $Jfucfuc ~3t,
ww~~~, ~ fl:r.3" fl:r.3" ti'W 3t,
cm-~~3t1 $J~~~3t,
W "0'0 ff.1aroT 3', ~ ClfB ()T -e"frT 3t I
~ fuuBt VEt 3t I
))iT rn'Eft "Ei'B ~, ~ f.ftw BOl:!t t',
fucr~~3tI. ~~tVBt3t,
~~wBt3t,
$J\R~lift, $JmN3t,
))iT~~3t, ~ ftrnT ()T ~ it,
rn'Eft tft ~ it I ~H'C~t'",
~uo~t',
$J~~t', ~~~3t,
~ ~~t"ilal 3t1 Umm3t
- ,
fpffi~~, tf,:ft ~ ~ 3t,
m-r- ~ ofuT 3t, rn'Eft ~ ~ 3t I
~~tft, ~ lift H'BtE 3t,
iFI'Old ~ 6fut 3t, u"fr lift H'BtE 3t,
~~tiEit, ~B'tCf~3t,
~~o1t3t, Hcft~~3t,
Page 216
$JM~3
199
~ B'3t Btc1: 0't, ~~~0't,

Heft~~0't, ~~~0't,
~ LIOlift 'IDtr ~ 0't., ~~0't,
Heft ~ Bfu m 0't, ~ 0(<:<;;'<;;; 0't,
w ili5 ~ ofu olE 0't, '3ar ~~0't,
~ O\cf ~ afu olE 0't I ~~~0't,
# ~ o{'cioft,
~futr-~Rt? ~fclR~~,
~"Wdi~Rt, ~
~ 1Ot:l t" ~?
;:l 01'011.
~ 0\cI1--rT ~ Rt,
f,:m- ~ fuu~ 0't, ff?- U30(1936) f<tB'
UfO }Rr' ~' Rt I

1. fER ~ f.ttJ ~ fcu:r Qwtr C\cf fuur ~?
2. nfEft t'" 1'orcJ+ ofBT t'" <{3tcI~? li1a3 fER Q~ ~ ~ ~ "3 ~ umor ;::ritft -fr?
3. ~ t'" ROB ~ f.ttJ 3"CJBW 001
nfEft small mango (f)

~ stubbornness (f)
Cfh!'(;jC3I to cause to call (vt)
~,~ the monsoon month (July-August) (m)
~,~ in front of (pp)
R'OlCf ocean (m)
~ to burn (vt)
~ to make sleep (vt)
tfcf comfort (m)
~ needle (f)
"C\cf hissing sound (f)
ill stubbornness, inflexibility (m)
~ to be breathless (vi)
iJ1:r" attack (m)
~,~ wind (f)
uro-f}fard make-up (m)
~ exclamation (m)
~ tooth (metaphorical), diamond (m)
~~ to respond in concurrence (vt)
~ embroidery, needlework (m)
~ collyrium, mascara (m)
C{CfH action, deed (m)
C{'BCf black dust (f)
foKr", fc;8 ft:K:rr what sort of?
~ somewhere; perchance (adv)
a1EB Indian cuckoo (f)
~ heart (metaphorical), foundation (f)
t:f'C'" sour (adj/i)
~-~ the sound of leaves rustling (f)
cftcr rice pudding (f)
~ jewel (m)
~ around (adv)
201
buzzing sound as that of a fast-running machine (f)

whirling sound (f)
whirling sound (f)
angry stare (f)
moon; 'husband' (m)
the leather pieces holding the spindle in a spinning wheel (f)
to shriek (vi)
pinky finger (f)
to run with long strides (vt)
scarf, woman's head covering (f)
memory (m)
to jingle, tinkle (vi)
wave (f)
locative offfiT, shade (f); 'in the shade'
to touch (vt)
mind/heart (m)
continuous rain for several days (f)
anklet (f)
line of verse (m)
resistance (f)
chin (f)
epithet for a beloved (m)
30W request (m)
~~ to clap (vt)
3BT promise never to do something bad or forbidden (f)
~ day (m)
~ double (adj/i)
~ to beat, knock (vi)
~ turban (f)
l.Idt3'9~1 to please (vt)
~ foreign land (m)
~ love (f)
fun.fTOT dear (adj/i)
~ small stringed chair (m)
~ to prick (vt)
roving of cotton or wool (f)
~
deep fried sweet fritter (m)
i:lcr the tip of a finger or toe (m)
~ snare, trap (m)
~
to burn (vt)
tl't8 cloud (m)
~ gun (f)
ri without (adv)
fuc-fuc~ to gaze intently (vt)
fu'tft dot (t)
~ to run, scram, scoot (vi)
~ to break, smash (vt)
~~ fortunate (adj/i)
we mother, mother-in-law (t)
~ on the ground (adv)
~ cot (m)
H.B?)T to rub, scrub (vt)
wctt epithet for male beloved (m)
6-f'"e respect, honor (m)
~ to come off, to descend (vi)
"WH war (f)
~ bridegroom (m)
ffmC;('gc;I to polish, shine (vt)
~ to flow (vi)
~ bangle (t)
~ to cut (vt)
trader (m)
to increase, enlarge; here, to comb (vt)
unoccupied (adj/i)

Lesson 25
ffaP{ =?4
Hun fi:fuf
fl:rcr '3 -;jctt t.& uru tft,

~tM:!t,
W3"~,~~~~tl
~~uru-e-tf8,
WB WB ~ o'tB <.ft:B,
~~3~-e
~~~~,urru~~,
RHO!" BHC{ ~ djD '3 ~
~~
~t=rRWi)~,
~ ('iT tIEl QU'O tft I
~~~offi~
- - ,
~~HatcPu,
~tIElWB~, ~~Jtftl
~~, ~~, ffc{ ffc{~,

~fdm-p-~,
ffc{ ffd;~, ~ ~, fdtfcrnT~,
Bfu fdm-p- ~ I
~~~~
'~~ofr'~~
~ dT"8t Hat cPu, ~ ~ tftl
-a-3 ~, l..16ft" ~,
-QaT tft ~~,
tfoft '3 ~ dT"8t ~ ~ ~t1
~ l.f3W ifo R tT,
ftfs+ -e- WB 1'tf5 ~ fdm-p-,
('iT ~ ~ djD ~ Q,
('iT ~ ~ H'u ffi -e- t>

:::: - ::::'
tIO urB ('iT ~ AQ,
~ tft ff:fc;{ ~ fWwo tft I
2 The Po!hohar Plateau lies in the northwestern corner of the Punjab, bound by the Himalayas on the north
and the Jehlam river on the east.

~~"Rt~tT~,
:cm;+ & ~ tT ~,
BF~, cfc;( cfc;(~, OlE 0lE~,
fffir fffir 3'C't,
1toT~, Ua-~
fffir '3 ~~ ltp(J~,
Q&tMft,
~tM:!t
'~tfft+ mJ" ~
~~~RBaBtcru,
:om-RftraT &B Ulcft cru,
3~~WwB~trO,
~i:t&Po~1
~ (1939) Rtfr

205
i:l"&ro tfuw f.i:RJffi-r n8 ft:fq ~ Htr t'" ~ ~, ft:rR t'" a-Q3T war fuw ~ f!B ~ I ~
~ 3' ~ ~ tj' fc;(R3'<5T O{ffi-fta ~ Hlcrya 3- ~ ~ f!B aBt t=Ptft ~ I fuR ~ t!T ~
ara- ~?;f"l'd' Bt!t t!T ~ "tj'3if.l'CJC':1" (RCIP{ St) ~I
2. fuR ()ffi{ ~ ~ ~r Q ~ (prose) f!B fRSl
to cause to be unsettled or uprooted (vt)

green (adjli)
a river in Dhan-Pothohar (m)
ladies' trousers (f)
tear (of eye) (m)
until now
~ to tuck in (vt)
:oTH sadness (m)
fdfc'" ankle (m)
~ knee (m)
~ veil (m)
~ to surround (vt)
~ small chain, anklet (f)
B"'R net (m)
13"oT foam (f)
"W)o{ glance (f)
~ to look, gaze (vt)
-m3~ to sway around (vt)
~ to cut, bite (vt)
~ to swim, wade (vi)
~ small forest (f)
~ twine (f)
~ up to, at the level of (pp)
u1:r bundle (m)
~ patch of cloth (f)
~ sorrow (m)
~ to pull, drag (vt)

QUTO appearance (t)
l.fCTCft blue flowers of a weed (t)
18 heap (t)
tf'O across (adv)
lid foot (m)
OB peacock's dance (t)
~ worry (m)
ft:{ffi tree (m)
~ to weave (vt)
"3 image, idol; figure (m)
~,~ sand (mit)
ffC{ waist (m)
~ to hang, dangle (vi)
'i'!dl'9~1 to make flow or spill (vt)

Lesson 26
fI8P{ ~E
~qt3H
~~~ E"'U"2 foG' $~ ~ 8B!

3" ~ fu"3ra ~ tT ~))f(JlBT~~!
fu"c;( aBt Rt tft ~ ~ g fP.~ fBl:f wa- ~
~ Rl:ft dPW ~ ~= ~BH E"'U 15~:
=
~ ~ ~~! t]?> 3'oJ; ~ l..1;::rcr
~ aB B'W ~"3 ~ ;2t"ffift BO'"Ef
fc;l;H <5 ~ ~ WB fe"3t ~ OW
3" W ~ t:!03"2 fu"3'" lffl W
fuR~~~~~~~
== =-
fdt'o fdt'o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p;fucr
~ ~ ~ fuo ~ ~ ~'oft",.
W- <rcr fu"c;( ~ ~ ~ fu3t <'>'dT ~
tfftJw $Of ~ ~ oJE~
~ $Of ~ R'ar m ~-~"2 B'OT
"i'>'OP" cffB Ba:-ffiJ EfR fuo ~ tit $Of
'"
~-uBt tffira ~ o't8 ~ oJE ~ I
orfB' cZ - dft3 fua" ifvC(lBg"
-- ~ dt
~~~~~~at
~ffi1-e~~~~
- "
~ ~ L!fuf ~ ilf'llBi" fu3t ~
ft:re' etRtft Rt ~ - ~ m OPWB
= ~~~~ -
ri~F@&~WHoJE~~
t:rcr3t"3 Bg ~ ~ t.n~ ~
l.{t3 ~ f.I Fuf.l' l1W ~ f.tB ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ oJE IJ11?) fBEp{ ~ Bcr
~ m ~ ~ a ~rfUH wu fu"c;( ~
~~~WU"2gdt~~8B!
3"~~~tT~l)f(JTBT~~!
8'J-/PJtf ~ (1947) fu"B'

~ qt3H tft fuu Hf.fQO 0f.IH IJTR ftfB Do 'itt ~ VEt ~ I Bt:fO\ -e- ~ 3" ~ fum-r, fllHa,
ftfB ~ ~"5 fuR Q~ ~ ~I tj f'c<di3'(') -e- Hf.fQO iH'aft30('d, ~ ill'1O~, "5 'itt ~
1
trlbBt~, rfyoo; ftfB fuR 0f.IH ~ ~ H30T B'aT Wr O'R ~ iJO I fuR -e- ~ ~ B-a>
BBl, t=JT"B: http://apnaorg.com/audio/amrita-2!; 3" Times Music CD (Amrita Pritam recited by
GuIzar)
1. fuR Hf.fQO 0f.IH -e'" fuw fc:r;ft 3'cfWt UfC(')T O'R 3"'"5A ~~? fuR UfC(')T -e'" tf;::rra ~ oft w:ro
~, fuR~~~fRifl
~ part, branch, limb (m)

~ along with (adv)
itR nuptial bed (f)
lfllbH't!1 princess (f)
Prttra" wrath, rage (m)
PIEfCf grave (f)
~ to charm (vt)
~ lost (adj/u)
~ to leak, drip (vi)
Bo thief(m)
f.1ftJcr poison (m)
~-~ anyone (m)
R'B method, skill (f)"
~ sting (m)
m branch (f)
~ spindle (m)
~ sympathetic (adj/u)
~ sympathizer (adj/u)
(')TdT cobra (m)
tiR-tmt moment by moment (adv)
fU'tl:B large shady tree in the fig family, Ficus religiosa (m)
~ to be broken; to sprout (vi)
~ to rummage, search through (vt)
8w forest of high grass (m)
~ mantra, mystic formula (m)
209
~ itinerant performer, juggler (m)

Cf.5T mixture (m)
~ swift current (m)
Bg blood (m)
R"'"E dead body, corpse (f)
R'OT infection (f)
~ the boatman in Hir
rJ small body hair, pore (m)
~ forest (m)
~ folio, page (of paper) (m)
~,aTR bamboo (m)
~,fuR poison, venom (f)
~ lament (m)

Lesson 27
HaP{~9
~d""dt
-e-w ~ ~ ~ mtcr
~~U+~~~I
Uf& ~ ~ UKf mtcr
~~U+~~~I
fuR ~ tft ~ 'B W Heft

aj3t trEt 11 ffiWW tft "QC{ "f:R: ~ I
fER ~ ?>'B" ~ DB o'lo Ha-
m ~ ~ Heft "f:R: ~
rem "f:R: ~ ~ gl:f ~
# ~ ~"B'cf?>'B" ~ u+
~ w tft P{acf Q~ u+
~~~~~U+I
ftBT ~ ftBT ~ IfcJ <!c ore

<5'"oT ~ <5 ~ Rl::rcJT ~ I
ft::r<:t c\Qf ~ ~ 'B ~ W
W c\Qf ?>'B" R'or ~ ~ I3""8tB I
&~~~~~3
~ C{O I3""8tB ~ -cr I3""8tB I
fER EfJa" ~ ar:or ~ ~
oW~~W~~1
fuR ~ fffaT (]E ac rnm
~ ~ or c{1:j+ ~ till ~ I
3Rf~~
- , 3RfUf&~
-
~~~~
,
~ u'1=T ~ m ?>'B" W cft"3r
~ ~ ~ rnl:f tfaBT Bt3t
ora ~ DB fuo fffc;z; ~ ~
ft::ri:Jtft ~ odf Rt ~ ~ ifaft
tW EfJa" Hor, ~ EfJa" ~
~~~fuu~BE
~~~~~
~?>'B" odf ~ B BE I
211
W fuR ~ fB'a ~ ~~
W fuR fdTlW ~ g:B vra-I
fi:l?j ~ ~ ~ B ~e- W
~ ~ BEt rna:ff~: D ore I
rna:ff 8Ol" rB()4H 3 oft ~
i ()
~ 1R1:r Dore, ~ Dore I
(1951 'B ~ ~ '3 fhl:ft)

3. Bcfc;{ ~ ~ Q '~' ~ ~ ()? or6t ~ '~' "3 '~' ~ fc!B eft ~

()?
innocent, ignorant (adj/u)

nest (m)
bone(f)
~ flood (m)
~ cry ofpain or distress (f)
ofcf straw, stalk (m)
ct5t border, edge (f)
~ to suffer pains of separation or longing (vi)
tcJ""t pain (m)
~ to cause to give (vt)
g1.r sunlight (f)
~ humble, modest, lowly (adj/i)
0'10 water (m)
~T guest; son-in-law, husband (m)
~ to complete, fulfill (vt)
cf<J dam, dyke (m)
~ weight, load (m)
tf5 price, worth (m)
Vf'CJ friend, pal (m)
~ tree (m)
gBOT to be neglected, trampled (vi)

Lesson 28
RaP{ ~t:
fiNscBCifl
fu"c;{ ~ ~ m-f trd1E

fH 11, fH 11, ~ 111
wt-~~~
fH 11, fH 11, ~ ~I
~~-et~~
Rto3-et~~~
ti1=r-et 11 or ~ ~R i)
~ 11 or :or;:;{B11 ~
ffi-r-BRHt ~ cR -et
~~I1;l-0a~tft
l..fCf ~ -et otR ~I
~ fl75H fl75H 00 DE
l..fCf ~ ~ 0R3 -et ofu 11
~~~~RtftotRl1
~~~~-etotRl1
~ or ~ ~ cr'ift fft
~or~~odfl1
fuu eft" 58 11, fuu actt ~
RB Heft illro s;ft 11
(')f.1cJ Heft DO ~ ~
ft:3ua" tT doT ~ fuc 11

fu:1~Q~fucl1
~ till- ~ ~ ffi!
~'3~~t't
~,~,~ffi!
~'3~~~
aR fRlJt 3(')(]'81 ~
fu:r ~ tft ~ crt 11
fu:1~-et~~~1
DO fMo AQ ~ cfortr 11
DO fto ~ 1Ei1 cfortr ~
~ Hf.lO i) ~fu"B'
tr.ft ~ ~ ~ fu"B'
~AQ~~
t1'~~~
~AQ~~
1.8 fuR 3.R ~ ~ f.tB'
~AQ~O'"~
~ .g't a=ta ~ 0'" ~
1.8 ~ ~ Cl.fBT ~
1.8~~~~
DO fuo DO fuot ~ tt 'B'
if3~~R'ufc1~
1.8 AQ dT m;rcr 0'" ~
~mt1'~~~
~~f<!B~~.
~ ~:om WB ~ ~
~~:om ~\; ~~I
fu:r~Q~~11
fu:r~Q~~11
fu:r Clift 1> ffiJ -et ffiJ- 11
-:::::
fu:r ~ Qt=fcrr -et flY 11

fu:r ~ Qa1:r -et RY 11
#fa3~~W
~W~HCfcrdtW
fu"c;{ ~ ~ c1 fi-f:B ~
~~Qt':dTO'"~
otif -aT AA ~ 0'" ~
oft3~~O'"~1
fu"c;{ ~ ~ ()Tlf tIti'a3

~11, ~11, ~111
W"t-~~~
~~, QJH~, QJH ~I
I1f'03T (1971 ) f.tB'

215
~ fir, cypress (m)

R"'t-~ simple, plain (adj/i)
Rta3 character, nature (f)
oR height (m)
fordt, ~ what sort of (f)
~,~lF.l~ fragrance (f)
~ to dissolve (vi)
@, ?=IW 'I wonder,' 'maybe'
:oTBR poem (f)
~ missing, lost (adj/u)
~ to dissolve, melt (vi)
B'av square, intersection (m)
65.B illusion, trick (m)
~ moment (m)
R'or world (m)
~ dim or indistinct recognition (m)
c<-f.RT misunderstanding (m)
3i'KJ'eJ loneliness (f)
~ wearmess
~ lack, want, dearth (f)
t!':OT stain, blemish, mark (m)
~,~ recognition (t)
1..Kft fairy (f)
~ adornment, beauty (f)
~,~ to rummage, search through (vt)
~ restlessness (f)
~ uneasiness (f)
~ Mary (mother of Jesus)
~ tum, street comer (m)
~ clamor, commotion (m)
ffi.f -aJffi-rr handsomely tall (adj/i)
~ to plaster, coat, smear (vt)
fidelity, faithfulness (f)

to look at (vt)

Lesson 29
ffErP{ ~t
~H8tH
-oa3t -ea=r ~ tft ~r ~ tft 8'cf

~ fi-rcfBT dJOW orQt!T ~ ~
mB ~ tT -ffi "3 ~ fuIJ l:fCjf)T tT

Bg trB -a- rfutft tffiO.'3 iE'it CPU
-oa3t fu:r tJRra tft w? cr.3t ~

~ ;::f% l.fd ~ l..fBt aIR 1B lP" ormcr
-ea=r 1.lR'if ~, ~3 ~ tT ito

~ fuffiTu Q~rr, ~ i)-acr
~ ~ Bu uBt o't,. ~ ~
HrE ~ fcffi ar 3;jT fX'3 tT ~
ti'3cr
-
3c1 ~ to =
lP"0" fX'3 BTd-f
l..ft fu:arri) fRaT ~ ~O" ~ ~ R'lf
~~~ m'3 ~ o"'or

~~urcf-a-~~~
~~~et3"~~~~
~ Q~ ~,;rfuH ~ m-fto
wftJa+ ~ -ffi ~., ~ tft ft:ftr wo

<;::r -a- Ran ~, ~;'c ~ djRO('?)
~ ett3 i) ilJOW ~ ~ 3ata
tfO ~ ~ ull"3 ~Jt ~;:fie

J=foI8 J=foI8 Elffi:r ftffl ti'c;( tIT SB

~ Rev ~, 8c;( erR tIT UlB
3-at~tIT~~, ~~ '3-
3"a at tft wE o't -aBt fo"3 ~
wB o't Rcft dl' C!l\!l B, ~ 3cft m- aB"

~# ''3" fWwd tft ye Oft ~-R3
~-w~,~~D'cf
~ Deft de" ~~, 7fu:ft ~ ~
~HB~,~~gBta
~~~dto3'3t FtHdna
;w iIc!tJfff (1989) ~

219
end (m); in the end (adv)

rider (m)
seif-respect, sense of honor (t)
mother, mommy (t)
peace, order, tranquility (m)
rich (adj/u)
chain (m)
epithet for a brave warrior (m)
to heat (vt)
"0'cf garland, necklace (m)
~ shroud (t)
P&O=~ agreement (m)
~ falsehood (m)
~ imprisonment (t); imprisoned (adj/u)
~ vow, promise (m)
l:kJR the tribe which rebelled against the British in 1857
l:f808 throng; mankind (t)
~ to rotate (vi)
lilR conflict, struggle (m)
~ to fiddle with; to start (a war, etc.) (vt)
~ to recite, repeat (vi)
R'H cup, goblet (m)
,;Mffi{ cruel, merciless (adj/u)
~ life (t)
R3 light (t)
i%Bt lap; shirt spread to receive something (t)
o"or cheat, thug (m)
E hot; impatient; unlucky (adj/i)
3Efta physician (m)
~ thirst (f)
~ ball of cotton (m)
I1?Hdfta gloomy, depressed (adj/u)
a folk hero
dust (f)
hatred (f)
daily (adv)
to return (vi)
son (m)
colony, ward (f)
tied, obliged (adj/i)
interfluvial wasteland in West Punjab (f)
strange, foreign (adj/i)
to emit fragrance (vi)
WRT garland, rosary (f)
<ljR"Ol'6 smile (f)
Bffi;f country (m)
ffio cGtcr cut to shreds (adj/u)
~ to rob, loot (vt)
~ to be squandered, wasted (vi)
~ bamboo pole (m)
~ agam
~vffi~(')' to be separated, to depart (vi)

Lesson 30
RaP!" so
~l.fT3O
~~~'~~
~~Hi<5wcftE
W~FD~~m
~~~tft~E ar CIt! ~ fE (,)lH I j;; "(')T d-trr
~ ffi:IO-f ~ WB <it ~ W fuD fc;( u"pn~cft ~ n RoT
~ tft R ~ fuqf'cft E 1..!0 ~ tft ~ 0+ O\cf
~"(')Tofc~-dt~
~ 0+ i.tJ:f ~ fuo+
~<it~~E ~ c@T tft 3"dtn n O\cf
~ 0+ R3 0I8ta fuo+ fu0~~~E
-eHR -dt ~ ff-dTt'" ~
&~~~ffiR)'
R<it~~W~0 ~~~~ffiR)'
~ vcr fE'cI; R3 ~ E R 65" ~ auri) CfT n
#~~~ffiR)'
~ ~ 8Bt erR ft::Ky
ilJGR 3" B't ft:Rp-:or <ra- 3cft 3:or tft qro 3' ~ ar
~ ft:m" wf30 ~ RO ~ ~ 3' ~ f8(')O(lcft E
3~~fuo0r300
~~~cfcf~~cfcf
~qroQ~BW~cfcf
~f!B~~E
~ nfcrr tft B'C ~ ~ iftf
thR0 Hi Q d--lT n ~ ~ RfWW ~ Qtft ~
~65"~~~ iF.l1ffilo -dt iE"O< tRcrd1 E
#~RfuRfu~
fu"o{ fun ~ aj~ ~ 1..!0~~~~
~tft~ReJ'cfTE
u;jct f?t:J !JHl1fifI~"T(1992) WB'

1. 'W~wuQ~Rt~~~1ft~E' R30tT~~i}1 wfEcr~~1ft~

O\cf ro- i}?
3. "R' ~ ~ fE(,)di'~ (')T~, W fEu fc;{"ifp{ BEt ~ (') H'dr"1 ~ fWwB fu"B, ~ fu"R 'fE(,)di'~'
3" ~ '"ifp{' 1ft am- O\cf ro- i}?
W-at flight (f)

~ nectar (m)
fE(,)lH'~ justice (m)
fl;(')O('c:ft denying, disavowing (adj/u)
~ to take care of (vt)
iffi-IEtcr sword (f)
ti';;{ right (m)
~ only (adv)
t@ wing, feather (m)
B?Cf, "ffiJ ceremonial whisk (m)
ffi:fH wound (m)
~ to be lit (vi)
3:aT sword (f)
3'6to insult (f)
~ enemy (m)
~ horizon (m)
sharp edge (f)
darkness (m)
wind (f)
path (m)
excuse (m)
flame (f)
line, streak (f)
to divide (vt)
distance, journey (f)

Lesson 31
~S9.
~~~
~ or ~ m , ~ ~fftqr- 3cft>nT1
O(TOT ~ ffiJTO ~, ~?t ~ -e- 3B8 ~I
tit fu:ft <S1't! ~ 3 ~, tit 30' ~ O(OT 3" ill=Jf I
~ or ~ t"W, ~ ~~ 3cft>nT1
orRorBc;f~~, toeorm~~1
fcm" Q fuR -e- ~~, fOlR URf rn'aT ~ ~I
fcm" er t'4iO crw, ~ ~M ~I
~ or ~ m, ~ ucr~ 3cft>nT1
FH~~~, ~~~wcft~~1
CfC ~ ~ W'W, cfEJT iFf'cV ~ um-e-I
~ ~ um-e-, H'or m~ E H <it etW I
~~~, ~(';:r~ml
(1990)

crow (m)
house (m)
mention, reference (m)
information, intimation (f)
hem (m)
to end, finish (vi)
secret (m)
to reveal a secret (vt)

Lesson 32
HElP{ :r~
~~
~~'3~wO(r
"WQ~~~~<ttor
~'B'~~t!T5"
~@oft~f, ~~<ttor
fc;m- QBta ~ fucfr~ feB
~ FPOft or ~ 3' iJj3t m!~ W
~~%~fora~
~ ~ ffi ~ <tt ~~ "0 crrE I
l=fTffi u"'&, ~ ~ ~ ~ t!T era

R'aT fH'3 ~ <tt R'cJf, arm HT3 0 m
~ ~ ~ fctB g'1.J ~ ~ B-ra- tfoI
~~~f'e?)~CfT3Dm
~ ~ ~, ~"BBt 1't R'?)
Bat ~ t!T ~ wif otif tfc!t O\"tt
~& ~ "if8 ~ fora ~
~ ~ ffi ~ <tt ~~ "0 crrE I
ft:1<J+ gooT ~ ~ crrE 'CPU ajO(

ft:1<J+ 3CJ(')T tmrfuw ~ crrE 'l.f'c!t ojcl:
Qa-, DCf WD, ~ em- ~rT-RaT
DCf
~ ~ t!T ~ WB crrE fc;i''8: (?O(
~ ))ffil:f ~ fuR B-a- <tt (')T urEt
~t!T~QIoB<tt~or~
~~"if8~fora~
~ ~ Ht ~ <tt ~,~"0 crrEll
Hiji (1995) f.tB'

~~, ~~, weft ti'&, ffift~,

~,~, H'"3-Q~,~,~, ~
to become clear, distinct, legible or prominent (vi)

present with, part and parcel of (adv)
call for alms (t)
to dry (vi)
crow (m)
gain (t)
alms (t)
~ to travel around (vt)
wa- B'<;{ four comers of the world (m)
~ silence, hush (t)
Mt-~ heart and soul (t)
O storm (m)
~ to recognize (vt)
ar,;ft game(t)
W3 defeat (t)

Prose

Lesson 33
HaP{ ~~
fl{acild'fl ~
17 HEt, 1965
tKJ~ ~ ?0f i)ffew ~, ~ ~ ~ EoT ddt () I ~ Hat (')' Hi lBcJ\l fc;{ tft3T :cr ~ 7i
H J:f3 tit ?0f ~T I fuB fi\j 0+ vrt ~ tit ofuo+, ~ 3" dlO(id<i3 oft3t ~ cil" ~ RoT I
~ 3H'8t:cr ~ ()I l.fO W -et ~ ~ O'R ~ rra? ti<w, ~ ~ Hdt!
Q 1..O"'iK a:ftre I ~ fi-r3oT ~ Q AAra I ~ ~ Q fuwol ~

d'1d t'd(';l FIt
~ ~ ~r- Q AAraI d'U ~ Q AAra, d'U 'Hi~tf.:3qrT Q fuwol ~ Q
fWwcr , ~ t5::: flrqra ' ~ t5= fuwo ' ~ t5== AAra 3" ~
-u
~ 3' ~ ~ 3-
~Q~I

~ inferior quality or dried-up mango (m)

cmt bud, blossom; paint (quicklime) (f)
3R'Rt satisfaction, solace (f)
(')'M'fEofi incompetence (f)
1fW1 greetings (c~remonial) (m)
&w weather (f)
tfu3 long time, duration (f)
R!6l~(')1 to separate (vt)

Lesson 34
HaP{ sa
~~wo
a=r-a- c"ad tft fuu tfofi ore ER: ~ Hr fc;{ ~ ~ frtB ~ ora?)T ~ 00I fuR 0\0 ~
~~otifRLfEI
l..ftai ~ 3' l..lfuRr tit ~ l.B'" ffoT fdTlW fc;{ ~i f(;(di 3'(') ER: ~ E 3" ~ ~ ~ ~
i3- 0+ ~ ;:ft i) ~ & 1) foKp- fc;{ w ~ t'"B 3" ~ # pfu.Bt ~ tT ftfc;{-ftfc;{ ccfc( ~
=:::::: -
0\0 ~I ~ 0'E ~ J8 .~, ~ 3" HWf8 # ~ 3" 8(')ldcFfl ~ 0'E ~-~ ~ Rt

f30 ccfc( ~ it ClT8 0+ Bf~ fi..fcrrRE 1)= Rfew fdTlW I ftfc;{-ftfc;{ ~ fu,1) - = ~-~ ~ ~
~I ~ ~ ~ BTJ otit Hr, 1.2 ~ ~ ~ ~ Mdl'3'd ~ tft ~ ffaft iJEt Hrl ~ ~
aSf ~ # ?) if3d~, ~~-d-ftrn+~ ~ ~ fi-m, ~ frtB ~ ()T 0\cl7) m+ ~ ~
ccfc( fRaT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ UfO ~ ClT81 ~ Hr fc;{ B'd fuo+ tT ~. a\r" ~, ~-6tfto ~ ~ ~
~ Uff 1.23 ~ ~I tfd am ~ it ml ~'f(;(iR3'(') ER: fdTlW 3" ~ ~-~ ~ fu"Qcr ~ ClT81
m-fto ~})fWC it ml ~ frlB ~ ~ w 3" ~ CItft-CItft ~ pfu.Bt ~ ~ lJl't ~
~ft:rfr~~1
Ef'ld ;:ft <S- ~-f30 J;;f3 f45B ~ ~ ~ 2" trE, fR<t frtB ~ ~ y-er fc;{ ~
crrBt-w;ft ~ ClT8 uT I tfB ~:r.3" 1jffi:f3 ~ f.tB ~ l.f3' ~ ftf3r ~ y-er I 1.2 ~ ~ ()T
~I
:am ~ ~ ~ fc;{ 08
CItft-CItft ~= ;:ft - - tit atEwo it ClT81 eM w
- fi-IorRt ~ ~ - ~
,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~'f(;(iH3'(')""~3" ~ f30ccfc(~~~1 ~ W <S-~ ~ ~
~~ 2" J;;f3 ~ 0+ ~ ~ fc;{ s;;W-s;;W '~ ~ ft.mi'cJT it fdmr ~I " 3" rnJ:ftcr ~
~ Hr fc;{ '~ eft fi.fcJ%~ ~ rna ~ C{T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tfT ClT8 D'I" ~ Ef'ld ;:ft
~ it ClT8 iHOl em ~ cr;~-eM ~ ~ ofuT ~ fftftl ftfc;{-ftfc;{ 0\0 ~ ~ m+ ~
~ ~I 1.2 cdoV ~ rn-r ~ ~ ft:rdt it ~I
~ fE"c;{ fun fE'o[ ~-gfuw ft::Iw ~ ~ # fdmrl ~ ~'f(;(di3'~' ~ Hrl ~
~-~ ~ o'tBt ~ 0'E fBfu~ ~ I J;;f3 3" ~ ~ otif Hrl ~ ~dC;:;d f't!.dl'd 3' ftfc;{-ftfc;{ ~. tft
1J:t03Gi'81 ~ m Hr rn-3laiJ:ftd f.tB ~ ~ ~ tT ~ tfT ~ ~ fdmr Hrl ~ ~ eJOT
# c"ad tT eJ'O ~ ~ # fi:ro .(f3 Hr I ~ ~ J;;f3 tT fuoro ~ Hr, 1.2 cdoV tT fuoro fc;{3 ~ otif Hr I
fEu J;;f3 ~ # ~t:lO('d8 ~Rf ~ o'1?f tT Hr I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ o'1?f tT ftfc;{ Do J;;f3 ~I ~ tT ~ rJeiR3'(') BEt ffoT ~ E 3" ~
tRad tft H'3 ~ ~,:rffi-fTN 2" fifBo BEt ~ rn-r W EI
~ ait fu::raat 0'E ~ tft ~ oft3t w otit Hr I ~ ~ ~ ~ tT Hldf.l' e' Hr, ft::n}
~ 3' ~ ycrli ~ laiT oa iHOl ~ tft ~ am ~, ar3 ~I Ef'ld ;:ft ~ J;;f3 ~ fad' eJl
f.tB ~ fuo oa iHO I fij~ # ~ f.tB ~ ~ ~ J;;f3 W i) ~ 2" ~ Hr I J;;f3 tft ftfc;{-ftfc;{
R30 W 1) ~ lJl't it m Hrl fuo ~ ~
-u ;::;; - -
~ ~ CfaO{ fcr0'" Rt I ~ H'cft ~ tT fi:;rc;{o fort'r
-
otif~fdmrl
~ ~ ~ ~Tot ~ ~ N, ~ Hldf.l'e', ~ frtB ~ ft::Iw l:fW ~ ~
BEt ~-~ 0\0 fcr0'" HrI B'i~ fu,1)
- = V1PfI?> otif Hr ~ fcr0'" fc;{ fEu c;fuT ft::Iw UfO fu,
- # iRd e'd i tT E I
~ ~;:ft 2" ~ ~ ~ <S- ~ # lio ~ ~I ~;:ft <S- ~ 3' ~ ~ ~ 0+ ~-~ ~ #
~ ~ a0 RO I ~ ~ ~ ffaT four Htl ~-<tc, ~ tft orBCf O'E ~ fHur, m:r3t ft:rdt
~ tT cflw fRDr ~ -3 ~ ~ tft ~ 3' ~ ft:rdt 3fuH31 M <5t5 ~ ~ .gr ~ ~ ~
~ ~ W BEt m:ff Ht I iE"ol: ~ fRdt l?ra=fT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ DBt Ht I fu"<;( fo"cft fRdt om-
~ ~ 1..fTR O'E ~ DBt Htl ~ ~ tT feB ~ fRDr Q fd\lw Ht; ~ ~ tft D'rB ~ ~ fuR
~ m:ff Htl Erl;f Rt ~ ~~ ~ ~ W~ d1R ffaT ffiJo H'cf ~~, ~ faif 3'.gr ~
~7)T~1
UTlJ Rt ~ ~ fua ~ QfeBTW # a01

Bit-tre:9" efT ~ fuo UTlJ Rt ~ QaT ftB ~ ~ ~ -aor, ~ ~ ttR four Ht fO( ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ tjRR}f'?) ~ ft9w-ft9w iRd tid; ~ U!aT 3' iH'd-fT7) ~ ~ ~ or@" RO I Ci{iH1} tT
El'~t'd ~ ~ ~ W O'E ~ ~ Htl :arata -3 ~-~ ~ iEu R'CJT 3d-f'ET ~ ~ afu or@"
RO I ''iR''B, iHClt'a Rt, iE"ol: om ~ a-rlt DBt () I ~ <./R'cf -3 ~ ~ B-a- ~ ~ ~ il ffiJ ~
~~a0~~WtrEl"
iE"ol:-tH ~ ~ t'" ajD ~ Bfu fd\lw M I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ <tB ~ Erl;f
Rt tT ~ fooI:B ~ Htl ~ fRdt ffiT 0TBt Htl
UTlJ Rt ai'tBt ftB~, ~ wca'oV -ara ~ ~ ffoft" I 61it B"'tft il ~ ~ Q~ 30( .gr
"Ci{fu fu"3r Ht I Pi! '3 OI'dHl B'tft .gr ~ ft::rdPW fftft fua ddt Ht I ~ a-re- ~r3 ift:r -qcft #lBT ftB Bfu
OTBtHtI
"fua ~ a"fWw ~ ccfO( m:ft ~?" EP1J Rt il ~ ~ Q~-~ ~ ~ .gr m-
~ tft BT(J 3' ~ if5 ~ ft9w Htl W tft ~ ftB ~ Htl
"~-~ ," tfaT ~ f);3" O'E ~ =~
= ~ U- ~, ffar" "~M3" t'" R'CJT d-fT8 ffc - uf3'- ~
Eli~tld ~ ~ -3 Do ~-~ () ffe" ~ ~ aD'" ft9w1 iHClt'a 3D'15 ~ WB ~ or@" ill ~
= - =
cffl" "3"C!B ff@- ~ ~ wQ ~ m:ff ~ ~ or@" I tIO ~ ~ fcz:'e" I ~ R-O\T ~ ~ :OIfua & ~ a0 a"a
tT oT I ~, ~, ~ ... !" ~ ol:f" ~ D'Bf .gr gfiJ four Ht I arQ-arQ ~ Qift:r ~, # a--fttt ajD
f.tB~~~~HtI
"El i~ t 'd ~ ~ w()
==
lf3'
-
UO\H
-
~u
E I" R'cr" wu ~ ~ W
-
fua ~ ffaTr ffi I "~ fforr
UfO-UfO tft"3R"'"f.ft & I "fI"'cft fdoT ~ tft ft:it ~-~ ~ ~ ~ iEu ~ ~ f.tB ~ ~ m I
~ ~ ~ Lf3T m:ff ~ ~ O'E ffO(-ffO( ~ ifc ~ f.tB ccfO( trcf ~ ~ ~ 0\0 fu"3r:
~ eft W ~ H'cf-H'cf & tfu" B$tl m ccfO( ~ ft:raT ~ ~ ~ ~ il El'~t'd ~ UfO
t8B'"
-
ft"31 ~ ~ aRR"lfd"
=-'
tT ~. ft:rR il ~
-
~~~~ -
~ ~ R'CJT M3" MC~
-
I f8~
Ht, ~ tft fuse} -aor ~ wE I" 1E'8" ~ ~ ~ a'1:f'" fuel ~ ~ fd\lw I
"Ell ~ t 'd ~ af ~ ~ ~ t'fud O(OOT E I iRdOl'dl \JO\H E I R'cft Cf'3 "fI"'cft ~-H'cf ~
octtl~, ~iRdt'di ~UfOcR~1 ~(r3Bcftt'"~EI ~a=rQ38tuC\cf~~fu"3r~1
~, R ~ fuR Qtffl::Iw fc{ ccfO( ElI~ tid ~ UfO ~ ~ ~ ~... I as -3 iHClt'a Rt ~ fuel tft HR
~ fcfoft ~ ~ ~ m:ff I" ~ tfaT ~ f);3" O'E ~ ~ ~ four Htl
~~ ajD ffcr ore RO I ~ fua ~ ~ ffiTBt aDt Ht I ~ Rt tT ~ ~ .gr 17>OI:R fd\lw Ht I
a::rfut W Q ~ ~ tft aB t'" ~ Htl W ~ fRdt DBt ~ ~ ~ ~ R'" c:fdft Ht I
~ Q~ ;;fu-r3t ~ tT ~ Ht, ft1c1 Ql..fT ~ D'Bf W- ~ ~ ~ m:ff Ht ffiftl Bt ftB w i>
~ ~ BBl Bit urn ~ Htl flLfB-f.fO\o, ~ -3 ~-~ tft ~ O'E ~I
''R'Q ~ l.j(')'0dOd ~ m:ff ~ #1"
''"J!'' ~ Rt iE"ol:-tH ~ 3' ~ ft::rJ LiE RO I
'~ ~ tft H'cf ~ R ~ 8B+ 3!" rn1y al:) il Bit 3Rt ~ 3~ ~ ~ Cf'lit Ht I ~
tftWQffi-fto ~DBtE, ~3~UO'Hoft3r~EW~1fd6~3~~~1
233
R Fr'C?, fE"c;l;- ~ ~ Q.iH iJ ~ I ~, R'dT, a=rm;ft ~ -&1 oDT ~ # I Her- ~ DO fu"ol: fto dW
% Sor I <tc ~ <Ol:T -<.R~ ~ ~ ~ I CQ-f.fft as ~ Q 0'8 R ~ fE"c;l; fto R'dT ~ ~ l.fBt I
~ WU-tRJ oft3t fu: ~. ~ ~-~ a-et t1'""8, om- ~ m 0'"1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m, m
R"at'cf fP"ocr ~ ore, ~ 1~ <tt 0'8 R ~ I"
ait ft:l~ ~ ~ Ru~ ftB ~ m Rt I S'1;! m~ ~ t!tW ofui ~ ftpw7) 0'8 B2: a0 HO I "~
~ "WQ ~ ;fc+ 3' urD <tt otiT it300 # I" ~ crcr- fu"a" ~ -a- fapw Rt I
'~! " 8'1..f m .-e- ft::R:fcf lf3 ~ --ori5 l=fET ~ Rtl "3 ~ fu"a" ott ~ B-?" 8'1..f m ~
"::::: - - - =:::
~I
''o\cR'5T ott E! ~ ~ ~, CfTR ~ t!t ~ ~ W,
t!t ~ Rt, 0'" ~ t!t I" ~ ~
0'" l::l"'"C
ffaT ~ ~ Rtl "~ ~ ~-~ ~ R"at'cf BTl ~ ~ ~ ~ fapwl -a'H ~ om- Bt ~ t1'""8,
~,lHdt:"di -e. ~ ~ (~~ ~ ~ oDT Rt ~I fuu ott ~ m 0'81 fu"ol: fto ~ B'clO
~ ~ Rt I ~ t=r ~~ ~ ~ ~ ftBl ~ ~ ljtt ~ H'Cft HefT ftB I l.8'" oDT
a:Bt ~ He ffaT m trr ~-~ a:Bt ~ ffaT fapw Rt ~ QI ~ ~ fapw ~ <tt!" ~ crtr -eo
ofu~~RtI "~i~~~-Gtrr~t!tW1 ~Q~HaTfapwRt, gfRai~I~-eo
~ "8- I" oIfu ~ ~ ~t RB ta fapw Rt I "-a'H ~ ~ "8-, R"at'cf m, trBt ~ f.tB fI:mro3 -a-
m I" ~ crtr -eo t8 fuel ~-U'C{'" -J fapw Rt I
"~-a- m))fHr03 g k ~ ~ ~ 1 O\cf3'cf~, ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ -tlR, ~ crtr
Q 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <B- ~ LftW BEt," S'1;! m~ ~ f.tB oQ-r 00tft W Q ~ Rtl W ~
ft::R:fcf 9~3 ~ ~-~ 'RB'8 ID-fOl: fc:ru'" Rt I
~(2002)W

Exercise 34.1 Fill in each blank with a suitable word (in its appropriate form) from the
glossary for "ft:::f'3." Then translate the sentences.
1. ~f8litt!~ uol
2. <..rfbW ~ ~ tft f't:7>-CJ'"3 ~ ~ ~ R7)1
*
3. nn=t 3'c;( yfRR fc;lit 3- Bcft tT o"t:lh.MEIli'" <11
*
4. p;rffi R'iba 8iftB Q fc;rur fc;P~1crrB Q~ I
5. ~ 3' ~ ~ ~ 3' ~ ~ ~ ~, ~, ~ i3dO(f.l3d WW ~ fu"8
oVR7)1
6. Qfu"O(--tH~~~1
7. 1../fJRf ~-wtft ~ ~ a--rdjfft om
aft l..fCf ~-oi13 uf'c <11
8. ~~t!R-ol"B'HtT~~tft~~uol
9. ~ a=Rft <1 fcHlg m a:ato or ~ 1
to. ~tft~@BEt~ <11
1. We all looked at thespectac1e in (with) amazement.

2. Before planting seeds the gardener hoes the garden.
3. When I came into the room the child was sobbing in the corner.
4. The police are making an inquiry into the case.
5. After the accident I sued the person who hit me with his car.
a
6. ~ ~ 3itJd..B ~ ~ 3' fc'>O\B fd1lw I
7. ~ ~ ft:rffi Qti'O\"r ftf3r, ~ ~ a BRT orEt 1
8. 3'R tft B'1ft ~ VBt I
9. alQ~~~fa~fficrucr~tT~~orEtuTl
10. wQ~~~fawtftorERtft~1
~ impossible (adjlu)
~ letter (of alphabet) (m)
~, Il'fTfucf end (m); in the end (adv)
~ property entrusted to somebody else (f)
fu"'O(--tH immediately (adv)
~ blame, charge (m)
Rtft correct, right (adjlu)
~ oath, vow (1)
R'OT greens (usually mustard or spinach) ~m)
~ to sob, snivel (vi)
~-~ menial worker (m)
blackness, soot (1)
hatchet (1)
~~wo 235
ill-advised (adj/i)
small room, cell (f)
coal (m)
breach of trust (f)
a gold-threaded material (f)
t;ff.l1:f3 calligraphy (adj/u)
ttm cotton blanket (f)
~ to scratch, scrape; to hoe (vt)
ofu~~ to feel lump in the throat, get emotional (vi)
ore bundle-pack (f)
oj'(')T sugarcane (m)
~ witness (m)
~ bathroom (m)
R cooking place, kitchen (m)
~/~ boy/girl
~-R hesitation, reluctance (m)
R"RH7) client, patron (m)
~ slaughterhouse (m)
~ grief, regret (m)
~ hit with the front part of foot (m)
~ to stop (vt)
~ postman (m)
~ porch, gateway, foyer (f)
"3f0H3 sheet-like garment covering the lower body (f)
3'tfIu inquiry, interrogation (f)
3R"'d:ft search (f)
~ to be frightened (vi)
~ prodding (f)
~ to stuff, fill (vt)
tl'~e'a chief of police station (m)
t:.dJT betrayal (m)
t'"R dowry (m)
ti'oz:r push, shove (m)
~ smoked (adj/i)
~ complaint (m)
tm'O expanse, spread (m)
tfCO(T H'CJO'" to strike or throw down with a thud (vt)
~ village taxman, land revenue official (m)
L!(')'Qdfta refugee (m)
<.fa3, l.ICf3c:r to return (vi)
~ poplin (f)
Y'o' reverse (adj/m)
plot of farm land, landed property (f)

to tie, bind (vt)
cane (m)
vegetable dish (f)
sheep (f)
velvet (f)
~ to mount, frame (vt)
wajRt ordinary, everyday (adj/u)
~ to assume, suppose (vt)
fHarRt/~ a musician or genealogist (mlf)
~ a musician or genealogist (mlf)
~ having or pertaining to Muslims (adj/i)
~ lawsuit (m)
~t'iEa"~ to sue (vt)
~ agricultural tenant (m)
a::tcr shoulder blade (m)
VIPfto belief (m)
opinion, view (f)
sustenance, food (m)
past participle of~, cast off, let down
to burn slowly (vi)
shriek, squeal (f)
to spread, daub (vt)
woolen wrap (f)
afternoon (m)
trouble, hardship (m)
dresses and jewelry given to bride (f)

Lesson 35
HaP{ 311
Huo~
atdT t! BdT-erar Lf;:::rru t! Lf;:::rru ~ 3 ~ ~ -a-re :oriEH O\cf BEt RTI ~ ~ RT:
~
"~ ~ fcnw i}, fED ~ i} fa a:rit ~ 'B m
~ ~ &04" ~ ~ dt ~ 0df1 80ft'
~ ~ BEt ~r 3 ~~ ~~ 0Icft! ~I"
~ octtrt'", "~ .~ O\cf BEt, fER ~ ~ fuw:dT dt ~ ~ fcnw 1 fu<J ~ era Qc"lf
~I eR %:R 1B~ Bcft ft:rd1- t!t ~ (O(cd'81) fHR m l ~ l.fT ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ Rdt!'d i t! ~
O'B ~ 'B ~ a-r'Cft!' o~1 ~ BTUCf lf3t c"oIcr fcnw, fEo('w, ~ ()Toa; lJf't! ~ ~ fER t!1
~ ~ Q(')Ttg crT ffi-I1Wl ~ ~ -waT fu<J t! ~ Q, R'F ~ ~ ~I"
~~0r2ROI
~ ll-ItiR 'B 3W-31f D crdt RT I ~ 3 ~~ -a-re :oriEH O\cf BEt RT 1 atdT ~ ~ ~
1!:fRCf-ajRCf ~ ~I ~ ~-~ ofu+~, fu.W-~ ~ ~-~
~I fuca-fuca ~r+ ~I Do ~ fou:T 3' &04" ~I O(alMt!'dl t! d'i trR ~ 31
~~I
~ om ~ ~ fWwo 0df RT RI om ~ ~ fu<J RT fa A' ~ l.fR ~ ~ ~
fcru' W I ~ 3' ~ ~ ~ 3'011 ~ ful:f ful:f A' ~ fcnw WI 80ft' ~ ~ ~ ~ 0df RO
1Rm 3Cf1 ~. B'cf-B'cf ~WW ~ ~ ~ I ~ fB~, ~ 3 ~ ~-~
~ ~I urW fa fu)T ?i
- - ==
<.J
l.f3T ~ -
RT fa &04" ~ ~ ~ Do i} L/O u -
5St 3 <fEr crcr
~, W a-ftc ~ ~ 1RJ:f "&04" ~ uT tfO O'B ~ ()T ~ I d-ICf m uT 3cft vrt! fB
~ :::::
()T ~'I" AA== O\C~ 0I8t fife GgjO(?;' -
~ fa u -
ffi-fTLft B' r?>O(M?; 3 ~ om ~I -
~ am (j'tft, ' fB<Ji ~M 3 ()T 0\cf()T IE 38'd ~, fu<J cfo=ft ~ R'v ~ # I"
~ ~, '~ f~ ~, Er8t ~ R'Q ft3"'it l.fT ~ fa ~ fuR ~ ~ ~-~ HQ &
~ I ~ ()T dt ~ L/O ft:ra=r 3Cf ft3"'it ~ ful:f ~ I"
fER 3Cf ~ ft:fo't;w ful:f-ful:f A' tf'c{ fcnw WI crlcm f.lT0 ~ b 3' ~ ~ ~ t! ~ 3'01
~ ~ ~ 'B lEe 0df olt ~ RO? Do ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ dt 0df RTI ~
~ , "~~! a=rr() ==
~i- ~ ==
~ 3' ~ 0df ~ - '= :'? ~ ~ ft:!uJt am ~ :; : ; Boft ~ ~I
fB ~ Cf'}f R3 ~ fmr ~m I" A' ~ D ~ I ~ A' ~ ~ olt fRtfT 3 olt ()T fRtfT?
~ ~ ~ ~~ I IorR t!t QD ~ RT I IorR t!t t:ft ~ RTI IorR ~ 1)'3 ~ 'B ~ cr
fcnw RT I IorR ~ <ftr 3'or RT I ~ -
fu)T
- u =
?i C:fTEt FfT ~ RT 1 ~ 'B ~-~ 3'cfu:fi- ~ RO I IorR t!t t:ft
?i= BaT $-rcft RT 1 R<N R (~ ~ ~ m:ff RO I u
--::;:; - ~ ~ BU'" ::: H'8t M RT I u - ()T d-ICft!t RT "3 ()T arffi
<del RT 1 ~ 3 fX'3 ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ Rcfta ~ fu"3r RT 1 ~ ~ UfO 00 fcru' RT I ~ fto-
af'to o\'orn D ~ Hn 1
am olt, .5or" ~ ~ ful:f-ful:f A' ~ D ~ WI a=JTdT-a=JTdT fto"ftBtr aftJtr W, fu<J ~ ~ C\tft
arffi $fift~? ~ Hi')T~1 "3 m ~-~ ofu+ ~~'@?;d11 ~ ofu+ ~ HQ ~
()T 0\cl7) I a1Q EfB ~ I ~ EfB I "ftBtr-~ A' if3H 'q t!t !1;M'Rd"l 'B FfT 8ftT 1 'fu<J ~ & ~
UfO i}' 1 ~ ~ fu<J 830 ~ fuw:dT fB ~ aftJtr I
Her- ~ ~ A' m ...
~~, ~ ft:n} ~ a1Q ~ ()T ~I ~ ()T m ~ ft3"'it
~"3()TA'~~TI
_._------- ----~
~ tT if3 ~, HB ~ -eft BCm3t 3" ~ tT~, fuD" ~ ~ ~ ~ 'B VarE R7)! ~

f8f.r-a?>'R ~ tft ~ ~ fu ~ W
3' ~ m-r 0\cJ0 Roz:, ~ I
trCf ~ ~ R7) fu fc;(H-fc;(H ~ ~ ~ UfCf tT ~ ~ ~ fuoo I c(l:ftMt!'c!l ~ i'I ~
"~ mur-, E ~~~ om"BO(T ~ odT o"tfil DO om ~ ~ # ~ 3-a- 0':f5 Old

~ >W I ~ fuR ~ ~ tfi 3a ~I Va H'W ott ~ fB't, aR ~ fuR fJI:5r V~ BCJT I ~ ~ a=r-tt
~ .gr ffeT
ttPwo ?>'R I"
W tT ftMro ?>'R fuDr, BQ B'or"-B'or" ~ I ~ HB .gr R7) I ~ W ~ URJT t!t DO
'~fffur"'
om, DO WeN, ~ 3"~ 3'~WI ~ arW ~c"ao tT"dt ~~I fuD"RB ~ ~~ 1..fT~ 3"
BQ f.lCll-f fi:Kft ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ W Q~ ~ 3'or ~ WI ~ tpW8 ~ W
fu"o9" ~ 3'?
trCf fER ~ ~ Heft fiffic;{ ~ ()T ill:?t I DO ~ 3" H W QG'B?) t!t ~ O\cft'" I DO frf.f "dt
'~ Qf8l:f ftW" octtr ~ B'cJT W ~ I tf3T odT ~ fu"o9" ~ BEt fuR ~ UfCf ~ ~ HQ f.lCll-f
~~~Rtl tf3TodT~~ f\H""lC(t!' WI
~ l.lCfH ~ om 111 ~ ~ ~ WDO ~ BQ ~ UfCf 8 ~ BEt ~I fu"o9" ~
BEt I LfftrM+ ~ H G'R-~ ~ WI trCf t=re' ~ ~ ffiJ ~ ~ H ~ 1..fT BEt 3" ~ ~ *
m-mgo-fulWl
~ UfCf W ~ ~ <5 ~ ~ ~ Heft wf3cr ~ ~ ft"3t1 ar ~ Old ~ ao f'@w I ~
~ ~ ~ -9' ~ tT OTWR ffiJ 1WwBt1 ~ tr.ft oTu ~ cft3t, trCf ~ fuDr, "tft 8 if3, ~ ~
a1B~I-afcr?>'R~~~<5UfCfI m:fC(8~0Id~~~o~R~1 ~if3
F del: odT a"c&-I cfR fB'<5t ~ 00 BCJT tiat f8l:f WI ~ 8 ~ ~ I" ~ <5 oM=ft ~ c:r:ffi 3" a'l:f ~
i:lRc-~ BQ ~ fu'3r I
"trfbBT ~ ~ lffc ffiJ 81]3 aft ~ I" ~ <5 fl13H ~ 0f8TH ~ ~ ~ fuDr I
ar ~.w-~ 0fMTR}jv 1> w m-rl trCf fE"C(-tH}jv 3' R'U m-rl dTOH dTOH t"q
::; ::; - <5 Heft
::::
~, dTOH-dTOH OTWR <5 Ha ~ ftSl

BQ ~ 3" tIQ3 :w ~ I Heft ~ ~ .gr ffi)-ffi) Old crdt Rt I
cr.ft
- u
.gr ~ ft::Wt m I tJ:r <5 t"q ~-~ 1..fTe:'T ~ Old fu'3r, ~ H ~ wV tft ~ I
- -
~ mjR ufH~' fuR ~ c:rrEt-urE ~ ~ ~I ~ 3" tf3T fforr fu ~ ~ Rtl DO ~
t!t ?>u
= I ft:rR lfaif - ~ a=ft I ~ HR 3" ~ "cr
if3 - O{QBT
- odt a=ft I ~
- 1>
:: l.fClR 3' "dt t!Ot V W a=ft
~ ~ 3'<;{ otif Rt ~ I
~ <5 ~ ~ fuDr, "1]3 ~, BCJT ~ ~ :it fu"<5t, ft::ruQ ~ ~ ~ ~ '-9' 0+
~~I ~tIQ3~~, if3... !" ~~WfuoffiJ~1
Herr fuR .gr ~ 1=lCJ'"Ef fffiJT ~ ~ I
ar~~~~f8cft1 ~~~~ifiiftl 3"fuo~~?>'R~~~ffcrr
fWwl
''f8l:f if3... ! ~ ~ tT tr1;f ~ 3" w ~ 1fER LfedT ~ fuo imt 0 m I"
"Va?" H f8l:f ~ ~ I
"~ ~ ~ tT ~ -a.-et tf3T otif fc;fu ~ I fc;fu 11, fc{6" odf I ~ .gr :illa -cfct ~, ~ tf3T
~I"
"acft ~ ~ 3"rn" arEt I <'>':B fu:r -et tl5 1> ~ R"aT arEt Rt I trCf ~ m 111 1j5 ~ uEt
:::: :::: - =::::. -
3" ~ ~ PreO .gr ~ oftr mEl" At>- tf3T "dt ()T fforr fu ~ om tJ:r
- <5 Ha ?>'R cft3t Rt ;=rT ~ BEt
0Idt Rt1trCf ar f8l:f ft"3t I
239
"~ 8Rt' tT c:tJ ~ ~ ~I H l.f3T ~ ~ 2 or ~I 1..10 ~ ~ ~ or, D'W

13 w RtI ~:r- t=rE <:raw ~ <.rc:'T -fi WCf ~ I crER 'B g"oT ~ ~-~ <.rc:'T ~ it i8T
'B I" ~ 8CJTl3TCf i:tffi m 1
fuu~~~-?ar~1
"~~ Rt Y'3, UfO t'" ~ ~I ar ~ 2 R'cfT R'cfT ~ ~Jr zJt uTI ~ c.D'Ttr
~ MI ~ ffiJCT
- m~ f<x>ocR I fu1 ~ H5 3' ~ ~
;:::;- - 3" ()'-ErT ~ BU ~ ~ 'B ftfr
:::::::;-
~ ~ ~ -fi I wQ {~ ~ ~ or ~ I ft::ra::r fu?i" fuel ~. 3-a -;:rrB -fi ~ tft ~ ()T

1:jTLft I mjB ()'B 8'oT it ~ m R'cfT fe?), ~ Lr it I"
"v-a- ott fRtfT wBt?" ar ~ <jtr ~ it fc:vl "v-a- f8Cf ~ Y'3, aEt ~ ~ UfO ~ Dit 2JBCf
~, ~ HR 3" HaO ~:8t L!Et ~ I "RBtft 3' "RBtft a:ritre 2 ectb it or ~ ~ I ftf<5t 2 3'cf ~ I"
ardjov~1
"~ ~ Rt tl1~ ft:R:p-. }far i::t3r, fPD-fETo ~
Rt I f3'cf'" ~, ~ d--[l::r- "3 ~
aTLf 3"
B-ucrrl aJu ~ d'i$-d'i$ "O\cftT Rtl ~ ~-~ ar ~ 1m!~, ft::lH ~ }far Y'3 ~ ~
~, ~ ~ it, ~ 'B' I ~f ~ }far a-fB"'" ~ I ar fc:v ucr ~, 3-a UfO rl. ~ Y'3 ~ I ~ ifftf
()'B alel<g D fdr~, ~~ D-D ~I a'1:r afcf 0"8"1 R1ft ~ ~ Ha" Q3 21 1..10 ~"WdT ~ ... I" ~
~~8~i811
"~ t!t ~ BElt ~~, tJTBtl fuR tT ft/Iwo 0'B fE8rR ~I ~ ~ oD ~ weft I
Wr tft fBt:ft tit M ~ Rt I" ar fuBrRr ~ fc:vl
tJTBt {:; fRo 3" 0"8" tftcr ~ trcJi) 0'B W ~ I
"~ tJTBt I" ar aift ~ ()'B ectb ~ I
'~Y'3 fu"o\~:ft R'cft fB"3t ~ a: ~ ~ AQI fu:ft Wffi-~ om B-3 ~ ~ "0':81" Wr
~W'B3OWRtI
ar R'cft ftf<5t ~ it ~ ft"3t I
<J -
"-a"R tJTBt?" ar ~~ ~+ ~ I
"cfR Y'3...f8Cf ~ arPft a:r'3" afcf-Wt ~I"
~ tft om ~ a: Ha" ~ Pl:ffif fciraT L!Et I
ETa? FJ37il ~(l994) ~g

glossary for "arPft" H; ;ff1:f-w-t V." Then translate the sentences.
1. aa-etfu"a: - - - =~f.tBtV~~~ , '~wwtv!"

-
2. wg fl1tm Do f3T ~ ~ iFft1
3. ~ f.tB & ~ ~ ~ tV ~ fE<Tcr-~ oru8t O'R e"H mJ iR?) 1
4.~~~~fucro't ~iFftl
5. ~<ttHa-~a'cJ08~~oo~~ ~ool
6. ~ ~ Q c"ao ~ fu"'3r I
7. ~ (j<H3't"! -,::ft~~3'~fu~C{WlH"f.tBWO'Rfoct1~v,~~ O\d?)
~I
8. ~ ~ ~ tit d-IfbHro ~ ~ ~ ti'R tfE I
9. m-~ Q~ ~"ff2t -e- B030 ~ W'-t:f ftf3 ~ 001
10. ~ DR -et OW V, ~ fuR -e- * m:ft' ~I
1. The farmer got milk from the lactating buffaloes.

2. In the winter doctors give vaccinations for the flu.
3. She got annoyed and turned her face away from me.
4. The mother has faith in her son that he will pass his exam.
5. Due to sitting on the floor so long my feet went numb.
6. UfC(')T m
rnW ~ ~ ~ iFftl
7. cforn c"EfaT Q~ ~ -et ~ <tt m:ft' fi--[ffifh
8. ~i3<;{DOorn"3~~uol
9. ~ t'" cltBRr ft:Kp- t& ~ ~ ~I
10. ~"3 M -Jet f.IOT7>9" ~ "3 ~ ~ B'aft I
~ cover (m)
~ sign, signal, gesture (m)
fe36'd trust, faith (m)
~ father-in-law's family, father-in-law (m)
~ clean (adj/i); page (m)
<Hd-rtit meditation, contemplation (f)
H%f3'1:f (~) in front of (pp)
B'0 numb (adj/u)
~ sigh (m)
ti'ai-ti'ai::::
~
smiling, happy (adj/u)
fuwfE3t supporter (m)
~/fucr1:ft afraid, confused (adj/m/f)
cforn poor, destitute (adj/u)
241
~ part of ox's neck where yoke falls (m)

o:8]He'd family man (m)
cM:ft bronze (f)
~ earthen vessel (f)
~ quarrelsome (adj/i)
"'.\dM'~C':' to cry, wail (vi)
t:fua coarse, home-spun cotton cloth (m)
Be fake, false (adj/i)
am:w chubby (adj/i)
:ciIcr attention, deliberation, deep thought (m)
~liKr:M string of bells, around neck of animals (f)
~ quarrel (m)
futTc;{ hesitation, reluctance, shyness (f)
f'H0IC': I to be hesitant, bashful (vi)
C'E-a-RB dilly-dallying, excuses (f)
f<:"Bo joke, jest (f)
~ bread (m)
~ \vitticism, anecdote (m)
3'cfu:l date (f)
~ (of cattle) abortion, premature delivery (f)
t:fQ assessment (m)
ffij, BdjW pillar, support (m)
feErw consolation (m)
~ rhymed couplet (m)
ol:f nose-rope for animals (f)
~ proud, arrogant, swaggering (adj/u)
oT~~ having taken discharge (adv)
~ bandage, strip (f)
l..IO()T length of cloth used as towel (m)
flGB brass (m)
~,tftW low chair, stool (m, f)
~ to wipe, rub out, clean (vt)
~ to mix or cool by pouring from one vessel to another (vt)
~ soldier (m)
EftctT/~ street (f)
~/crtt
- - <J
old woman (f)
~ bite, mouthful (f)
~~'~C':' to mumble, mutter (vi)
"S'3 a meter of verse (m)
~ part, portion; luck (m)
~ to create problems (vi)
H'cfr ?5"C~ to suspect

(for a bullock) to get hurt from yoke on the neck (vi)

a greeting (t)
lactating cow, buffalo, or goat (t)
false promise, false hope (m)
vaccination (m)
to be annoyed (vi)

Lesson 36
RaP{ SE
~~
f60tt
~~~~I
''IJB... ~~~~O\cr~~iEl:lOQ?''mW3~~Q~~~tm~WI
'~~~, <$toI-O'C( ~?"
"~O\cf ~I d= ~
-
~ fto Bu.R 001" ~ ~ tR: =
~ -
WI
"m:r ft-kJd~'cSl ~ ~~; tft, Do ~ B'orcr wFcPw fucr?"
"~ ~ RT illi ~ 3' RRt &. Rft:w" ~ M ecttr ~, 3a'- 3' crEtH odt ~ I oft oi"R
~ Bt"if UJt, a:Et ~-~O(T odt ~?"
"a:rra Bt oTB -aE 00 for3 N for3, A' lift ~ Bt ~ RT R ~ or ~ 3' I" W ~ ~ 3 ~
OTBI
'~ tJd?)TH tft l..fTCfit 3 Oiff ~ ~?" ~ ~ ~I
"l..fTCfit-~ tft oi"R fucr craTill ~ ~ ~ 3Q fB'c;( \fu;r ~I" ~ ~ ~ d'& 'B ~ ~
tft ~ HB 3 ~ WI
"~~ f'tHi~d tft ~"tA-~, tITb8 6ao 3 ~ ~ Efucr 'B'I"
"~, O{WB -a 0TBt fucr :3"' "Ef8t," ~ ~ ~ -e- ~ ~ ~ ~ <tR ~ fcIur I "foRr.ft
<m'R 'B' ~ ~ ~?"
"~O\cf
u
~ odt , ~-
cl;a" ~ ~ ~ tITb8 6ao 31 ~ = cuftol"
-
'~ ... ~ -e-... ~ 'B' <i=A"?" ~ t'" ~ O'R aju Bt ~ afu ~ I
"~~ O'@" W3 ~r ~ fu"c;{ ~ 3'1" ~ ~ ~ -e- aju <!B m w ~ ~ ~
~ -e- fuua" t'" ~ eM.f ftJcJT ~ I ~ Q ~ or ~ I ~ ~ fWwo O'R ~ <!B ~ I ~
~-ot~~RTI
"~~ ~," mW3 M fH6t ~rl
"LfO ~ ~ aju odt ~~ weft wfua, RCftcJ t'" mar mar ~-B'Cf ~ ~ ~ 001 ~ a--r6jfft
oi"R odt futJl d= it. lift. 3 odt ~ c& ~
=
~?"
-
~ fuoT ~ 3' ~ ~5 ~ f<JcJT, ~ V1Pfto or lW f<JcJT ~ I
mTW ~ om weft ~ fcIur, "~ Bf W vro ~ flc;{ fore' gcr ~ fot'& ))iT oTB I fot'& ~
~ tit <!B fc;lit Q ~ -;jo( ~ odt ~ k fft 3 fot'& ~ a:rra tfB?=f ~ ~ t i ern ~ ~!
1ft -a 0TBt ~ ~ ~ tft 'itt I"
"3a" fWw8 'B ~-~ ~' tpWO( ~ ~ ~ tft oi"R?" mW3 ~ ~ ~ fH6t O'R ~
~ ~ ~ ~ fclurl ~ ~ ~ l..fTit O\cf ~I ~ tft ~ ~, ~, ~ fua LfftrHT
RJ;:8t crcro u8 o"R 0TEl fft 3 HW mw ~ ~ ~ ~ RTI ~ ~ ~ fuR am tft fc;lit fu:5 ~
odt cnft RT, LfO ~-~ Cl-rm ~ QLf3T ffoT ~ RTI iF.I'iEt fu-jt C{'cI7) RT ~.~ ~ -;joft
ura--UfCf ~ fucrt'" RT 3 fuf~ tft ~ tft oi"R O\cf ~ ~ 3fffft ft:rdt ~ C\cftT RT I
~ Q ffiw '~-~ -e- B~' ~ oi"R ~ ~ ~ Q B'm ~ Cl-ot RTI fucr ~ Q ~ ~
feH'~d rn3 mW3 tft tMt ac~ ~ ~ W' ~ ~ 'B' ~ ~ ~ lift 001 ~ ~ -;jo( ~ ~ 3'
~~l::fW-a~1
"B'av "8ffif3 ft:fuF A' B1:rtT, fud ~, H 3' ~ M -ot ~ ~ WI" "8ffif3 ~ ~ ~ Do
~ m:ft fcIur, LfO ~ ~1}tw ~ BH" faTlW I
~ Q ~ <ift 01Pft0 octt Rt iW fcrur I eft fuu H'ffijB ~ f6c;ft ~ ft:rR ~ (')"c{ 'B' o.Bt octt Rt
~I ~ Q~ ~ f6c;ft ~ W ~ HO rn3 (')"c{ f31:rr1 1../0 ~ fuB fu-a--~ ofu+ ~
~ furnro k Rt 1 ~ Qf6c;ft ~ ~ ara- fE'c;{ fuJ om <ift ~ octt Rt W5t I
fXoft ~ ~ R'W tft Rt I fE'c;{ fuo ~ tft W HiS a""iJ'Cf ~ 18 ~ 0{l.f'U ~ ffi I f0"ctt Q ~ il
fE'c;{ 1..fIR ~ tft 6tft s+ Do ~ ~ Rt I Bi! HiS ~ fuo m 0{l.f'U Wt CIa?) ~, 3'" fXoft
Q ~ QJH ~ ~ ~ tft ~ oreTi ''u'E ~ H HO -W Hat ~!" ~ ~-"ffift DEt ~ fu"R 1..fIR o'R ~
~ ~ ~ 1..fIR1 O'B ~ 18 'B om ~ mW3 ~ ~ rn3 HiS Q~ ~~:
"eft om ~ ~ ~ arT ~ N ~~? RTQ trH ~ ~ tft & ~ 3'"1"
"~ 8'3 Hat 3'" ~ tBTf l.f3T octt fora BRt m I 'iftd ~ ~ ~ fE'B: fc;G fraft cj 3'" I"
- ~ B fdTiW ~ I"
""0', f0"ctt 1> B'c;{
;::;
"~u ~u 3-a ~ ul:T amft))fTv'

'iftd ~ ~ ~ O\oft -
1>
;:
I"
" ~, ~ 3Q trW, W 3'" fua tit om DEt~ ~ m18 ~ 8cft cj N ~ ~ ~, ~
~ t'" ~ cj I ~ ffartrr fdrttt B m fu"cft Q~ ~ I B'B ~ ~ B'B ~ I fuR 3if ~ fE'c;{ 8ft
octtft! Heft ~ t& Q... I"
"~HTU ~ D<!c ~ H-a- (')'B' ~ ~~, ~ m18 'B iW "" ... 1"
"N ~ ~ 3'" ~ HU'Cl'B tft "J"f(], R ~ ft:rctt ~ ... B'B HTU g omt ",. ~ ~ iW H ful:ro ~ I"
HiS ~-~ acft ~ ~ 1..fIR ml ~ ~ tfu (')'B ~ f6c;ft ~ tft ill'ft l::fT odt Rtl ~ Q ~ ~
Hi; tft R'O fItB R'O iWEt I R
-
il f6c;ft 1>=tfc;{
-
~ fti'c;{ (')'B w fBiW I Bi! R
-
1>
=
f6c;ft -e- ul:T ~ ~
-
t'"
~ ~ ~ f6c;ft iW<1 "dt iffi mft:
"Eta &3 3'"3 il, cj or, ~ fu'3'" Rt O'E, cj N, ~ Rt, Et... ~I"
HiS il ~ ~~, 1.fcf ~ 8'3 ~ oNt Wt'" Rtl
"~ ",. ~ ...fc;m- ~ ~, ~ 0{l.f'U "3cr" ~ ~ ~ iW ~ I" ~ tJRtIT-tJRtIT
a::r5. Q ~ ful::fT ~ ~ ~ fdTiW I 1../0 HiS t'" fuu :w ~-~ "dt Rtl m
HiS BEt fuu tRW ~
fuiWcft ~ ~ ~ Rt'" BEt fuB fuB fcO{ fdTiW I ~ ~ m 0{TffR B' fE'c;{ ~ ~ ~ D~ ~ ft&
iW ~ l}3t t'" om CIa?) mr fu4W Rt I
~ ReI ~ fc;m- Bt8 fdTiW cj I ElRit3 ~ ~ -3 tfHO\'O iW <JT8t I 1../0 (')'B "dt fu"cft ~ ~
~ fuB fd1:r" ~ tft om il ~ t'" HO ~ C\cf fu'3'"1 ~ ~ ~ fuB '~' ~ BEt
fuu ofui BV3 ~ W>I f6c;ft t'" niRCf ~ ~ a'Pft ~ -3 <ift ~ ~ I oR3 Q ~ tftW
~ titm+ <ift BiWO ~ ~ HOI ~ il ~ ~ f6c;ft tft ~ ~ ~ ~ R'H tft
~I ~ 3' 3cJ+ ~ R'H l..fftrB+ f'tM''i:!d ~ ~ (')'B B ~ ~ iW fdTiW ml ~ ~ Et
(B(')f.JC'hi ~ mr fu4W Rt rn3 ~ ~ tl'or -ow ~ ~ Rtl
mW3 f':M''i:!d 3' Bra t1R R'H m
~ Rtl ~ -e- ~ <ift ~ 3Cf Do octt HO Hit I ~ ~ ~ H'M
l..fftrB+~, ~ 3' ~-~d'G\:' ~ ~(,)~'i:!d iT ~ Rtl ~ tom R& fuB ~ om W tf<rr
m 1../0 mW3 ~ ~ ~ "3 crfJtrl l..fftrB+ ~ 8'3 orB' ~-~ -e- mW3 fu"B Bg3 ~
iW fdTiW Rt I ~ ~ ~ B'BtW -e- fucrt-fdTcrt "dt Rt, 1../0 ~ tft ~ -BTMCft rn3 ~ 'B' ~
tft W)o{ ih!T Rt I
~ ~ 1.faT a<J ~ rn3 uW ~ l.ffuo ~ rn3 ~ ~-~ ~ ~ 6fu ~ (Jd" ~ Qldt!'i:!'d
Wt'" rn3 Ro\T 1> urac, HM'(J-~ k I W ~
~ ~ = ~ ~ tft om ~ I 8c;l:T fu"B R - tft tMt
fu"B3 8C;'t DEt Rtl f':M''i:!d ~ ~ (')'B ~ tft ~ rnR <ift ~ Rt I ~ W (')'B ~ ~ cWt-
~ "dt ~ I f6c;ft Q ~ ~ wfEt R'H "dt tft3 ore
HO I ~ Bi! <tt f':M''i:!d ~ U2 Wt'", fu"cft
~ ~ ~ (')'B a""iJ'Cf ~ W ~ f8::I1 ~ <ift ~ fuB Hit-1..f.8 W ~ VB a\l
~ fuB urc 'ifq "dt f':M91H Lft cW \JO I
245
fuR a=rcH' ~ ft:B'~ ~ RB fuUT Rtl reH'~d S"Q3 ~ ~ ~ ~ tT Rtl ~ (1R 3

fc5'ott tft ~ O'B -aT--aT -m:ft BOB'" ffiJ'cft~! (1R QL['or- ~ Rt reH'~d fc5'ott ~ ~ ~ 3'
~fuUT~, 7ldf~ ... 1 (1R 3fc5'ott QS"Q3 ~ ~ I H~ ~ ~ tft~~ura'75'R
m! (1R 3 ~ <lli tit fe~ -e- urcJ ~ tT ~ O\cf fR;w I
aB & 3" HB 3 ~r ~I "Rf3 ~~! qffi m urcJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ orB? ~ RrB ~I"
HB QfuR 3if EfB ~ ~ ~ Q-boW-m:ft1
"eft 1Ww~, tJR fa; \:J'(J "QO ~?"
"odf forR tftf.1 tft it~ 7ldf I ~ ~ ..."
''fX'c;ft, ~, cf'R ~8T fu"O( me," HB 3 ~ tft om W tit ore ~ fc5'ott Q~ weft ~ ~
a:m ~ tfftrHT -e- tre O{1.r ~ ffoT tr8t I
'~ H'd--f!" ~ ;~ B' fc5'ott tft ~ lWBt I (1R 3 ~ 8'UCf ~ (1R tft fu:ft Hillft lWBt
~ I tH <lli dt fu
:::: - ~T (fuft ffiJRt O'B ~ em 'B ~ :::::'
m I ~ 3 LKft
::::
afc;{-~ cft3t -m:ft Rt ~
iFlO\OC l..ffuoI-m:ft Rt I ~H -e- ~ ';r (13ilj0(3', ~ ihr ft:rur ~ Rt I ~ (1v fu5 ~ Qf;:W ~R
i) ~ tit 7ldf Rtl m-l'3 tx'oft Q~ Et ofu ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (1R i)
"R'iBt LffuH+ CIt! ~ dt 7ldf Rt I
"~ ~ odf ~ ~ m l " ~ -e- d-IO 'B ~ tit fl:mrB ~I l.8 (1R 3 ~ dt W
~ O\cf ~I ~ ~ (1R -e- fRoRft ~ tft -Qt Rt, (1R ~ ~ tfMi- ~I
"tx'oft fuu 3cJr ~ l.t\'o{B ~ ~ 3Q ~"Qtft QC{l.fT"0 -e- ~ B'...," HB 3 fc5'ott Q~ o(d~I(1're1W
WI ~ ~ tx'oft tT fuuw ~ ~ ~ ~ I
'''8 "QTft; ~!" tx',oft' cyRt d-f'cf ~ ~ ~ ~ O'B ffoT ~ "W ~I ~ ~ ft:rur ~
fu:ft ~ E"Eft or fu:5 ~w I (1R 3 tx'oft Q ~ -ec: BEt dtr ~, l.8 (1R -e- ?B l:fOTa & -e- ;N i::tH-r
ft:rur (1R -e- ~ 3" tit o"cl" f#3'"1 tx'oft 3 ~ ~ tft ~ O'B ~ E8 ~ ~ m ~B
tf6- <.rR O'B w f#3'" I ~~ 'B' ~ Hfuc;{ O'B ~ tT d-IO ~ ~ I tx'oft weft tft wcft dt ~
Q~ fl:r.3" ~ ~ F;'oft I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Rt 3" W 3' 0l."Et ~ ~ 8BUC tft C{l.fT"0 ~ om
~ a (1R Q~-~ ~ fuR ~ O'B ~ ft:rur ROM1 "0 ~ Rtl
"reH'~d ~ ~""El"~ , 3 HB ~ Hu O\cf ~ ~I
::::-
"~ ~0 H&r 30\ cITE "07) I ~ Et ~ "07) I LffuH+ ~ ~ :H ft::r0 'B fu5 RO I fua" (1iJ i -e- m=r tT
~ ~ ~I ~ ~~ -ec: ~I fua" ~ tT ~ ~ EftB ~I ~ BB H&r 3' "W ~
~ dt ~ ~ I" ,!f8 i) u1=r iI ~ -as urcJ ft4W ~ weft om O\cf fe"3t1 ~ Q~ ~
tfCJCf ft:rur ffoT fuUT Rt I
(1R i) Rft:m- ~ eft ~ ~~ Rt 3" iE"Et eft ~ ~ "W fuUT ~ I ~ HE :=r tx'oft tft ~ ~
tr8t ~ etR ~ aafRnir, "~Bcr 3cft fuD" ~ S"Q3 ~ 6Ut ~ I"
'~ ~ I" tx'oft 3 W 3" O'B tit tfJ1O(dT a ~ 3' ~ ~ I
"fuu ta;H om Q ft;"0 ft::r0 omr 'B ~ ~, fuD" ~ ~ fuR ~ ~ HdlCf 1) ~ I fuu ~
~ fu:3rcrT 'B' tit ;xff ffJO(HJl ," HB 3 ROffift ft::r0 ~ ~ W I ~ ~ ~ ljB FfT1.ftft Rt I
"fu:ft odf, fu:ft "i'>dt', BB eft (]OR ~ wEt I ~ tft ~ ~ I" ~ 3 WI O'B tit (1R QreH'~d -e-
urcJ ~ ~ ~ ~~ tT ft:mfrB ~ ~ ~ HB -e- ~ 3" ~ Rf3 ~ ~ ecttJ ~ 8'UCf ~
~ I (1R Q ~ t/P{'-sB ~ ~ BaT odf RO ffoTB, l.8 tx'oft tft ~- ft::rctt ~ i) ~ -e- t8 eft ~
~ fe"3'" Rt I
'3?>~(1990) 1?"B'

glossary for "fX"cft." Then translate the sentences.
1. ~ oG-r 3' UJO t@B ~ ~ ;:ft f1aft3 ~ uffi: ~ DOl

2. ~~~fuuQga~~DOI
3. oG-r R'O'" c"8o ~ ~ C0 ~ I
4. BT g"tr tIt=r"a BT ~ g"tr <11
5.~H~BTH'Lfm:ft'~a1Q ~~I
6. f8"w ~ Q f3T ~ ~ fdur Rtl
7.~~O'B~ ()T~~I
8. iI-fTfWW ~ - -3' 3'aT lW ~ ufcf ?>1=r ~ DO I
9. ~ f.ft"i.t ~ 8'oT ~ <11
1o. 9;Jl 0\ FeI)fT 9Jl o(['e I)fT ya- 11H l@ -orE I
Exerdse 36.2 Translate:
1. The hotels in Islamabad have very clean rooms.

2. At the fair an astrologer guessed my fortune.
3. What occurred was my fault alone.
4. The company will suffer a loss of three lakh rupees.
5. The Darbar Sahib is one of the wonders of the world.
6. ~ ajWfBH ~ ~ ~ Qm:ft' Rt ~I
7. ~ ~ f3itrf.t ftB ww8t i80 Rt I
8. ~ fu'1:r3 Ehl'9c: ~ 1.{Q'O ~ R"OI ffi'T 3' ~ Haft I
9. tfUTO ftB ~ ~ ~ 3' 1?>00Mc:all
10. Bo~BWOftBT~~m:ft'1
~ surprised (adj/u)
))ftT style of expression; graceful movement (f)
~~ to estimate, guess (vt)
fu"at -farat surrounding, all around (adv)
~ hardness, strictness (f)
~ new, recent (adj/i)
"ffORCft hurried, cursory (adj/u)
R exhilaration, mild intoxication (m)
RB'U-~ consultation (m)
~ soothing (adj/I)
"5W'" clean, neat (adj/i)
U"a"R loss, waste (m)
D'tW accident, mishap (m)
~~ 247
ui 'Lord have mercy!'

0{l.l'U cotton (f)
0(il-fT8 wonder, marvel (m)
~/1
c::: jackal (mlf)
~ jaggery, raw sugar (m)
~ domestic (adj/u)
~ den, lair (m)
B'oIo revolution, circular movement (m)
BOB' rumor, gossip (f)
BH'"Ott cleverness (f)
~ to pick (vt)
~ child (m)
H3Et astrologer, palm-reader (m)
ClfRt small seated jump, scoot (f)
crt:J8t tree similar to rosev!ood (f)
~-& aghas1; dumbfounded (adj/u)
~ to look (vi)
~ trunk (m)
~~ to go away (vi)
m running nose (f)
o're~ to stare, gaze intently (vt)
~ reaction, response (m)
l..[5(')T to be reared, nourished (vi)
~ smooth, polished (adj/i)
Dc:r- hollow; tender, delicate (adj/i)
as mother,grandmother(f)
acft berry or jujube tree (f)
i3t"lI~~1 to make someone run around (vt)
~ to guess, divine (vt)
~ steam; pent-up feelings (f)
Hffi)T problem, issue (m)
o-rdTO behind, back, on the back (adv)
ajlHO(d'~~' to smile (vi)
~ foolish, stupid (adj/u); idiot (m)
Bft:rf.p- accent; attitude (m)
~ attachment, fondness, bond (m)
~ congratulations, blessings (f pI)
~ to happen, cccur (vi)

Lesson 37
ffi:fP{ 39
~~~
''wq lfc't} ~ ~ ~ BPw ffi t'" HW tit ftfu" ~ "3 Bcr BBt orcJ ~ ~ arB-S'B 7'i"B ifR
~ I "3 ftfH ;F/"'"Q ~ tJTR fu"B 4-IR3, Bcr ~ WR fu"B }fH3 "3 ~ ~ BTR f.tB HR3 ffi I"
'~ t'" tftr tit mftw B-!" ~ ~ SB fWw, '~ ~ oft" m B-?"
~dj(";I@'el CFEfTffi:r~~H"'"(";""3~~l..fTO~1 t'cftQm$~fWw: "~"3Mtw
~ R ~ R ~ B-, l.fftT8' ~ fEu m foI ~ t'" trn feW ~ B-?"
t'cft ~ era ~ om t'" 13CJT ()T ~ I u'R a: ccttJc "ffiw, '~ "3 ~ <Jtr P: ~ Bcr- ~ UfO ~
~ m:ff ~ I ~ ~ tit ~ P: a-Bt Bcr ~ arB-Ef'B 0'E ~ ~ ffi "3 <'l'R ;F/"'"Q ~ ~
~ ~ ;F/"'"Q tit f'ovr?"
~
&0 d-f11=ICO t'cft ~ fuHtntr Q~-"8'a'"! t'cft ~ om Qfu"& ;:;TaT! ~ ~ " foI
~ ~ "3 Ba" R ~ SCfT m:ff "3 3'-B trB ~ 1]3o-elCJT "3 ~ # ~ I fu'c;{ ~ ~ Q~, rEv0\ ,i:, R'OI:
era ffi:r ~ H'RGa" ~ ~ ~ ~ for0r, "~?>tit' aBt'" ~ 3a ft:rcr era ~ H'() Bcr U
UfCJ, fi:TR ~ ~ ~ ~ Ha=ft3 ",. ~ ~ 3' ~ Hfft3 t'" 3B Bat orcJ ~ H.R?)T ~ B- I"
era ~ om ~ ~ tit fft, t"<ft u'R ~ Ci{fue R'or', '~ ~ Bu ~ ~ 'B' #( aar ~ ~
~"3 ~~"& a-ra=ft3 ~I R~foIR~~ftfc;{aar~ ~~:r- a{~I"3 R~
= =
249
H ~ 'B" 3B tT ~ ~ fftr uT 3- QJ?>'(J ott~? ~ ~ u2' or ~ 3 00 ~~?

am
t:'Cft tft ~ '00 1~~' ~ ~ '3 -era tT (J'W focu:5 f@w , ~,"1.f3o'"!
- R c& ~=
~ ~ ~ 3B HE ~ ~et 'Wt3 or ~ g c& 6-mB ~ ~;it or oBI W ~ ~ 3B HBor B'I HOfcf
RCfto ~ BCft tR-tlu ~.~ ~ ~ 00 ~ mY;it ~ ))fTtf Bt~? 3Q c& (')HTB ~ tft ~ odf
VEt I l.lO ~am vrt ifcft', lCrf1r ~ urcr Bat 0(00f B'~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ 3a HCfto 21"
~ ~ iJc t:f a::rato 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3' t:'Cft em f@wl m;rEt ~ ~ B'arr: "ffi]
au tft! ~ ~ H iEu ~ cri! odf oft3r I ~ fu6Rt ~ 2 ~ ~ tT 3B ~ H))fTtf HH8 l..f'fuIW
'~ g Ha:ft3' 3B Bcft 0\cJ ~ <'5ill ~~ 3 g aR <f<5 ~ B' Bat!" -era ~ ~ t:'Cft tft
LIfuRt m;rEt tio BCft a:ft I
t:'Cft ~~, "i~ 3f5T arEV! <f<5 H ~ ~ ~ ~? fu"'<;l: 3 ~ ~ 3Jf 3 fu"'<;l: fu"Rt ~
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251
ftt3t ~ Rt 3 wa'" ffitra 31-/TE'" ~ ~ ~

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Bat tT WB tr.3" cgr ~ ~ ~ft ~ f8c:t HQ CaT 6t ~ E I fER REt ft:!R ~ ~ Har WR ~ ~
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~ weft ~ O'B ffitra fGfu tR ~ ~ ra- 3 fffc;( RoT ~ ftt3t ~ BEt I ~ ~ R"6'o
ffitra # 8013 ~ ~ ~~ ~ Wr Bo # ~ tT tR9" L\R" cRJ 3 Wr Q~ ## cRJl"
'~?" wa::rco ~1crO D -a: ~ I
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EI fER OB -a: ~'H cgr ~ EI"
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a'1:r -a: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O'B om oft3tl
Jj'or ~ R<1o (1989) 1?'B'

----------------
glossary for ..~ ~ ~." Then translate the sentences:
1. ffi-rt.:r * fc:r" fc;pJH ~ ~ ~ ~ ?>tit aRfc;{ ~ ffi) I

2. w*~2"fc:r","~ ~~?>tit3'"~-a~1
3. * ~ 3' cret fs;{m-r ~ BtW ~I
4. ~ WH, ~~, HaT ~ ~ fuor trEt"3 ~ -et ff3""3 He B'ar -anftl ~ 2" ~ tliJtl'@~ REt,
ti' ~ -et ff3" ~ HWf I
5. ~ ~ -et 8J'" ~~, ~ 0'3 2" oW ~I
1. The way they do work is very inappropriate.

2. She asked for their help at the beginning of her journey/travel.
3. If you all don't listen, you will not get a penny from me.
4. The lamp remained lit the whole night.
5. Can you give me a small piece of the chocolate bar?
reality (m); real (adj/u)

middle-aged (adj/u)
application (f)
potter's kiln (f)
help (f)
faith (m)
real (blood) relative (m)
water tank, container (m)
companion (m)
but rather, on the contrary
to get hurt (vi)
opening (made in a wall by burglars) (f)
to justify (vt)
inn, tavern (f)
set, sorted (adj/i)
strength, energy (f)
to recognize, identify (vt)
Jjlf,~ miser (m)
(J1JlT modesty, shame (f)
~ to groan, grunt (vi)
~ to tighten (vt)
~ to take out (vt)
253
ot'>~ to be alert or attentive (vt)

otSt 0\3d'@c;1 to avoid (vt)
~ a measure of distance equal to 5.5 feet (f)
~ small earthen pitcher or pot (m)
~ measure of distance equal to 2.4 kilometers (m)
~ leper (m)
~ to cough (vi)
~ to earn, gain (vt)
11:f",Jt mixed (adj/u)
tfB#~
- ,- u
tendon on the back of knee (f); to become tired
~-~ feebleness (f)
~ talkative (adj/u)
g:r<')'U fault, crime, sin (m)
u1'3c;r to put, to throw (vt)
'3f-:JO\c;' to chirp, twitter (vi)
tfc;{ potter's wheel (m)
BHit skin, leather (f)
~ to chew (vt)
Bta?Y to rip, tear (vt)
~ drop (m)
ffiTRT blister (m)
'R3'@c;f to make one notice, remember (vt)
~ nomadic tribe (m), wild (adj/u)
RPwtB living being, family (m)
~ weaver(m)
H3CJT single shift of ploughing (m)
~~ to get upset (vt)
~;~~ house, residence (m); to break-in, burglarize (vt)
~ ornament (f)
~ water tap (f)
~ piece, segment (m)
~ to set out, to begin a venture/journey; lit. to swim, wade (vi)
~ burp (m)
~ day, mealtime (m)
~ public announcement (f)
W to carry (vt)
~~dI3c:' to attend or be summoned to court (vi)
~ ability, capacity (f)
platform, floor (m)
police" station (m)
hillock (m)
one quarter paisa (f)
-em religion (m)

~ prayer, blessing (f)
qVO(if.liJl aggressive behavior (f)
tl"&J betrayal, deceit (m)
-ow lit. half a paisa (m)
~ neck (f)
~ useless (adj/u)
~ slogan (m)
~ extremely tired, weary (adj/u)
r?>vl:l~(')1 to be completed (vi)
trtft embarrassed, ashamed (adj/u)
tf<5~ to cut/chop fodder (vt)
l.fOBT first information report (m)
fusTu back, backward, behind, in the past (adv)
~ to express anguish (vi)
DC'" range, breadth, woof (m)
iJcBt small pouch (f)
~ appeal (f)
~ blow, puff (air blown with mouth) (f)
atiJffi-ft indigestion (f)
l:lt:!(')lFfhdl bad luck (f)
arB child (m)
ljB~ to have fun (vt)
mrar- inappropriate, inapt (adj/i)
acr- leather bucket for drawing water from wells (m)
~ (eJ~~8'lI)iT) sister's husband, brother-in-law (m)
~ good person (m)
~ crowd (f)
~~Lf'cf~ to be angry, to rebound (vi)
HW barely, hardly (adv)
~ group, meeting, sitting (f)
~ ointment
~ taunt (m)
~~ to tie hands at the back, to tie hands and feet (vt)
trJCf gold coin (f)
tfu beginning (m)
~ one who lives at the expense of others, freeloader (m)
t1U0& early morning, dawn (m)
~ inverted, upside down (adj/i)
awEt approach, access CO
if3t small amount CO
d?> woman, wife (pejorative) Cf)
255
CPR supply, investment (f)

~ handful (as of fodder stalks), swath (m)
R'(J(')3 curse (f)
~ calf(m)
~-#3t farming (f)
fGtiHd(')' to forget (vi)

Lesson 38
RaP{ ~1:
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t1'3f.1'u61
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m tit atH, ~))(;:r 3'c;{ ~ R' cr0 U?> I
fu0 R'cJT fuwp{r 'IT<')' ~ I 8lttt ~ cro-e fO{ ftfc;{ ~ CfTBT ~ if.lO(ddYfi fuR ~
~ ~ cr0 ffi)1 fuR t!t ~8djd dl ~ a, ~ -e ~ Rfut:r tit 'IT<')' m:R 1301:8 f@w I ~ ~ BR,
HOI3t ~ a ~ ~ ~ 3 mHO D fM! ~ I it m:R 'IT<')' wa ~ ~ ~-Lf'cf ~ f@w, OlE OlE f.tB'
'IT<')' gl'R ~ I
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Pagetfqor ~ HO I 6JdR
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tret <T<")-i::t&:J'cr -e- d rl~ ~ O':B ~ ~ c81
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a-rat ~ ARt OBCJ ~ O'R, ~ ~ HO .gr Hcfu> D tFtr V 3" $J iEfBt octT dfu ROrtft I
3" fuu ~-~, fuR ~ ~ "ctt ~ ~ a:ftl f8"c;{ fu?> Ror- ~ ~ CF3 ftB, ~ ~
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""oft I ~ ~ ffi--r8 o(a:ft ftB fcror ~ ~ lJl"Cft a:ftl ~ ~ $J ~ ~ O'R 0"0 m a:ftI
~ ~ ~ ft.tc1 ~ tjdld'st]e ftB ~ 3" o(a:ft ~ ~.gr?=fTR VI ~ fuR ~ ftB
~ 00, l2 fuu ~ ~ Bat 3" ~ tMft VI ~ ~ 3" W ~ ~ ftB ~ ~ <'>tif a:ft
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~ ~ ~ ~ fez: ~ ~ ~ VI ~ fi:1crT ~ ~-~ f3n-f3n ~ ~ ~ tfc;ft
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~I $J ~ ~ ~ orB ~ f.tB .gr fcO\ tFtr 3" orB ~ Q~ oR?)T ~I l2 fu"c;{ fum ~ 1..f3O't,
a-rBt ~, ~ Q ~ fctB' ~ "ijO( ~ ~ $J ~ ~ W ~I or\] 'B fu"c;{ ~ .gr ?)T
~I fuu He) ~, ~ em R3 ~ RTI &-& B'cf-B'cf ~, ~ O'R ~I ~-~ ~
fEB' ~ ~ ~ fi:1crT ~ octT ~ f.tB 30 aD -Jel ~ 3'a; ?)T ~ I ~ H8 ~ ~ U'ffOft
~I N~aft3+f.tBfu<t~~~~V:
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tfc;ftl ~ 31' ~ ~ BE, l2 B ~ W0R ~ 00, ~ ~ Do ~ 31' ~ ~ ~ ur3 31'
259
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- "
"ait ~ ~ fj?"
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::::::: - - (J "J
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fER ~ tft ~ ~ ~ ffl BtR, -g'c;ft ~ QaT f.tB ~ o(o:ft 111 tW ~ Hfu ~ fucJ
o(o:ft ~-~ ~ ~~ a=rra LR!t Qmfc <1: fu,-~ D <1: ~ ~, ~ ~ ~, ~ ~
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ftW fucJ LR!t ar J:ft ft:1crft:I~ ~ 1 ~ ~ LR!t 1
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*
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"G"03' LR!t m ~ 11?" ar ~ 3' ~I
""OCf3t doi LR!t <Jt'" E 1" ~ 7> ~ I
'~ LR!t f.tB ~""atft fott1 oill?" ar ~ D c1: fo\uT 1
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frfB ~ fucJ ofu-r ~ fj ~~-i- (J7) I
fE'c;{ ~ o(o:ft tft ~3 frfB ar LR!t ~ I 3 fuo LR!t ~ a:a?) REt ar ~ R'CfT ~ ~ LR!t
frfB ~ ~ ~ R"or", ~ ~ ~ Deft ~ ffaft, "iW' (iT ~ 1 R fucJ ~ ~ ~ fHa" ~{3 ~
mr ~ ~ fuB'cft Her ~crtt 3 "OCf3t ffi]ecf frfB ~ fctaTaft I" ~ 7> ~ fE"3?>r ~ fu ar ~ ~
-a-t ~ fu"3"r 1
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3 "{ffEf'cfEf f.tB ~ oill m-{~ ~ 1 ~ REt 1Hcf R ~ "O(f)tR')'" 11 ~ ~ '<H 3 ~0(3' ~ ~ I

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tft a-ro3'" t'" dT ~ ffi 1
war ffi ~ (J7) fu ~ ~ ~ ~ O'R J;f8 ~ ffil ~ ~ aoct ffil ~ ~, ~ (iT
*
a-W I U'cf <1: ~ fo\uT, ''(iT Ho, "OCf3t -Joc:5t ~ ~ 2" "OCf3t frfB ~ H'cH-ro <1: 1:8H ~ ~," ~
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~ tft fE'c;{ Do })ffb"H wcf\iT ffi 1cf\iT ~ 3W t'" ~ 111 fuR f.tB 6WH ~ 3 BCf<HT3 t'" LR!t
~ <Jt'" ffi 3 ~ f~ ;ff'Ol ~I l1t=r1:f ~ ~ frfB ~ 3 ~ t!t ~ ~ ~ crdT ~I
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~ t'" ~ 3\crEr <ttl fEil' dT ~ ~ a=rra ~ ~ 3 tfta, ~, ~, ~, ~ ~ t'" Ha:ra
~111 fE'11c:ft~ww~, ~~~~~~~I ffiftotft~LR!t~
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fuR ~
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u :;:; :;:: U
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~ ~ oill ffil fc:;rc8 ~ ~ oill, RS 3 <Hfucr Raft ~ 1 tld tW "l'itRt O'R ~ ~ ~,
or fER tft ~ ~ Deft .~ I ~ 3'ol: cJaT-adoT ~ fu1fcf <;R": ~ ~-~ 3 ~-~
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~ ~ FfTOT ~ tEl} -at ofu ~ I 30 -e- ~ <it \J.B- 0\0 ~ 3" iH0 -# ~ <it I tfuoT (jv8
trE tV ~ -e- ~ Q~ ft::W ~ fu"O( fu"O( ~ t ' ERW ~ od'PW ~ I
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~ t!t ~ fi::rarg ~ 0I0t!t tret qfT I"
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~ ~ oml cft;:ft ~ ~ fu5 ~ e ofr ffi') 3" H P{tH PftH ~ ~qi(j\!I, dllba'~ <tR ~ fcR:p- WI
tRT Ha OTR-OTR Rtl ~ PftH ~, ~ b fi:ri:p- ))iT ~ 3" Do ~ orE I H ycft 3'oG (')'R
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gg crt! <it ?>df t8l fE'c;{ B'<'>e 3' ~ <tR t!t l:iJT3ClT, fa:R ~ f.tB <it W ?>df ~ I l..IO ~ -e-
<f.tr5 ~ 3" ~ ffi3+ -at ~ ~ 1101 ill ~ ft:ft:oft <tR ~ ~I ;F@ ~ ~ ~ ~,
~ Q~-()a) w.r f.tB ~ ~ cftWl
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~ ~ I ~ B'l)f~! ~ fJ:tath! ~ ~ A' uHW Ba- f.tB ))iT ~ I fi--f'tt fu"B' fu"cT, fu"cT B' ~ 3"
I
~ B' HfuR ~I foGo'" ~ orcrtl Rtl

fuR ~ O'E Heft Vi't ~ VEt 11 I tfRrcf t!t fu"a: ~ ~ '~-WR' 11 ft::rJ:r f.tB H'tI ~
WR t ' w.r l:f'cf ~ 3RT))f ~ ~ 111 doT-adaft ~ ~ w ~ ~ WR t!t ~ Q~ ~,
iHftr3 VtVt!t 11 3" ~ Q ~ BEt 3BTqf f.tB w ~ 11, ~ ~ ~ f.tB I trcf ~ ~-~ Va fl.&
Va m DCtIT ~ 11 I l..IfuBT ~ ~ ~, ft5cr R"O<" R"O<" fua OTR 3'0< t' ~ I trcf ~ Va m DCtIT
~ 3" ~ ~ ~ tVt!t 11 I rnJ:fta ~ "is tVt!t 11 3" ~-WR, -R H'tI-~ 11, ~ QLf3'B
?>OTCft f.tB ~ ~ 11 3" ~ O'E ~ ~ ~ 111
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fdiZ, ~ ~ 3" OTR OTR 3'0< ~ f.tB ~ ~ 11 I
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A(jv"=>l=aeo-RA 111 ~ fuR BEt fa: '~-WR' Heft ~ ~ ~ 3" '~t' ' ~ ~I
A' ~ ~ ~ fu"a: om B ~ ~ uTI ~ -e- ~ t!t, ~ ~ <tR CfTU ~
Rtl ~ A'fu"a:~, fa:R ~edja3 dlllg Q~~~~ -e-~~~, ft::rJ:r Q~-atH"'FlCd"
-;:ft ~ ~ WCf ~ ~ ft9w 3" W' ~ ~ d'f'5T ~ ofr I tW H m-lJQ t'" fu1:p- ~, ~ }fct ~
lJQ t!t -R ~ ae't, ~ ~ ~ ~ t!t -at Rtl ~ ~ Rt!t ~ <it ~ ~ 3" ~ }fct ~
~-fttc5 ))iT ~ DOl ~ uHW~, ~ ~ lJQ Rtl ~ H"'FICd" -;:ft ~ ~ -e- BB H'"C ~ ~
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''1Eu~~~t'~"21uHW~~"21~~fu)r~~WfcR:p-RtI
~
- -et ~~
-::::: 3" ~
- Cllft fuSl Rt fa: ~ ~
.;::: ()= ~ V ftww 3" ~ ~ fuSll ~ ~ ~
Q1..fCO{T ~ ~ ~ ~ 3" ~ tr.3" (jT ~ I oftrH3 ~ ~ t!t Vi't f.tB R'cft ~ ~ ?>df oft3r I

261
uT, ~ ~ ft::rt1 ~ &'aft iJ:ft, ~ crT ~ ~ 3- ~ ~ ;;{ ~ ~ ~ I" AQ ~ 1W' ffoTr ft:i?
~ YQ ~, HRt mft ocort:'" I
fuR fE~ f.!B ))ji'~ 'R'el tfuclT 3- W
I
- ~
; : : @"3 - a:ftl ~ uHW W
= 3- afu ;;{ ~ ~ I tlclt
W Q~I ilcft~ djc:'@"t! 3- oft3 ~ ~ 3- ~ a=rftJB tit c(c ~ I
ikJr prflO(T ~ (1992) fiB'

glossary for "l.j'3f.l'0c;l." Then translate the sentences.
1. ~fucr~,,-e=A'~~Q~, aTA'~Q UTEtI

2. fuD 0(d--f0T A' "3 tBt ~ k -e-r ~I
3. ~~~HR"3 foctjtffiDO?
4. illft?) -,:ft-3- 1>
= foR:rr ''uKr
,- EKJ3 - ~ I '6tc' 8't CIa feB!"
tfc;v
5'~WQ ~~ER13wftrDOI
6. DOBR~~ f30~Bru~~1
7. fttr QfT a: ~?) a:M ER13 Bo O'R ~ ~ I
8. ~ ffi3to -e-r CJR3T ER13 '*rr ~ I
9. ~DO, fttrcra-~~I
1. It is our estimate that they will definitely come home.

2. Geography is a very interesting subject. It tells us so much about our world.
3. Hartford, Connecticut is an important center for insurance companies.
4. Every summer, my mom visits her parents' home.
5. Last week, I was quite busy with the Sikh Diaspora Conference.
6. ~ ~ fu:ft ~ ~ ill-ffiT o-dt' CIa RC{tIT I
7. J:H1~d<\1QfT ~ tr3T fttr ~ ~ ~ orH om ~ DOl
8. ~~~~~-~3'ToT~~~EKJ3
-v - 'H'c;0l'J] ~~I
9. ~ ed'eJ] fttr a:ra'Cf ~ 6-fii ~I
10. tffrcft '0\ffiTcf' fttr a=rw "3 gO i ~13 Ol'd fu:ft ()T ~ ~ ~ tit ~ ~ I
1. Every time she comes, she slips on the floor in front of my house.
2. I prohibited the kids from jumping around the pool.
3. In my unearthly imagination, sages are sitting on the horns of animals.
4. Who played the role of a young single woman in the film?
5. In a dispirited manner, I gathered all the peppers lying outside.
6. ~ Htit?) Heft dldes~ Jl w~:fh:ru Q HOH ~ I
7. ~ur5~Ei33'~m~1
8. ~ OTR'R ~ O'R ~-(')"o{ ~ Dfuw ~ I
9. ~~l3OTfttr~<Y?
10. ,,-e= ~ tffWW Q fc;{H \fu;r 3'~, aT ~ g"R ~ DO?

~ fi::fur ~~f""l'd' at!t 263
~ lliff.f
(rlHd{')' to rise (vi)

~-& here and there
~ high ground, height (f)
~ sad (adj/u)
~rld(')' to rise up, swell (vi)
~/~ camel (mlf)
~ suddenly (adv)
~ difference (m)
~ or
~ half-naked (adj/i)
~ estimate (m)
~-(')aTr stark naked (adj/i)
~ strange, marvelous (adj/u)
~ supernatural, unearthly (adj/u)
~ stage, age, state (f)
~ Adam, the first human (m)
~ intestine, gut (f)
~ to bloat, swell (vi)
~ luster, shine (f)
n11~1'H181 traffic (f)
fu"c brick (f)
~-Mo exactly; almost (same or similar) (adv)
HR mother-in-law (f)
ffii f9:<dl culture (f)
Rftffi slowly (adv)
q::fuT mould, cast (m)
H3 spiritual power coming from austerities (m)
Rfuo stable, calm (adj/u)
mj'Br entire, whole (adj/i)
~ to collect (vt)
~~ form, appearance (m)
~ clean, neat (adj/u)
~ shared, common (adj/i)
ma-r animal's hom (m)
~ to shrink, contract (vi)
fJ:1d'H~' to create (vt)
fRcr" edge (m)
B1=r vow (f)
~ deft, skillful (adj/i)
~ hundred (m)
264 AN INTROPUCTION TO PUNJABI
i1cffo fond of; foppish (adjlu)

~ separate, removed at a distance (adj/i)
~ assailant, attacker (m)
~ young deer (m)
~ rabies
ft:i'oI chest (f)
~ to drive an animal (vt)
~ existence, reality (f)
iJw light (adjli)
ofa:ft irrigation channel, sub-distributary (f)
~ to cover (vt)
c\w bank, shore, edge (m)
~ particle (m)
oft-oro height and build (m)
O\tcr cavern (f)
offi9W young girl, maiden (f)
~ to accept (vt)
~ tough, difficult (adjli)
0{Rl.f(')T imagination (f)
~ lotus (m)
*'a-~ house where an unmarried woman lives (m)
O{'"W farm-worker (m)
0{'cJH function, action (m)
'. . . fa: criJ era tIT or' phrase indicating the high intensity of an action
~ to beat (vt)
~ soft (adj/u)
cfucr mule (f)
~ to spread (vt)
~ deity that protects fields (m)
iW deity that protects a village (m)
~ to dig (vt)
i:lcJor to dissolve in liquid (vt)
dlfbai~ depth (f)
~ to knot (vt)
dlai3~31 pregnant (adj/u)
dlB~vC(Jl embrace, hug (f)
0l'cJT mortar of mud used as building material (m)
rocky area along a stream bed (f)
suppressed resentment, complaint (m)
to echo, reverberate (vi)
to be subject to suffocation under water (vi)
death, killing (m)
Rftfeo fi:fuf ~ ~'""' i dI lhft 265
~ earthen toy (m)

lffc sip, draught (m)
~~ to draw veil across face (vt)
~ to lick (vt)
~ glutton (f)
BCfO foot, feet (m)
~ to cling (vi)
~~ to become silent (vt)
'ftr stove (m)
BCf' heap of stones placed where someone died (m)
'" a cupped-palmful (as ofliquid) (f)
w3t
Bll1 seasonal stream (m)
'"'
Bl:fT profuse, ample (adj/i)
~ small sieve, strainer (f)
~ island (m)
tnj authority, dominating influence (m)
ffi-lta conscience (f)
RCfOT to bear (vt)
-Rtt pair (f)
~
-~
v foamy (adj/u)
~ to bear (vt)
~ crowd (m)
~ to blow, rage (for a storm) (vi)
~ sarcasm, gibe (f)
~ to drip (vi)
~ to stay (vi)
~ dugout, trench (m)
~~ to relish, thirst for (vt)
~ female camel (f)
~,-mT palanquin (m,f)
W fallen, demolished (adj/i)
~ loose (adj/i)
W lump, clod (m)
~ hamlet, small settlement (t)
-R thread (f)
30 body (m)
~ pool (m)
~ to torment (vt)
3'013 might, strength (f)
3'C:<')T to spread, hang (vt)
~ renunciation (m)
~ triangular, conical (adj/i)
f3'cfr sharp (adj/i)

I3HCle' to slip (vi)
~ slap (m)
"WU extent, depth (f)
-a-at trader, merchant (m)
~-C{W oral account, fable (f)
-etft crag (f)
~ visible (adj/u)
~~ to gallop, dash (vt)
~ heartbeat (f)
qroor to assume, adopt, put on (vt)
~ attack (m)
~ raider, plunderer (m)
tit-~ daughter (f)
~ to smolder (vi)
~ intoxicated (adj/u)
~-<5'cI lit. 'nose to nose,' full to the brim
~ to flee, elope (vi)
~ sister-in-law (f)
~ fearless (adj/u)
f(el'~e' to fulfill (obligation, duty, etc.) (vt)
~ dispirited, demoralized (adj/u,i)
~ pure, unadulterated (adj/u)
~ to close (eye, palm, etc.) (vt)
tfc{r firm, steady; proper (adj/i)
l.lCCli~e' to strike (vt)
tIGft track (rail); washing stone (f)
U3'B "i'>"dTat nether region, underworld, hell (f)
~ shadow (m)
~ story, account (m)
lfOIC apparent (adj/u)
~ prevalent (adj/u)
~ stage (ofjourney) (m)
lfe life (breaths) (m pI)
~ living being, person (m)
~ type of ladies' shirt (f)
t&"0Ia7)T to cover a distance (vt)
"Efff3T backpack (m)
~ childhood (m)
"l:R'W retribution, vengeance (m)
EtJ't small embankment, dyke (f)
~ brotherhood, ethnic or social community (f)
~ fffuf ~~tiidl 8tft 267
fucrcr" scattered (adj/i)

Il:r~d(')i to be furious (vi)
8tB seed (m)
ifol: both hands cupped together as a bowl (m)
~ bubble (m)
~ load (m)
~ to heat up (vi)
OCO(C;T to wander, stray (vi)
~ cooked rice (m)
"ffift-~ 'filled to the brim'
wtft sister-in-law (t)
~ sentiment (m)
~ to be roasted, parched (vi)
~ role; introduction (f)
~ offering, sacrifice (f)
~-~ discrimination (m)
~ great/holy man, elevated soul (m)
Hfbc;l: fragrance, smell (f)
HR"'B audacity, nerve (f)
aiCO(I@~i to make gestures (usually with eyes) (vi)
t-ftr bad, evil (adj/i)
~ churning stick/staff (f)
}fo"3 promise of offering on fulfillment of desire (f)
~ to yank, pluck, tweak (vt)
Hffto dirty, unclean (adj/u)
~ to measure (vt)
ft-ruft, ~ tome
~ young woman (f)
a1w~ to finish a round (of weaving)
~ wish, desire (f)
aj03 image, portrait (f)
H0 attachment (m)
Hftr3 attracted, impressed (adj/u)
~ to tum (vt)
~ reality, fact (m)
l3dT age, period, epoch (m)
d~irE3 tradition (f)
0'Cf' caretaker (m)
~ craving (f)
~ to be annoyed, displeased (vi)
~ to be busy (vi)
w.r
Page 284
form; beauty (m)
anger, fury (m)

to trample, destroy (vt)
to stagger, lurch (vi)
glow (f)
rag (f)
"BR-"BR'" soft and tender (adjli)
~-~ hide-and-seek (f)
~ to lay down (vt)
RB desire (f)
Ref emotional drive (m)
~019~' to make flow (vt)
~ bride, wife (f)
~ challenge (f)
'8J boon (m)
~ to prohibit (vt)
~ to wrap, envelop (vt)
~,~ tum, loop (m)
~~; ~ilH3~0(31 actual, real (adjlu); actuality/reality (f)
~ strike, blow, attack (m)

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~ enterprising, energetic (adj/u)

~ credit (m)
~ progress (f)
~ untouched (adj/u)
~ wonder, marvel (m)
~-~ disabled (adjlu)
~ invisible (adj/u)
~ stubborn, obstinate (adj/u)
ff& village square or meeting point (f)
~ thick, dense (adj/i)
~ message (m)
~ to absorb, subsume (vt)
f1r~hJit stench (f)
~ gentle, good-natured (adj/u)
f1'Q'd(') ordinary (adj/u)
~ to irrigate (vt)
fR3a-r; fR3a-r ~ tyranny, injustice (m); ingeniousness in tyranny (f)
iJ31::f'W easy (adj/i)
<t!?vO(~, hemp (m)
~ canal distributary (m)
QH'd(')' to swing, sway (vt)
-gc swing (m)
~ earning (adj/u)
C\clTa" wild caper (f)
~ marsh (f)
~ blind in one eye (m)
fc;{'c;{cr acacia (f)
~ hump (of camel) (f)
~ cottage (f)
~ throng (f)
~ quarrel, estrangement (f)
~ self-appointed headman or leader (m)
~ prosperity, affluence (f)
~ fortunate, lucky (adj/u)
~-fu'('jT full of fragrance (adj/i)
1Jt5 unhewn tree trunk.;fig. old person (m)
'iJTO?)T sheaf(m)
~ testimony, evidence (f)
<t1~I~e' to brew (vt)
-atIJT dung, cowdung (m)
fdFwo't III ra t"'v3 1lfur 273
~ to hoe, weed (vt)

~ potter (m)
~ scrutinous (adj/i)
ifO(l12"l demarcation of village land (f)
BtB pine tree (f)
~ any open space, ground (m)
~,~ M~'Gc;l1W beak (f), to Wt:angle or argue
~ room on the first floor (m)
~ chief of village or community (m), an honorific
~ to be seemly, suitable (vi)
~ a tree found in desert regions (m)
t=fTHO't (F.ld-f'?)3) bail (f)
'JU uncultivated open land near the village (f)
~ stalk of corn or millet (m)
C'1;f island (m)
~ mound, dune (m)
~ pond (m)
~ line or file (of birds or animals) (f)
f3'U drop (f)
~ fatigue (m)
few:oft mental, intellectual (adj/u)
~ place of worship (f)
f&.r Neem tree, Azadirachta indica (f)
()3dJl(') blind (adj/u)
l{t"'diF.l61 exhibit (f)
tM:ft traveler (m)
Q8t arable field (f)
~ a species of tree, Aca. ;a modesta (f)
~ a species of fir growing in semi-desert plains (m)
8 t"' G><a=U-f3 unlucky (adj/u)
-aat tube-well (f)
fu<.r3r calamity, distress (f)
S3dJ18 disorganized (adj/u)
furJ8clt berry, jujubt: (mlf)
~ raised boundary line between fields (f)
lldl'i'!i(')~ fortunate family (m)
underground cell, crypt (m)
a square tract of25 acres (m)
belonging or pertaining to the Malwa region (adj/u)
chief(m)
the edge of a well (f)
patriot (m)
manure (t)
lame, especially in the foot/leg so as to limp (m)
to plaster (usually with mud) (vt)
crippled, disabled (m)
group of people on the move (m)
herd of cattle (m)
vehicle (m)
1. fdmiro9" QJOfu"3 ftiur ~ RftRa ftiur ~c:t"I' aI ~ <5 ~ Mf ara- ~iH El'a O'R ~ oft3"r ~ I
fuif ww Mf ~t"lC(la ~ ~ ~ w ~ ()f.1cf ~ DO?

Lesson 40
~80
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~ ~ ~ foGra Q~ odf ffi ~I o'tw mr-
~ tJT ~ <tt fED ffil
~ Rtft WB ,~vc;1c;iF.1'Jl fWw"dt' ~ ~ ffil ~ fEu ~ wg ~ ~ WB
~ foBrBT ~ ~ RO 3 Boft fWw"dt l j t ~ ~ RO ~ ~ ~ fu<t 3' tiE <tt B ~ ROI
~ #.t;ft() 9JLB ~ <tt ~ RO, fEu ~ 3 cSl31<;:!,(')i ~ ~ rr8t RO I or:oTf.f ~ fc;ljf we-
O'B ~ ful:f fu"3T Wtr ffi ~ 1..fW> ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ t=r ~ ~ ~ cl: ~ fftr ffi
~Rc;{~O'B ~~~~ ROI
~ ~ ~ ural' ~ fuc8+ ~ t'" ~ ~~, ~ or:oTf.f fWwu oft3 ~ D?l 3 ftB
ftB~~~~D?llfuR3W~fprm..r~~~ROI
~ rr8t~
~ t=r WM ~ ~ ~ ffi, f8R ~ ~ fuR 2" '~' ~ ROI ~ ~ ~ iRa8cf ~
~ ~ <tt ~ RO of fc;( W tft fucB ~ ffit I fc;(3 fc;(3 ~ 3' ~ ~:cT83t <tt D
t=Pt!t 3 <;:!ll ufc ~ Wtr ffi, of 1.foft fWw"dt ~ ~ ~ fuR Q~ of ~ m:fl' ffi, fuR ~ ~ ~
B ~ ~ ~ fu"3t ~ ffi of fc;( ~ fucB ~ ()T ~I fuR ~ iI<:c; 2" ,~~' ~ ROI
~ fED ~ <.itB doT tft ~ ~ ft:!R Q ~ Bcl- :oTB3t tft #to ftr3 ~ RO 3 fuR ~ CfCfr.R)
O'B orR ~ a--f'Qd-r Q~ RO I ~ '~' tJT ~ ~ ~ ~~, fED <tt fuR 3' ~-fua:n:ro -a il"
~ ~I ~ wft:J& i; fED iF.1"Elt fER ~ ftB ~ ~-
277
~ ~ -,::G ~~ ori'f ffi-fftr 000 (Jc 3' fa II

~ ora, 1..for 620
(4) ~: ~ .~ ~ i?fc;ft ~ Q'~' fc;rur ;::ritT ~ I
fuu IWH 3d -3 flJ3B ~ W ~
~Wfucr~1..fOV~~-et~cRtl ~~or~1 ~or 'HfW::ro' ~W~~I ~
ff'itra <5 '~' ~ ~~ ~--
O\ffi-f Hffi1 ~ H<~ ~ ~ RfR ~

ora, 1..for 84 ~
~~H'f.~~~orB~
"9 ora, 1..for 84
~ ~ R B~ AArra- HQ ~ qrfcrll
ffiBT ~ RB c;ft ~ ufcr we; ful:fQ ~II
OQ iRcrI3t (')'7)OlT ~ ~ fuS ~ qrfcrll
"9 ora, 1..for 636
fBl:fTtlt: ~ fuCR: ~ fffi:f <5 ~-~ fi:n:IBr8t ~ ~ Btcr fBcfr8t &B HD'03 c:Mtm oft3t
(5)
~I ~ftBfuRQ '01'13a' ~U7), ~ftB~lF.j(')41iH, (')41tJit?' -3~~ftB ,~' W
~fc;(ur~D-
~ ora, 1..for 3
~ a:Et iH' fb 30( '0 ~ ~ f8trcft # iH"O <.10 ~ 3d -3 fuCR: t'" o\H iRcrI3t "dT f?> eli ~r e iH"O I
tfiHfuH ori3a fuR o\H fiB ~ 3'"0( iH"O, tuJfB ~ ftB ~ 0(' ~iH El -Rol" ~lF.l (')41H1 t'" o\H ~
iH"O I iE<;t ~ cfu:r ~ fut~ ~ ~ fu1f3 Q ~ ClC5,gC5 8'<IT I ~ ~ REt ~ ~ -3 !={ffif
~ "dT ~ oDT Rt, ap;fc;{ B'oft ~ ~ ~ ~ cRtl fB'O( iH'Cf ~, ~ ~ fete ()T Dc; ~,
~~ tll})lF.j'(') 8tO\T Hl~ -3 fucr 303ta 0'R gcr 30{ ~ ft:rur ~ 0Cf ~ ~ 0'R ~
~ ~ ofuT iH"Ol R"O(SSHO( ftwEt BEt BEt ~ ~ ~ Rtl fuR ~ ~ HaT ~ oDT cRt, ~
PI td t' (') ~ iFlOt!'cf "dT fuR ~ ~ ~ iH"O -3 fucrrcftrn+ Q-GtaT fE~ t:l' (')' -e- ~ fuclT fBcfr8t YR30l
~ R=-e- iH"O, <JCf ~ ~ 7xff Rt "O(d iH"O(t'" I R"fEu ~ Ef(J3T 1WH oDT cRt I

2. ~ R1WW f.tB ac:'t fWwdt ~ ott ~ ~ ff?)?
3. -Jo fWi ffi5B" ~ ~ ~;
ffr<.Irdt
J't'l~lH'd
i1Pflo
fcr3'"
Hm--r
<Sldl~'(')
~
P\i:!di:!'(')
1l1OB'-~lHElid ~ expansion or amplification from a (given) meaning (vi)

~ attractive (adj/u)
~ decoration, adornment (f)
~ compiled, collected (adj/u)
lHdlH'Jl a small unit or measure of weight (f)
~ reed (used in thatching huts) (m)
~ patronage, sponsorship (f)
aBB glue, starch (f)
ffr<.Irdt soldier (m)
~ gold (m)
BtJ'dJT borax, ash (m)
J't'lbH'd lasting, durable (adj/u)
dtrfRtB manuscript (f); handwritten (adjlu)
~ same as ~; good, nice, fine (adj/i)
~ a paste made from yellow clay used for erasing; strike (D
ill in order to, for the sake of (pp, adv)
~ musk (f)
~ ferrous sulphate (a compound of iron and sulphur) (m)
ol'HR collyrium, a black powder used as an eye cosmetic (m)
PItCf; ,O(i:!di:!'(') value, worth (f); one who recognizes value. patron (m)
~ sieved through cloth (adj/u)
279
grass, green moss (f)

~ reed (m)
~ profession, occupation (m)
tRt small earthen vase (f; diminutive)
~ pure gold (m); pure (adj/u)
~ manuscript, draft (m)
EfRCB fine, neat handwriting; calligraphy (m)
ljlF.l (')41 iH calligrapher, writer (m)
W1-f3 secret, concealed (adj/u)
~ to pound, rub, grind (vt)
miracle, marvel, wonder (m)
rag, a tattered piece of cloth (m)
because, as, since (conj)
drop, splash (f); same as feicr (m)
peel (f)
BOB method, manner, skill (f)
303ta arrangement, sequence (f)
3'ol: adept, skilled, expert (adj/u)
~ medicinal mixture of three fruits (m)
Btr- hollow, empty (adj/i)
~ middle one (adj/i)
(')4HHe' writer, scribe (m)
o't3t; 6ldl~'(') policy (f); politician (m)
Qffi:IT prescription (m)
tf3cr paper, leaf, sheet (m)
birch bark (used as paper in ancient times (m)
palm leaf (m)
copper plate (m)
~ current, common (adj/u)
~ ancient, old (adj/u)
~ alum or potash alum; aluminum potassium sulfate (f)
fSfliH'd a medicinal plant used in making ink (m); same as ~
~ a medicinal plant used in making ink (m); same as fSfliH'd
eBt#3 very well, clearly, evidently (adv)
~ utensil, container (m)
HiEf ink; black ink (f)
~ lit. blackened, blotted; the first draft of a document (m)
~ written; marked with lines or stripes (adj/u)
~ purpose, motive (m)
a-I'oH light, faded (adj/u)
~~ gallnut of oak or cypress, oak apple (m)
w;:r matter, essence (m); female sex (m)
to erase, to rub off (vt)

emulation, imitation (f)
fiber (m)
compulsory, mandatory (adjlu)
amethyst, purple quartz (m)
needy (adj/u)
thing, article, commodity (f)
present time, the present (m; adjlu)
process, manner, method (f)
detail (m)

Vernacular Literature

--------------
Lesson 41
iRCfPf 89.
Songs and Sayings
41.1 Traditional songs
In traditional Puejabi society, the singing of songs in the home is dominated by women.
There are specific types of song that pertain to particular occasions, such as birth, coming
of age, marriage, and death.
The first two examples given below are Ha ~ ('long songs') and the third belongs to the
genre called~. These can be heard sung at gatherings of women in the days preceding
a wedding. \
fuoctT ~ ()T ~ ;')""OfCft

()T~oaTcft
~ R'l:f ~ ~fqf, o't dB
~~
3J:f3' Uo ()T wdT, il dB
~~()T~r~
()T~~
~ H30 ~ ~r, o't c:lB
~~
3J:f3' Do ()T wctf, ~t dB
tft+ ~ ()T ~+ oroT

()T~oroT
~ R'l:f 3'fd>nT 0'1'5 ~, o't dB
~~
310B ita ()T wctf, (ft dB
if3cr+ ~ ()T ~w ~
()T~~
~ R'l:f ~ O'B ~, o't dB
~o~
3?=f3' Uo ()T wctf ,09" dB
1 These songs can be heard on the album Sandhara, released by the North Zone Cultural Centre, Patiala
(2003).
~------- -------
?)T ~ (')'cJi-
~ ffl:f ~oT ~~, o't ~
~~
3l:f3' i)o ?)T wdT, o't ~
~~?)T~~
?)T~~
~ t1q ~JlO(C':~, o't ~
d1t-l~~
3l:f3' i)o ?)T wdT, o't ~
atcr~
tit 3- ilJCfR "e'" Qfcww ~
~ ft:8 ~ ura- ~
atcr~
tit Old ~ mn:ftrr ~
ilJCfR Old 3tf Her- ~
atcr~
"CICf3t 3- ~ "e'" Q fcww ~
~ft:8~~~
atcr~
~ Old ~ HB CIB "0(0 fuIW
"CICf3t Old tit ~ ~
atcr~
<'5h= 3- M "e'" Q fcww ~
~f,:G~~~
atcr~
o't't orJ AA= ~ ~fil,g~
-
M<5i1C':"?)TW~
atcr~
am 3- i!JcJH "e'" Q fcww ~
~ft:8~~~
atcr~
EtworJRQa:mtfor~
~Old~aW~

SONGS AND SAYINGS 285
8lw~
~"3 ~ tTQ fcfPW ~
~ft:r3~~~~
8lw~
~ ~ ~ f.tB of.J ~ oa;;:f
~orJ~~~
3.~~~~~
~~,~~~
~ 8lw Q3T ~ ~o AA
iA' ~ ~ o't 03tcftE

()T C\cJ ~ -#cft
wQ HfuB ~ f,!B ~
~ 8lw f.tB ocr- ft'' Heft
wQ 8':OT ~ Mr ~ ~
f.tB fi:ro'" ~ Wi~
wQ mft ~ fu1~ ~
~ 8lw fftc;{ ~T tft ~
~mft~wwo't~
~~tftffift
fRo mft ~ tft

~~~~~tft~

41.2 'Folk' songs
These songs have no specific ritual context or occasion, rather, they are multi-purpose,
popular songs. Their melodies have made them readily adaptable to staged and recorded
performances, while their simplicity and traditional subject matter earn them the title ofR"ol"
ofB.
~ ~ d--fTd'lw
~~CllBt~~
~~~
~~~
~~3ill3~
~~~
~~atrR~
~~c:J*cft
~ or Wf g"a:ft'
W,~E3QHat
5W-5H~~aaH
~~~tiR
-ERg'3~
~fcmor~
~~~
~~~
~~3Bt3~
~~~
CJTRT H\! ~ far'

fucr ~ fuo 1W' W?
Hat~~~
fuB 3"0'- <it ~
U
tre'Ht&~
Page 302 ~Ht3CJ8~ www.sikhbookclub.com
~foMrRt~
O'B till ~".
~ t" ft::fc'"
~ t" ft::fc'"
~ ~ 3.Rt "3 ~If.pw
~ t" ft::fc'"
fun 3a- Heft Cff0C~ ~

fM1~funC{~
~"3H&fc~-a;
~ CRY WB dlF.~
~ (jT ~, -ffi:)T?
~~,~T
fX3~~
~~fuHR~~
~ t" ft::fc'"
~ t" ft::fc'"
~~3.Rt"3H~
~ t" ft::fc'"
g'fuw~~~
~~~f.tB:~
~ t" ft::fc'"
~ t" ft::fc'"
~~3.Rt3~~
~t"1R"c'"
tf3T ~, Ocft' (jT 1;Rft

UTE cn:r- ~ H'Q ~ fuIW
~ oruT ~ H R'cf (jT ~
~ CRfl' ~~: ~ fuIW
~ft.&~~~
~~D-ftfllW
~"3~aEt(jT~
~ D-tH ~ foTlw

~~~W
~~~
~~~~mff~
fuB~~
~ft,~00@
fMr ~ H'""8 ()T
~~fffi:ro~
3aH ~ l:fTE ()T
QaT ~ f.tB <1 dTB ffiTH

~~~
~~H'""8~
m()Tw3t~
tf3t ~, <1af ()T yat

U'E d"Ev ~ wQ goo'" fWw
ft:i<1 "O'I:Y -et H' H"'O ()T ~
~ crrctf ~ HQ ~ fWw
cf<5 -et B'tO ~ ~ dill, ~

~-~,
AA -et g1:l ~ ()T fjuf, ~
R'cft ctq+ ~ ~ Hftpw

fo"ctt fi:rdT om 3' ~ C{O ~
wQctq+3'~~
()Tg~3"()TH'~
wQ ctq+ 3' war ~ rn1:r ~

Ha- ~ -e f.tB ti1:f ~
H' fE"e- 3" W ~

R'cft ~ ~ ~ E""a1E

41.3 Pop songs
Pop songs constitute tht: music most heard nowadays in urban contexts and at parties like
wedding receptions. While they are newly composed and set to modern orchestration,
Punjabi pop songs nonetheless often evoke aspects of traditional Punjabi society. The
following song extols the rustic charms of rural Punjabi culture like string cots, seasonal
foods, greens, leisure time, and homemade liquor?
~l.1t=fra~
u.rcr t.ft HCf'B" ~
~O'Ba'fw~
~~Hw~
HR~fuyB'c
~~~
tITtJRt ~ ~ f.to8'
~ D"a1 ~ -J.~
aft:BT -e-r iR'cJT
~sa-?i~fT~
~fctB~
a-rwB t'" ~ ~c
~ ~ iR'cJT fctB H
fM1 eft fM11..fTEt .~
a-l"oft t.ftW ~ ~?
fun i- foE l:f'1ft t=r<~
l:KT 3- R'" a: om tilr-
:::: ==
u.rcrt'"~~
H"a~RRr~
~t.ft~?:m
~-?i~3-30+
~ tV a: ~ <?B
''8B a: <? ~, ~O(T,
em or J;:fCf'1:f ~"
3'fcmiT t.ft as fi'B
Bt ww da=ft ~~
~B3~B3+
~~m-t=r<i1
2 Written by Makhan Brar, this song was sung and recorded by Gurdas Mann in 1997.
~~AA'
D'Bifs;+~~
"a-rcr ~, 'H'?)T,' foct1
L1";:ra ~ ~"
~fc;{H~AA'
<fcf or "i37i"'Cl" ~
41.4 clJ,~, m3 ~
1. clJ: The term c"tf" refers to a genre of Punjabi songs that consists of one/ non-rhyming
line. In this one line, a c"tf" offers a glimpse of a certain theme or emotion, giving it a
quality like that of a proverb. 4
wE c1 ~ o'T am-ft ~
~ Ha ffitra" 'B ~
fc8 ~ or t=rrET W)T ~

& ~ tKf'o3" ~ ~
2. ~: A rhyming set ofclJ constitutes a aRt (plural- ~). ~ make up the core of
the traditional performance art of Malwa, called fd1"qT, and are popular with both women
and men. In women's fd1"qT practice, one or two women at a tum step forward from a
circle of their peers to recite a aRt while dancing. Women's ~ generally consist of
just 1-4 linked cl1. They may begin with one of several possible formulaic patterns (in
italics) that cannot stand alone, but rather exist to facilitate rhyme. Each aRt ends with a
c"tf" of a metered form called ~ ('break,' in italics), which is repeated several times
over by the group of performers.
Broken into two phrases.

3
For more examples and translations, see Nahar Singh and R. S. Gill, "Folk Songs of Punjab," Journal of
4
PagePunjab
306 Studies 11:2 (2004). www.sikhbookclub.com
Hftftft Hftftft (:ref ~ cz:ft:5t!t

Hftftft ~ ar:aft. ~
UlcUlcH#Q~
~ ~ ~' Rfc:Jt:ft
Elcfl:TcltorT #
R ,')T El'CfffT Hltffft 5
waf "8CJdff c{c~ f@w iFft

tfc~~O'F
:rdt ikft ?Xff J~
Hcitcftj0f'H'6
Sometimes, the ~ take the fonn of a call-response or ~-~ where one or two
women from a group direct a 8ffi at the men who take turns to respond with a 8ffi of their
own, as seen in the examples below.
~: fr ~ ~ R'cft 3a ~
fr ~ ~ w.tt 3a ~
a~~-e-~~
~~ ffa; fu'H ~ tMft~!
~: f=t ~ ~ fdfqr mft' ~

f~O~B07>9'
(')f cflR ~ -et
ctt~il~!
~: cfl'HWWW
cfl'H~~i~H'BT
f~t.rB~
(~~~!
~: (~ ~ o"'B o"'B o"'B

(~ ~ "ilRt "ilRt o"'B
1~~()T~-et~~
-3"efr fdil::r" a=rra- ~ Q wft ~!
.,~~O{O~
'~mO{O~
'~-e-bcff~
ffift aiu O{O ~!
5 As appears in Nahar Singh, Long Burjian Vala (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1998), 156.
Page 307 6 Ibid., 346. www.sikhbookclub.com
~: ~m:fi~~
ftB-et~~
0'fH~fuQjT
Rfu ~ HcftE m!
~: ~ ft.& ~ ali3<g ~ BB
ft:rt1 cruBt ~ ~
~~tmffi
~ 1mB 0Icft or ~!
In the fui"qT of men, the ~ tend to be longer. Their performance entails individual
recitation of ~ without strict rhythm or dance. Only on the repetition of the ~ by the
chorus do percussion and dance movements begin.
Sessions of men's ~ begin with at least one invocatory verse, or HaIH't:ld('), such as:
l.fftJRT m-r ~ tIT REtE

fffi:r ~ BOT3 ~
lie 1.fc ~ ~ ffi=IT a
~Er:Of~
c& fcm" -et "Ol"fu or 0ffiIT
OffiIT#HO~
f8fqrl.fT~
fJ:rcr Rf3gro Ft ~ 7
Men's ~ were typically performed at country fairs in the Malwa region, and they often
refer to local places and events. The following aRt begins with a typical formula that makes
reference to the town of Jagraon (district Ludhiana), and goes on to mention several other
villages locrrted in the area (these are marked with *).
~~rnrcft
ftB t1aldi~i* ~
~~wat
traft n* tIT
~~~~
foz:Jao"~*
~ ~ 0ffiIT ~ wat
~~*tIT
fffi:ri5 ~ '~ @cft* R'cft
'> et:r ~* -et
fi:ruift ~ DorBt wat
~~~
As performed live by the Bay Area, California group, Punjabi Lok Virsa.
Page7 308 www.sikhbookclub.com
~ #t;r ~ ~ i-rcft
l.IOir mr wet
Ft cjtft or y#JFr tHoorrift 8
3. H'dtw: ~ is a Sh0l1, three-part verse form similar to N. In formal structure it looks

like a N preceded by an additional phrase. This opening phrase usually has little bearing
on the meaning of the: remaining stanza, serving rather to create rhyme. ~ are often
romantic in tone; the gl~nre takes its name from an epithet for a beloved (wdt).
Example:
~~orit3if~
ff8t"H~~
tf'l:f ~ offl' ~i ~9
Stanzas of~ are alTanged to form longer songs, as in this example: 10
~ ffi'fcl' ~u
~;
u
UfO ))fl. R'" ~ ft~ ~
1.kWw~~T,w
3cft W ~ ?>dffi' ffiR5T

~~~~ CIa(')'
';(i..9 ~ ~ E, -gf3T
3cft ~ ~ ?0ffic ffiR5T

~~ H ~ ci(QOT
tft~~E, -gf3T
30r <ito ~ "0""dfr' "ffi3OT

~ R'c3" H ~ c~
~ft::rty~E,W
3cft wat ~ ~. "ffi3OT

~ ~ ~ djPI'Bl~ CIa(')'
~~ iF.ldlO(<5"1 E, W
8 Culled from: Nahar Singh. Kalian Harna Roheyen Phirna (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1998),72.
9 Nahar Singh, Long Burjian Wala (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1998),370.
10 As heard on the album Sandhara (North Zone Cultural Center, 2003), side 1, track 6.
1. ~: Punjabi proverbs known as ~ are a repository of popular, folk culture.
ft:n} W- fWwo. Where there is affection,

~()T~~ Never get into business together.
B~~()T~~ If you have to do it, never borrow,
B~~. oTEittE~1 .If you have lent, willingly forget it.
t-fu ~ a: ur.tt RCft, Sold the buffalo, bought a horse,

~~orE, There was no milk to drink,
m~tretl And had to clean the dung.
cfcft - cME a:,

- ;R'cft Eating your dry and tasteless bread,
6w1.R'T~, Drink cold water.
~, ~ trcJT"8t~, Seeing the delicacies of others, Farid says,
()T 3diH'fE ~I Do not torment yourself.
~lBt, Farming is excellent,

Hti'H~1 Trade is mediocre.
ofl:{q B'OIcft, Worthless are employment
-Bh:f~1 And begging at doors.
~ 3cft :ort:d'"! o Lord! What wondrous power you have!

at;:ft ~ 3" ~ fuw ar,:rcr I We sowed jute and the millet sprouted.
A miser is better than a generous one,

Who responds quickly to a request.
rnd-fto t!t Her ~, m A rich person's dog died,

~ DO fcm if6ft I Everyone came to condole.
:cJTCfu:J t!t Her m w, A poor man lost his mother,
~ fcm ~ ()T fulW (j-i-I No one took notice of that.
Those whose stores are full,

Even their idiots are considered wise.
~w6~ffa:, When mother's relatives visited,

UfO cfto 3" ~ l.fa: I Delicacies were cooked.
~wBtt'"~, When fathers' guest arrived,
~~a:~~1 Mother was swollen and fell into a fit.
Stories of elders convert children into good

progeny.
2. tj~ld3i: Riddles in Punjabi are known as t5 i d3 i . They are popular amongst children
and, sometimes, in classroom settings.
Answer: ~
fE"c;{ ~ fctB "El'3t .~

~~~~~ Answer: ptr
~ -et ~ fuo?:: -et BT5

~ ~ fRutft;~ m:ft' 0'R Answer: *
~q~m:ft'
erE ()T ~ lJ.I1R
RtT ~ 3 -ctt 00
DEoOlt!t~ Answer: J-n!lClB
41.6 ~
~, a devotional genre that began as part of the singing at Sufi shrines, went on to
achieve popularity among individuals of all faiths. A driving rhythm and frequent repetition
of the refrain (first stanza here) help ~ performances to create a trance-like mood.
Many qawwalis have bl~en written in Punjabi. The following is in praise of Lal Shahbaz
Qalandar (d.1262) (also known as ~ erE), a Sufi saint from Sindh who has many
adherents in Punjab. I I As you read the text, pay attention to the vocative forms and suffixes
of endearment.
-0 erE Heft t8 al:ft13"

~~~
~trr, RftJ?o ~T,
m:ft iF.klEl' f.l ~
tw-tH tiR3 P{ffto
rnBt tH-tH ~ ~:J
~ Qtftor~~~
~Q~&fHR"
~ ~...
II The version presented here is based on the performance of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, the great qawwali singer
Page 311from West Punjab, from the album Shahbaaz (Real World, 1998). www.sikhbookclub.com
B'cf fuor:oT 3a- C{ffi) uHw

~a'B0rnrBl
~ ~ ~...
~~ tftor -acr-
-Jo~~
~~~ ...
~-~~"&8~
0'R<tR~
~~~ ..
The next pfurBt is in praise of Baba Farid (c.1173-1266), also known as offi-E-B'oIo (Sweet
Master). His dargah (Sufi shrine) is located in Pakpattan, West Punjab, which is around
118 miles from Lahore.
offi-E-~ Her- offi-B-~

d18G t'" <.flo ~ offi-E-~
~ S1ffi:rE arw <.flo ou-fT8 arw
ffi:ft ffR-tft3" Her diR -E-~ crw
I
*~~arat!t
Her fuR Heft "fr?) ~
~ ~ ~ ~ offi-E-B'oIo
Her&~~
offi-E-~ t!t H B'o\cf ~ arB" t!t
"fit <it # i> Utor ~
offi-B-~Q~~
crcr- Ht c5 C\cfH O{W ~
H~Q~~
H:at& -e- U10 ~ ~
Her-&~~
offi-B-~ Her- offi-B-~
H~~arB"t!t

~ proverb, adage (m)

i)fta orcJ?)T to respect, treat with regard (vt)
~ strange (adj/i)
m'Era sky (m)
~ Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad
~ honor, glory (f)
~-~ face-to-face, openly (adv)
~ hacksaw (f)
~ teammate, friend (m)
~ Sehvan Sharif, a famous town in Sindh (Pakistan)
Rl:it female friend (f)
a:nft generous (adj/u)
~ 'the True Guru', God (m)
a=ill village assembly point (f)
a=rBtt grey (adj/u)
Baa" patience, tolerance (m)
fI'cJ knowledge, information (f)
ffn:ro peak, summit (f)
~ ear of grain (m)
~ Sindh (f)
Rh..r a card game, 'Sweep' (f)
d3U"5 delicate, tender (adj/u)
~ collyrium powder, eye-shadow (m)
B'ol: suspicion (m)
~ to feel shy (vi)
~ a close relation with clear sense of rivalry (m)
u?Bt large house, mansion (f)
~/~ peer of equal age (mlf)
tJTEft elephant (m)
~ucft lit. fairy (f)
M- destiny (f)
~ pertaining to Qasur (a town in West Punjab) (adj/u)
~ bracelet, bangle (m)
oB husband (m)
ou-fTt' sugarcane (m)
a;rR, fclR oblique form of ott/what
~ maiden, miss (f)
~ to wither, wilt; to be sad (vi)
mortar for grinding (m)
~ to scatter, disperse (vi)
~ axe with long handle (f)
knot (f)
onion (m)
stalk of mustard (f)
co-villager (m)
small pitcher (m)
sound of beating drums (f)
to sculpt (vt)
gong (m)
boiled wheat (f)
to rub, grind (vt)
B'o\O servant (m)
B'B walk, gait, move (f)
f'=3I(1I, f'=3~I(11 to have something laid (vt)
~ to suck juice out ofa fruit (mango, sugarcane) (vt)
ffiW-5H (for rain to fall) heavily (adv)
~ shade, protection (f)
~ world, universe (m)
HoT, ROB world (m)
RB "EfB flood (m)
ffiR)' to inset, inlay (vt)
BcF-Bat forcibly (adv)
w3t look, glance (f)
~ small branch, twig (f)
~ frog (m)
n bamboo stick (f)
~ to spill over; metaphor, to fall for (vi/vt)
~ to sway, shake; metaphor, to go astray, lose faith (vi)
~ group (f)
3tr heat, warmth (m)
3d'R~ to take pity on (vt)
3Rt palm; sole (f)
fu.3 amulet (m)
~ a stage in the distillation of country liquor (m)
~ tooth (m)
~ tooth of a saw (m)
t!H breath (m)
tw-t!H sound of kettle drums
fi$r,~ husband's younger brother (m)
~ tail (f)
~ to press (vt)
<'5'EI'B" pulse (f)
~ nobleman (m)
O't'?) ignorant, unwise (adjlu)

O':W rivulet, brook; gutter; drawstring for pants (m)
~ to be constant, faithful (vi)
?>a3 large kettle drum; an ensemble of drums (t)
<k silk; thigh (m)
tfcMt the name of a village (t)
1]q journey, distance (m)
l..ICl"5 doomsday, calamity (t)
~ to be tom (vi)
M calf (lower leg) (t)
~ quarrel (m)
1]5, Y5B tail (t)
~ dollop (m)
DtB on foot (adv)
~ to swell, inflate (vi)
~ sitting posture (t)
Ef3t lamp, lantern, light (t)
~ to rain (vi)
arElB epithet for 'father' (used by daughter)
fuCfl::f tree (m)
~ to guess, solve (riddle) (vt)
~ riddle (t)
~ unmatched (adj/u)
B8 utterance, speech, lyric (m)
~ fare, charges (m)
d-lR3 ecstatic, intoxicated (adjlu)
~ henna (t)
a-fc:fE butter; 'dear' (m)
~ twist (t)
~ proud or prudish woman (t)
~ to twist, contort (vt)
fHRrR disposition, temperament(m)
~
second visit of bride to in-law's house (m)
~ radish (t)
~ a log (m)
;Heft hole, gap (t)
~ horse-driven carriage (m); ace (card) (m)
cfa:ft rope (t)
a3'"~ just a little (adj/adv)
crcft protection, guard (t)
a-m-ft silken (adj/u)
" hand cart (m)
Page 315 OW www.sikhbookclub.com
roll of thread (m)

a fine, thin cloth (m)
modesty, honor (t)
to fondle, caress (vt)
string, twine (m)
physician (of Ayurvedic/traditional medicine) (m)
person of degenerate or lewd character (mit)

ApPENDICES

I. Names of the Gurmukhi letters
~~~ot
The 35 primary letter-forms of the Gurmukhi script have unique names that one often hears
in traditional pedagogy. These days, when spelling out words, Punjabi speakers often
pronounce only the sounds of the letters.
~ ~ E R D
~ ~ E!t.ft lfl:rr CJ'(JT
0{ Cf or Uf ~
oforr l::tV ofarr u.forr ~
B ffi 14 ~ ~
fIfJr ifiIgr HHr ~ ffr
c- o ~ ~ ~
3;rr ~ n & erer
3" & t Q (')
:f3r cfErr & ifer o()r
Lf ~ a ~ df
W ~ W -aw J-!Hr
lTf 0- R ~ "3
~ orar & E"?r ;J';lT
Vowel markings also have:: their own :'dividual names:
()T
....:
:
. ~:.
....
.~

II. Shahmukbi: Modified Perso-Arabic Script used for Writing Punjabi
~ ))f E R tJ
,I U'I U 0
C{ l:f iJf Uf &
J f J f
B 5" H "f5 ~
~ 4 0 A
c- o ~ ~ ~
~ fJf
~
,~
p' ~
d
"3 "Ef t Q 0
...:,... fJf
.. , 4" d
tf ~ a ~ H
.......
., { .
....... ~ (
"{Tf 0- B ~ ~
'- )
J , ~
)
E l:l :aT f.f ;.;

,. . .C; .
u 0 ) .:..J
Vowels
))f ~ fu Et ~ ~ E ~ B ~
,
""I U'I ,I ,-' U'l ,I ,I
C{ C{'" fc;( ott ~ ~ ~ c} ~ ~
J ( j J :f { L J f (
Cardinal Numbers
0 9. ~ :;l 8 lj E ') t t:
r r (' ~ ~
, ;\ q

APPENDICES 305
III. Relationships
fuF.r3
.~
~T~ O'<')T~
paternal maternal
grandfather/ grandfather/
andmother randmother
-3"'131 ~ H'W -a-rHr
-father's father's elder trl-f, ft.f3T, W, W,4-fT3T, ~ mother's -mother's
elder t'other father mother brother brother's
brother's wife
wife
-~ ~
-father's father's
younger younger
brother's brother
wife
B"BarwBT/
Bfuft~
cousins
-~ -~
-father's ~,~ wRt, WW -mother's
sister's father's sister mother's sister sister's
husband husband
-~. ~ .~ -~e=~el'W
~brqth~r~s,'Wife brother sister -sister's
husband
"~/i3@kft
"."-!;,-;.-- .- --- - "
-ill> -re~d -R"W

-husband's -husbanq"~ . -wife's brother
elder younger -wife -fl'B(J'd
brother brother -his wife
-~ . re~<;licil
-his wife -his wife
_(')O'e, (')~e -R'Bl
-h d~s,. -wife's sister
_fli~
i-~-r-- .
-her husband
~ father-in-law R1=r mother-in-law ~ paternal house ~ maternal house

IV. Calendar and festivals

WB3f3~u'd
The local calendar being lunar, the dates oftraditional festivals vary. The Muslim festivals,
Btt-~-fu3Cf and ~-~-~, being connected with the Islamic-lunar calendar, vary
throughout the year. The general pattern, however, is as follows.
fItllN Month f3~u'd - Festival

B-3 March-April affi l.1BHt, fu:ft, ~
~ April-May ~,O'H~, ~M3T
"fto May-June
~ June-July ~yoa(~~)
~ July-August ~,HOH~
~ August-September WoJT~
~ September-October t.ld~f.l(')'
of3oz: October-November elHfbd',~, HOHyoa(~~)

H'u2 November-December
i1D December-January ~ fuo, HOH yoa (~ -atftft ~)
H'1J.f January-February ~
~ February-March lli~d'3d1
v. Colors
dar
~ maroon ~/~ dove-colored

~ sky blue ~-dcw silvery
~ light green fB'cT white
~ white trHO'l purple
~ orange 33-dcw parrot-colored
a=rclf.f green ?ftw blue
~ grey tfi.w yellow
i!j(')fbd1 golden ftfcIr, UBO{T light
BOJ;r red ~ light green
UCJT green mf3t yellow
0{'"B"l" black ~ almond-colored
~ saffron ~, light brown
weft khaki B'1:fT reddish-brown
QJW8t pink B'8 red
gl~' strong, dark

APPENDICES 307
VI. Foods
~
~ grapes (m) 30, cftcp- cucumber (f, m)

6l1t"lC;;lfE23/~ parsley seed (f) 3B oil (m)
~ fig(f) till yoghurt, curd (m)
~ ginger (m) t':R pulses, lentils (f)
6l17)'Q pomegranate (m) ,:t'i4161 cinnamon (f)
ffJfa mango (m) ~ milk (m)
6l1'C flour (m) ~ cilantro, coriander (m)
~ egg (m) 0'0 baked bread (m)
~ potato (m) WJ9d Indian soft cheese (m)
.~.~~ plum, small plum (m) ~ griddle fried bread (m)
fBH,fB41 cardamom (f) l.I'c:it water (m)
~, 7)Tdoft tangerine (m, t) 1...f't3O\ spinach (f)
H8ffi vegetable (f) fWwH, dIw onion (m)
JJCl'a liquor (t) <;rat deep fried bread (f)
ih:r apple (m) ~ puffy skillet bread (m)
ifu" fennel (f) Eft" -alm cabbage (f)
~~ pumpkin (m) ~ millet (m)
~ squash, gourd (m) "'
ao berry, jujube (m)
o0w bitter gourd (m) ~~ , ~
eggplant (m)
orBt fHa"B black pepper (f) -gQ't roasting oven (f)
~ banana (m) h field lunch (m)
~ date (f) ~/tfoIcft t'" WR mutton (m)
~.~ sugar (f) HJ=lCJ red lentils (m)
~ cantaloupe (m) H'oft, fi8t maize; corncob (f)
t:lTa rice pudding (f) H'oft -eT ~ cornmeal bread (f)
ol?;"r sugarcane (m) HCCf peas (m pI)
0fi1cf carrot (f) WR/1fraB meat (m)
~ jaggery, raw sugar (m) d-MJ black lentils (m)
Mt cauliflower (f) ~ sweet(s) (f)
fM2 clarified butter (m) fHa"B chili (f)
B<-fT3t griddle bread (f) trffi-fT sweet-lime (f)
BT<J tea (f) ~ chicken (m)
~ zapote (a fruit) (m) ~ peanuts (f)
ti8 rilce (m pI) ~ yellow lentils (f)
R'd-fQ purple plum-berry (m) trRt radish (f)
f.fuJT (~t) cumin (m) afElt fenugreek (f)
~ (O{'F) caraway seed (m) ~ bread; food (f)
~ olive (m) ~ garlic (m)
CWCd tomato (m) B'ffi buttermilk drink (f)
~ clay oven (m) ~, ocr-fO\ salt (m)
VII. Parts of body

fffi::m -e- ~
~ finger, toe (f) 3Bt palm, sole (f)

~ eye (f) ~ tooth (m)
~ thumb (m) ~ beard (f)
~ heel (f) ~ navel (f)
fRo head (m) ~ nails (m)
til:l hand (m) (')"c{ nose (m)
ct5 ear (m) 0'R nostril (f)
ct5-et~ earlobe (f) tfc thigh (m)
PIffi-f sideburns (fpl) tf'a ball of foot (m)
~ lap (f) l..ff3O{ eyelid (f)
~,~ elbow (f) fl10 back (f)
~ skull, scalp (f) fU'o't calf (f)
"illCItO, lfc:;; neck (f) l)o foot (m)
lllB,OlW throat (m) aTu arm e)
0l1J cheek (f) ~ lips (m)
fdTcr ankle (m) ~ eyebrows (m pI)
~ knee (m) a-fur forehead (m)
Bffift, "ffi-r skin (f/m) tf'sT moustache (f pI)
sr3t chest (f) aj'u, ~, fuDCJT mouth/face (m)
ft:lffif, ~, o=rcfto body (m) mr- shoulder (m)
ffteJ", 'JEf'O tongue (f) ~, 0Q-fCf waist (mlf)
~ eyelashes (f pI) ff3 leg (f)
&t chin (f) ~ hair (m)
,
~Dc stomach (m) ~ wrist (f)
VIII. Directions
~
~,W-f'B North ftw direction, side (f)

~,~ up ~ far
~ in front ~ comer (f)
fER U'RI ~/<tR this side <fEm, H:d1fdEr We~t
d1"H right l.fTRT side (m)

fi:fqr, fR'Q- straight m behind, after
~,~,~ near ~,~ East
l:f8: left ~ traffic lights (fpl)
~,~ intersection (m) tr.m",~ to tum
~ side (f) CJFr3T path (m)
tf8 below, down 8'OT next to, near
Page ~,~
323 South www.sikhbookclub.com
APPENDICES 309
IX. Weather
H'ffi.f
H3doft tftur rainbow (f)

Rev drought (m)
~ storm (f)
~ wind (f)
~ flood (m)
~ frost (m)
~ frost (m)
fEOft dryness (f)
OTOB thunder (f)
0Tdd-fi heat (f)
~ hail (m)
fdfur wet (adj/i)
llf<:T low clouds (f pI)
ufcr dust (m)
~ moonlight (f)
-gT shade (f)
~ continuous rain for several days (f)
W cold (f)
~ storm (m.)
~ fog (f)
g"tr sunshine (f)
Od-ff moisture (f)
t& dry winds from the West (f)
ya-tft~ (~) rain-carrying wind from the East (f)
cfuB cloud (m)
~ snow, ice (f)
B'cJB rain (f)
~-~ drizzle (f)
t-Ifu rain (m)
~,8 dry and hot wind (f)
~'~8B' whirlwind, mini cyclone (m)

x. Animals and their sounds

~3~~~1
.. ~ .\~,/. . Animal ~
~ camel ~,~, dla~'~~', ~

R1J snake ~,~O(ia(')1
ilJCf pig ~aM'~~'

Eo tiger ~,~,~
D'tft elephant ~
ft:rao deer
~ puppy ~,~
~ pigeon ~, ~ gI 0Icf()T
oV crow oV oV 0Icf()T
~ dog ~
~ crane ~aMI~~i
~ cuckoo ~ ~ 0Icf()T I
if3r donkey ~ I
art
~
cow
jackal
~,~,C~I~~I
~
~I
lifaft dove ~~0Icf()T I
UW horse RJ~O(~r I
~ ---l
ftr.ft sparrow :::: , 9aM,g~,
- , BtJC)'~
-
~ mouse 0i{ 0i{ 0Icf()T
~ frog caar~~I,~
f3'3a partridge ~
~ bird (generic) ~,~

~ goat ~,~,~
~ quail ~
aTta" monkey ~dd'~~i

ftfRt cat ~, ~ ~0Icf()T
~ sheep ~,~
d-fu buffalo ~, ~, c~I'2~1
~ peacock ~dl'a(')'
~ fox O(RJO(~i i
I
Rw lamb ~ I
1 Partially culled from: Muhammad Asif Khan and Tanvir Bukhari, Kanleklza (Lahore: Punjabi Adbi Board,
Page 325
no date). www.sikhbookclub.com
APPENDICES 311
XI. Well-wishing and sympathy

~3~
The following are among many ways of expressing congratulations or well-wishing.
~(W")! Congratulations! / Good wishes!

~(~)! Congratulations!
ERJ3 ERJ3 ~r-! Many many good wishes!
f3\ff3\f~! Many many good wishes!
tfCI'OO( (W")! Congratulations!

~(~)! Congratulations!
ERJ3ERJ3~! Many many good wishes!
v v .,
B1:fB1:f~. Many many good wishes!
God willing, may your union remain sound!

God willing, may you celebrate endless joys!
m ~ ffO('CJ iJc! May your dreams be fulfilled!

~~,~! May you thrive, dear ones!
3Hf ~ cmT -I?B~! May you roll with high times!
m
- <J
o"a "3 ofuH (~! May God be merciful on you!

~lWW "3~HttT ~~! Mayall your hopes and desires be fulfilled!
o"a~~mm-! May you be blessed with success!
o"a ~ ~-~BT mm-! May you be blessed with sound health!
3Hf~
- , ~!
- Go forward and blossom!
Well-wishing on specific events follows this formula:
[~ WB] tft iljCf'OO(! Happy [New Year]!

[~ WB] tfCJ'OO{! Happy [New Year]!
[;::rrn-ft!0] ~ ~Bt W"! Best wishes on [birthday]!
Terms and phrases related to the passmg of a person include the following.
~~ funeral, last rites (m)

ffiJT conclusion of a service (inc!. a funeral) (m)
aoRt,~ death anniversary (f)
B'B~ to pass on
qTBCf~ to pass on, to pass away
yo'"~~ to be completed (lifespan)
ifjdd(~ilH ~ ~ to have a residence in heaven
~ftrqro~ to leave for the other world
Examples:
~ ~ -at BE etfWwl He passed away suddenly.

~ ~ ~ ~ ffrcra ore I He died last month.
~ R'B ~ 3'Bt m djddl~ilA "0 ore I L~~tear, my aunt passed away.
()T(')'" tft ~ ~ H""" 3' ~, oro't tft After the passing of grandpa, grandma
~))fTorel came to the U.S.
d'lf ~ fu3'" tft lft "0 ore "J(') I Ram's father has passed away.
Sympathy is expressed simply:
I am very sorry.

APPENDICES 313
XII. Punjabi for travebrs

~ 8-et tl'w:Eft
General expressions and communication difficulties
Excuse me. ~ CJ;O()T/ ~ c&JB I

May I get past? H 8UJ" ~/-et tY?
Do you speak English? gRf~mwD?/
~~~11?
Does anyone here speak English? ~~~~11?/
fcmQ~~I1?
I speak very little Punjabi. H' tfQ3 urc t1R'1:ft ~/-et tY I
Could you speak a little slowly? ~d8tBE~D?
Could you repe:at that? fuo ~?/ fuo afu?
Sorry, I didn't understand that. ~ CJ;O()T,
Ag ~ otit' ~I
I understand. I understood. H ~/-et tY I H ~ fdTlw/arET I
Do you understand? gRf~D?
What was that? ~oftffi?
Could you please write it down? -a:o ~, fuR QfBcr fuB/ ~?
fiiUd e i (')l
Can you translate this for me? fuR t'" "3OBH'"~/~/-a:o ~ D?
What does this mean? fuR t'" oft H"3BB" 11?
How do you pronounce this? fuR Qf<W 8Btt'" 11?
What do you call this in Punjabi? fuR Qt1R'1:ft fu"B oft ~ 11?
Can I have ... ? Ag fif.R ~ 11?
I'd like ... H' ~ tiiu~idl'/dftl
Can you show me ? ~ ful:fT ~ D?
Can you tell me ? ~ t"R~D?
Can you help me? ~ Heft ~ -a:o ~ D?
~ . ?
What sort of . .. ? 10\11 ~ t'"....
big / small cbJr / iter

good / bad B'aJT /~
better / worse '"3' tm:, Dcr tfor" / ...3' ~, Dcr H'oJT
quick / slow 3B/~
hot / lukewarm / cold dlOH/~/W
full / empty ~/w8t
occupied / vacant ~/w8t
easy / difficult m:r- /~
heavy / light WCJT / \JBO{'"
open / shut ~
v /Ftt
right / wrong 09<;{, Hdt / :aT83
old / new ~/~

next I last ~/fusw

beautiful I ugly ~Sdjd3 I sedjd3
early / late ~, ffi{ 3' llfuBT / -eo 7>'R
progressive I old-fashioned ~-~ I fusTi:J-~
expensive I cheap Hfttw, ~ I H1f3T
tall I short "&fr /~
Where to?
Where are you going? ~ fora!fc;fua w aD ~?

across the road ff3O(-e- Lf'cJ
to the town I around the town Hfucr QI Hfucr -e- ~-~
here I there m , fE'qo/~
-, ~
-
(towards) the museum/hotel ~-urcr!JcB (~)
Travel
airplane ~"ffiYE
airport ~,~~
flight ~Hiek,~
train a-H-U,U
bus stop SR-Rh,SR-~
first I next I last trt'Jfft I ~ I ~
one-way fu"c;{- 3Cf.GT
round-trip ~-3Cf.GT
to change t:rt!BO'
to confirm t{o{r C\cJ7iT
to cancel ~ C\cJ7iT, cft" C\cJ7iT
Why have you come to Punjab? gRt' tf;::rra ~ ~ ~?

I am here on vacation. H full fu"a0-~~mr1ftci I
I am here to study. HfullU~/~cil
I am just passing through. H ~ fuif ~ fm:rlcrDT ci I
When is the train/bus to Delhi? ft:1:ft Qu/"EfR c&' ~/BitJft?
What bus do I take to Patiala? ~(Q)~"EfR~
How much is a ticket to/for ... ? ... Q!ff8l fcc;{c ~ -et <1?
Where can I buy a ticket? H fcc;{c ~ l:ICftt ROft!Tl-et ci?
Do you have change for Rs. 100? ~~R'~~FO<1?
How long does the trip take? ~ Q~ -eo R"ortft <1? / ~ fctc)'t ~ t'" <1?
What would the fare be? ~ fct'>r ffaTorr?
Could I get two tickets for Moga? H-at tfl>W ~ ~~?
I would like a ticket for the 5pm ~ ~ ~ UR ~ -et"EfR -et fcc;rc: ~ <11
bus to Ludhiana.
APPENDICES 315
Will I have to change buses/trains

to Pathankot?
Could you tell me where to get off? gRf RQ tR ~ DfO{ fc;{l} ~ v?
I want to get off at the Fountain H~B"oI"3~~/tftui-1
Chowk.
Please let us off at the hotel. ft-kJd 6'61 O\cf it wQ "0c8 "3 Wi] fu I
Be careful! I have some fragile ~ O'R! a R'W7) f.tB ~ 7!cc: ~
things in my luggage. tfu:l+ ~I
Accommodations
Hotels in Punjab use many words and phrases from standard English such as 'single room,'
'double room,' 'bath,' "shower,' 'A.C.,' 'heater,' 'TV,' 'phone,' 'bed,' 'room service,' etc.
noisy / quiet Bcr /W3t(~)

dark / bright ~/~(~)
key ri,~(t)
fan t{cr- (m)
geyser (hot water heater) offfio (m)
towel ~(m)
bed sheet B'tCf(t)

blanket o\ET.B (m)
pillow ~(m)
extra bedding Da/~Hw(m)
ice cubes ~(t)
soap ~(m)
electricity ftffi8t, wEtc (t)
May I have ... ? RQ . . . ft-{cHl~ v?

Do you have any rooms? ~~~?
Can you recommend a good, gRf ~ B'<w, Rd'B'" "0c8 tR ~ v?
inexpensive hotel?
How much is it per night? fE'c;{ d'3 tT ~ ~ v?
We don't like noise. wQ Bcr ~ o-dt I
Is there running water 24 hours? ura~uR~~?
May I see the room? H O{HO'" ~ ~/tft ui-?
Please wake me up at # 0' clock? tR'#~,RQwfu1
... doesn't work. . . . o\H o-dt 0\cftT/tft I / . . . o-dt tfc:3tr I

316 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABl
XIII. Verbs
t}
~tfld(')1 (i) to come up
@iH'd(')' (t) to build
~(i) to be uprooted
~(i) to grow
~(i) to become clear
@e'd(')' (t) to utter, recite
~(i) to rise
~(i) to fly
@~I@~' (t) to fly
@~O(~I (i) to wait
~(t) to knit, weave
~(i) to descend
@3 I d(')' (t) to bring down
~(i) to boil
@S'B(')i (t) to boil
@v3d(')' (i) to rise
@Hce ' (t) to reverse
@Hld(,)' (t) to tilt
@HlO(~' (t) to plan; to draw
~(i) to doze off
))f
~(t) to try, test

~(i) to stop
~(i) to come
~(t) to say
~(i) to bloat, swell
H
~(i) to bear
~(i) to be able to
f1H'@~1 (t) to decorate, adorn
~(t) to invite; call
iFl'3IH~i (t) to take care of
~(i) to understand
~(t) to explain
~(i) to be contained
~(t) to gather, collect
~(i) to burn; to decay
~(t) to take care of
APPENDICES 317
~(t) to burn
~(t) to sew
.~(t) to learn
~(t) to teach
~(i) lto shrink, contract
lJ:tdt"le" (t) to create, construct
lJ:l~i~e'1 (t) to get stitched
~(t) to put to sleep
~, fl~ld(')i (t) to improve
~(i) to dry
~(t) to smell, sniff
~(t) to throw
~(t) to hear
dje'i~e'l (t) to tell
~(t) to heat
~(i) to think
~(i) to sleep
f.f
~(i) to feel shy
u
~(i) to laugh
"tJCCT (i) to move away
Udi~e" (t) to defeat
~(i) to lose
~(t) to drive an animal
RJe'o(e" (i) to neigh
~(i) to shake
~(i) to groan, grunt
v~(i) to happen
frer (i) to be
0{
~(t) to tighten
~(t) to say
~(t) to cover
~(t) to cut
~(t) to take out
~(t) to spin
~(i) to tremble
~e(t) to accept

~(t) to earn
0\cf0T (t) to do
~(t) to charm
~(t) to tuck in
~(t) to beat
~(i) to jump
~(i) to wither, wilt
~(i) to cry out
l:f
~(i) to cough
~(t) to gain
~(t) to spend
~(t) to buy
~(i) to rattle
l::l;30(i(1~1 (t) to knock
~(i) to stand
~(t) to eat
~(t) to pull
~(i) to spread
fuRraoo (t) to spread
~(i) to bloom
~(t) to feed
~(i) to open
~(t) to play
~(t) to play
~(t) to snatch
~(t) to dig
BaN (t) to dissolve
~(t) to open
or
~(i) to roar
~(t) to sing
~(t) to thrash
~(t) to count
farcror (i) to fall
~(i) to rotate
~(t) to lose
~(i) to get lost
~(i) to pass
~(t) to knead

APPENDICES 319
~(i) to echo
Uf
U1Sd'(1c;1 (i) to be uneasy
ufRc;-r (t) to send
ur.:R)T (t) to shape
~(t) to whirl around
~(t) to press
~(i) to rotate; to stroll
~(i) to dissolve, melt
~(i) to whir
Wa-or (t) to surround
~(t) to grind
~(t) to dissolve
B
\3!'uO(c;' (i) to chirp
~(t) to taste
~(t) to lick
~(t) to chew
~(i) to shine, sparkle
Ba?)T (i) to graze
~(i) to walk, move
\3H'(1c;1 (t) to drive
~(i) to climb, rise
~(t) to want
~(t) to arrange
~(t) to chew
~(i) to cling
~(i) to shriek
tf\ooT (t) to rip, tear
~(i) to have finished
~(t) to lift
~(t) to pick
~(t) to choose
~(t) to kiss
tJd'(1c;' (t) to steal
~(t) to suck juice out of fruit (mango/sugarcane)
~(i) to leak, drip
ffi
~(t) to eat
~(t) to leave off

65cOIc' (i) to jingle
~(i) to be printed
~(t) to get printed
~(t) to hull
ffiT ~ (i) to predominate
~(t) to sieve
~(t) to print
~(t) to peel
~(i) to begin
~(i) to hide
~(t) to touch
~(t) to fiddle with
"H
~(i) to be lit
Hdl'G<f' (t) to rouse; to light
~(i) to repeat
~(i) to be born
t=ra7)T (t) to bear
t"fBOT (i) to bum
ffi3?)T (t) to inlay
~(i) to awaken
~(i) to know
~(i) to go
~(t) to seem
ft::r3c? (i/t) to win
~(i) to live
~(i) to join
~(t) to join
~(i) to quarrel
~(t) to bear
~(i) to fall off
~(i) to look
~(t) to shake off
fuHOIc;' (i) to be hesitant, shy
fu~OIc;' (t) to scold
~(i) to bow
HCHc;' (i) to bum, scorch
~(i) to swing
APPENDICES 321
~(i) to swing
c
~(i/t) to run into
Co(dij~1 (i) to collide
~(t) to hang
~(i) to jump
C'R(iT (t) to put off
~(i) to stay
P<:::0(1j~1 (t) to place
~(t) to cut, bite
mr(i) to break
~(t) to nudge
~(t) to search for
(5
oftraor (i) to stay

~(i) to wade; to set out
~(t) to hammer; flog
~(t) to stop
~(i) to stand firm
~(i) to be afraid
ild'j~1 (t) to frighten
~(t) to place, set
~(t) to rebuke
~(i) to fall
~(i) to sink
~81j~1 (t) to submerge
~(i) to spill
~(i) to shake
~(t) to spill
-g
~(i) to collapse
~(t) to cover
~(i) to fade away
~~(t) to demolish
~(i) to approach
~(t) to carry

"3"
3fu 0\cf0T (t) to fold
~<? (t) to be frightened
3'or.~ (i) to look
3QOT (i) to swim; float
3.R?)T (t) to deep fry
~(t) to shallow fry
~(i) to feel longing
~(t) to provoke
~(t) to abandon
f:3HO(2':' (i) to slip
~(t) to card
goo-r (i) to walk
~(t) to weigh
~(t) to break
cr
~(i) to become tired
~(i) to spit
-e-
~(t) to tell
Rl(')'(32':' (t) to bury (a body)
~(t) to bury
S'(32':' (t) to bury
~(i) to be visible
~(t) to show
~, f!:.,f'er=1~'-&(32':=>"' (t) to have given
i;ud'(32':' (t) to repeat
~(i) to ache
~~'(32':' (t) to chase, race
~(t) to see
~(t) to give
~(i) to run
~(t) to push
~(i) to throb
tJ'cffiT (t) to adopt
~(i) to smolder
~(t) to wash

APPENDICES 323
0"
~(i) to flee
~(i) to dance
~(t) to squeeze
~(i) to flee
~(t) to press
~(t) to finish
~(i) to bathe
~(t) to measure
f?>O(H(')' (i) to emerge
fXalB(') I (t) to swallow
f?5"5 iI--f'Cl?)T (t) to sneeze
fX\;j~(')' (i) to be complete
~(i) to be faithful
fXa'(je ' (t) to fulfill
fX~'He' (t) to honor
l.j"
~(t) to wear
~(i) to reach, arrive
~(i) to ripen
~(t) to hold, grab
~(t) to cook
1..fBeT (i) to digest
~(t) to digest
1..153'(je' (i) to regret
~(i) to lag behind
~(t) to recognize
~c:O('(jel (t) to strike, whack
~(t) to test
~d\3'(je' (t) to please
~(i) to return
~(i) to be reared
~(t) to read
~(t) to teach
~(t) to put in/on
~(i) to be tom
~(t) to nurture, raise
~(t) to tear
~(t) to make drink
fU'a-r (i) to express anguish
tftRer, ~ (t) to grind
---_._--- ---------
~(t) to drink
~ (i/t) to ask
ifRcl (i) to arrive
~T(t) to uproot, pull out
~(t) to prick
lJffC" (t) to worship
qf.)~T (t) to wipe, rub out
~(i) to fall
~C''T (i) to be caught

~lHr9C';i (t) to entrap
~O\C (t) to swallow dry
~(i) to burst
~(i) to be fitting, match
~(i) to bear fruit
~T(t) to grab, hold
fucror (i) to turn
~(i) to sprout
~(i) to order, say
~(i) to swell, inflate
~(t) to burn
~(t) to turn
~(t) to beat
~(i) to spread
~Hi9C';' (t) to spread
a
~(i) to sit
~(t) to babble
~(t) to bless, bestow
~(i) to avoid, be saved
Eh3''1' (t) to save
Efa)T (i) to be made
tjl~kr (t) to make
at:ffi')T (i/t) to change
~(t) to bind, tie
tj<J~''1C';' (t) to cause something to be tied
~(i) to rain
aH7l'" (i) to burn
EJ'B7)'"(t) to burn
fEl6''11 (t) to seat
APPENDICES 325
rB3'1c-;' (t) to spend, pass

~(t) to sow
~(i) to pass, elapse
~(t) to guess
~'1c-;' (t) to extinguish
~(t) to knit
M'1c-;' (t) to call
~~'@c-;' (i) to mumble
~(i) to sit
~(i) to speak
"3"
~(i) to heat up
~(i) to run
~(i) to wander, stray
~(t) to break, smash
"ffiJ?)T (t) to fill
~(t) to guess
WRO'" (t) to search, locate
~'H~'1c-;' (t) to have sent
~(ift) to collide, clash
~(i) to be roasted
~(t) to roast
~(i) to forget
~(i) to cause problems
~(t) to send
~(i) to bark
H
~(t) to emit fragrance
~(t) to beg, ask for
Hdl'~I@c;' (t) to cause to be brought or fetched
~(i) to be on fire
~(t) to cause (fire, noise)
d-Ic6\''ik' (ift) to be coquettish
~(i) to agree, believe in
~(t) to celebrate; to persuade
HCJ?)T (i) to die
d-Ia~'@c-;' (t) to cause to kill
~(t) to pluck, yank
~(t) to twist, contort
HBO'" (t) to rub, scrub
HWY (t) to mount, stretch across

H'a)T (t) to celebrate, enjoy
~(t) to measure
WGO'" (t) to hit, kill
~(i) to fade, rub off
~(t) to measure
~1t) to suppose, assume
11ffior (i/t) to meet
~(t) to join
ljiHO(a'G~' (i) to smile
~(i) to finish
tr.R5'" (i) to turn
~(t) to tum
"0
~(i) to live, reside, stay
~(t) to keep
~(t) to dye
oor.m- (t) to rub, grind, mash
~(t) to cram, memorize
d'RO'" (i) to mix, mingle
fd<? (t) to cook
~(i) to be displeased
~(i) to get busy
g:R7)T (i) to be neglected
9(i) to be washed away
~(i) to weep
B
~(i) to come off/down
~(i) to seem, attach
MdI'G~' (t) to apply, fix
~(i) to pass through
~(t) to seek, find
~(i) to hang, dangle
ffif<")T (i) to fight
~~(t) to apply, affix
~(t) to unload, take off
~(i) to bring
rHiF.lO(~1(i) to sparkle
rHiF.lO(IG~1 (t) to polish
~(t) to write
APPEN8ICES 327
~(i) to hide
~(t) to rob
~(t) to lay down
~(t) to spread, daub
~(t) to take
~(i) to reside
~(i) to flow
~(i) to flow; to blow
~(i) to sound, strike
~H'~c;' (t) to sound, play
~C~C;I (t) to exchange
~(t) to divide
~(t) to cut
~(i) to increase
~ql~c;' (t) to increase
~(t) to prohibit
~(t) to use
~d31~C;1 (t) to serve
~(i/t) to fall
~(t) to wrap, envelop
~(i) to enter
~(t) to plow
~lCJOT (t) to happen, occur
('.liHd(')' (i) to be forgotten
~(t) to show
~dli;l(')i(i) to be spoiled
~'3'd(')1 (t) to think
~(i) to be spread out
~v5i;l(,)'(i) to be separated
~5'~C;' (t) to spread
~~i;l(')1 (t) to separate
~(i) to be annoyed
~(t) to see
~(t) to sell

Glossary
~/(OJiH 3'61 teacher (mlf)

~ he, she, it, that, they, those
~ high (adj/i)
~ festival (m)
~ superior (adj/u)
fucp--~
- <J
ebb and flow, ups and downs (m)
if33
- , on, up, above (adv)
~ there
~ upon, above
~ age (t)
~ hope(f)
~ Urdu (m)
~ inverted, reversed (adj/i)
~ vomit (f)
~ translation (m)
~ owl (m)
place (m)
reality (m)
we
principle, tenet (m)
importance, significance (f)
~ newspaper (f)
~ end (m)
~ fire, flame (f)
~ next (adj/i)
~ Englishman/woman (mlf)
~ the English language (f); English (adj/u)
~ before, ahead, in front (Pp)
~ pickle (m)
~ today (m)
~-~ these days, nowadays (m)
~-urcr museum (m)
~ Islamic call-to-prayer (f)
~ plentiful (adj/u)
nB,3 and, as well as
~ tear (m)
APPENDICES 329
~ inside, in, within (m, adv)

~-~ interchange (f)
rn"q half; middle (m)
~ ginger (m)
W half (adj/i)
~0r3 midnight (f)
~ joy, pleasure (m)
~ grain (m)
~ pineapple (m)
~
according to, in accordance with
~~ translation (m)
~ mango (m)
W dad
~ American (m, adj/u)
~ United States, America (m)
~ mom
~ priceless (adj/i)
~ bier (f)
~<:ftTR Sikh prayer (f)
~ Arabic (f); Arab (adj/u)
~-~ separate, different (adj/u)
~ incarnation (m)
~ sound, voice (f)
lWR hope (f)
~(~) easy (adj/u)
~ beginning (m)
~ir3lF.la',:n fireworks (f)
~ habit (f)
~ man(m)
~~ greetings (ceremonial)
~ et cetera (etc.) (adv)
~
general, ordinary, common (adj/u)
~3'03 usually (adv)
~ scholar (m/f)
~
potato (m)
~-~ all around, on all sides, surrounding
~I<;:!'fi'el traffic, transport and communication (f)
~ this kind of (adj/i)
~ Sunday (m)
~ difficult (adj/i)
~ woman (f)

fuEc deity, spiritual guide (m)

t8lF.lf30 I d advertisement (m)
fER3wB use (m)
iERBEt for this reason, therefore
~ sign, signal (m)
fuu he, she, it, this, these
fuD tHt:r- similar to (adj/i)
fuoR;-r all together (adj/i)
~,~ unity, oneness (f)
fu"cl"-pr- one-another (ph)
~O\O?)T to adopt, follow (vt)
~ moral, ethical (adj/u)
t8H'tB permission (t)
~f301(FJ history (m)
m here
fE(')(FJo(') human being, person (m)
fE(')(FJo61 human (adj/u)
~ refusal, denial (m)
~ exam, test (m)
fuwcr3 building (t)
fuBrR cure, treatment (m)
~ besides, in addition to
t8~'F.lI(')' compensation (m)
~ Common Era (C.E.)
~ Christian
~ cremation (m)
ffi=l"3'" inexpensive, cheap (adj/i)
a:rdt correct, right (adj/u)
RM female friend of a female (t)
~ lemonade (f)
<Hfc;{c second (m)
mfB music (m)
~ friend (m)
m:T-l:fR ~ with pomp and show (adv)
~ orange (adj/u)
<H"f3f1T~ Salutations ['God is truth'] (Sikh)
(FJF30('d respect, reverence (m)

APPENDICES 331
~ installed, established (adj/u)

~ because of, for the sake of; sacrifice
~ president (used in Pakistan) (m)
Rt!t century (f)
Ro dated year (m)
fftr snake (m)
~ travel, journey (m)
~ white (adj/u)
HElP( lesson (m)
~ vegetable(s) (f)
Rcfq relation, association (m)
R'8'ft8 related to
~ all (adj/u)
mfaTcft ingredients (f)
Rd-f'Lf3t ending, conclusion (f)
mjea ocean (m)
RCJtftr border (f)
"RCfC{'Cf government(f)
~ government, governmental (adj/u)
~ winter (f)
ROtf3 all (adj/u)
~ loose pants (f)
R8'"H Salutations ['peace'] (Christian)
~/dt passenger (mlf)
~,~ morning (f/m)
~ street, road (f)
wfu3 literature (m)
iH I R:J 30( literary (adj/u)
a:::roro manifest, actual (adj/u)
~ our
~ plus 1/2 (for numbers 3 and higher)
H'tft friend, companion (m)
ifiTlT<') means (m)
ifi'lJ holy man (m)
~ clean (adj/u)
~ across from, facing
iH'H'O baggage, stuff (m)
mit Semitic (adj/u)
'iH'cf 'at the time of (suffix)
iH'cJT all, entire, whole (adj/i)
iH'B year (m)
lHiMfcJllij, anniversary, birthday (f)
W5'O'" annual (adj/u)

~ ladies' festival during month of Savan (m pI)
~ a women's garment (f)
~ apple (m)
~ wise (adj/i)
fi:ru3 health, fitness (f)
~ healthy (adj/u)
ft:fRrBt irrigation (f)
m pertaining to Sindh (SE Pakistan) (adj/u)
~ praise (f)
mer zero
rJi~i fcJlF.t recommendation (f)
fl::rcrc;fu prominent, distinguished (adj/u)
rJid'Hc;(Jld the Creator, God (m)
~ only
fi:lRrBt sewing (f)
~,~ taste (m)
~ tasty (adj/i)
ilj<.IO'" dream (m)
iI3W early morning, dawn (f)
djl' ~O( natural, normal (adj/u)
~ benevolent (adj/i)
~ state, province (m)
Ra apple (m)
RB thought (f)
RCT stick, club (m)
~ Monday (m)
~ easy (adj/i)
IF.tRJ'F.f'' prince (m)

Efuo city (m)
IF.tf?j\3d~ld Saturday (m)
~ devotee (m)
IF.t"d'"El" alcohol (f)
f.ICJ'Cf3 mischief (f)
~ naughty, mischievous (adj/u)
~ noble, honorable (adj/u)
f.tTfEcft poetry (f)
APPENDICES 333
~-~ married (adj/u)

if.l'(')t!'d glorious (adj/u)
~-E'PB pomp and show (f)
if.ll"}f evening (f)
Btw mirror; glass (m)
~ thanks (m)
iJiO\d~la Friday (m)
~ 'thank you'
~0(d0T to start, begin (vt)
~ beginning (f)
Ha~ to raise an outcry, to clamor (vt)
~-~ din, noise (m)
ffi;( fondness, interest, hobby (m)
iJ
"UR"3t existence, being, life; person (f)

~ pride, conceit (m)
ifa~ to shake hands (vt)
00 are
u& darkness (m)
ili2'" week; Saturday (m)
ill-fW attack, invasion (m)
~ forever, always
iJHB necklace (f)
uo every, each
DCJT green (adj/i)
iJdTa3 heat (f)
~ greenery (f)
"U'B"O(T light (adj/i)
UBC Persian wheel (m)
UB~ to plow (vt)
~ fire sacrifice (m)
~RiJT"R airplane (m)
if yes; am (~"), are (~)
tJTO\H ruler (m)
iJ'"f.fO present (adj/u)
iJ'"tW accident, mishap (m)
iJTB state or condition of being (m)
iJTB3 state, condition (f)
~fo{ even though
fJw part (m)
fJwcJ math, account(m)

fJ~iH3i61 Indian (adj/u)
~ Hindu (mit)
~ intelligent, smart, clever (adj/u)
~ now
~ right now
~-~ recently
fro below, under
~ is
iT are
~ surprise (t)
~ are
Jt existence, reality (t)
Do more, additional
VRt festival of colors (t)
M- slowly
C{
~ several (adj/u)
p{Ha'" small town (m)
~ story (t)
~-0(0i\re' known (for people) (adj/i)
c;("O(o frost (m)
o\cr" thorn (m)
~ wheat (t)
"O("ElT story, tale (t)
~ value (t)
~-:cfu-BT values, norms (f pI)
~ ever
~ when?
o\q wall (t)
~ Canadian (mit)
~ cloth (m)
"O\"El"W possession, seizure (m)
0IS'tt a tackle sport (t)
P<SfdiH3 i (') cemetery, graveyard (m)
~ pigeon (m)
~ accepted (adj/u)
cn-r work, deed (m)
CilJ-1cJ waist (t)
0lJ-ICJT room (m)
APPENDICES 335
sugarcane (m)
lack, paucity (f)
shirt (f)
tomorrow; yesterday (m)
pen (f)
art, craft (f)
class (school) (f)
poem, poetry (f)
bracelet (m)
wok (f)
established, existing (adj/u)
PrE3 cultivation, sowing, tillage (f)
or:oTf.f paper (m)
0{Tl..ft notebook (f)
~ enough, plenty of (adj/u); coffee (f)
~ success (f)
orcro due to; cause (m)
O('RT black (adj/i)
foI that
~ why?
~ because
fcm3if in what way? how?
fcmtrr, ~ whose?
fumf type, kind (f)
fou:ro farmer (m)
~ which?
~ girls' whirling game (f)
f'c8r occupation, profession (m)
fcBra book (f)
foiit where?
fc;fe+ how?
fct'5"r how much?
foIotr" O{d ~ 'please'
forotr?> small sword (a religious symbol of the Sikhs) (f)
~ how?
oft what?
:cfu.B price, cost (f)
pfu.Eft expensive, valuable (adj/u)
oftcr3o hymn singing (m)
cfto7y lament (m)
~ wrestling (f)
~ something, some
~ natural, divine (adj/u)

~ chair (f)
~ long loose shirt (m)
~ girl (f)
~ saffron-colored (adj/u)
ch;cr center (m)
afEE Asian cuckoo bird (f)
~ someone, some
~ dictionary (m)
~ try, attempt (f)
~ near, by, with; in possession of
~ who?
~a:f3"r communal authority (f)
treasure, store (m)

letter (m)
finished (adjlu)
person of mercantile class (m)
news (f)
bad (adjlu)
interference, disturbance (m)
~ standing (adj/i)
?:rR special, particular (adj/u)
~ quality, characteristic (f)
l:ri'cJB desire (f)
~ food (m)
~ for the sake of, on account of
~ Sufi shrine, mausoleum (f)
~ family lineage (m)
fWwB idea, opinion (m)
~ player, sportsman (m)
fl:f3r . region, territory (m)
~ against
happy (adj/u)
good fortune (f)
~f.I~e'd fragrant (adjlu)
E!Et joy, happiness (f)
l?"~ lit. "may God protect you'; goodbye (Muslim)
~ open (adjli)
J;l6djd3 beautiful, handsome (adjlu)
APPENDICES 337
cf3 field (m)

8"3T-artt agriculture, farming (f)
i:fR research (f)
or
ortg, (ITT cow (f)

R Ganges River (f)
oM train (f)
-a'ftr dirty (adjli)
oi'U gossip, idle talk (f)
dres~ young man (m)
oMtcr serious (adj/u)
~ in the middle of
(JIB" book, sacred text (m)
0Ta}f warm, hot (adjlu)
oraHt heat, summer (f)
:orcfta poor (adj/u)
om matter, issue, talk (f)
OlE fi--r:Ror to hug, embrace (v)
~ small pitcher (m)
for8t count, total number (f)
fdi"qT clapping; a Punjabi dance form (m)
oft3 song (m)
~ neighbor (m)
:w anger (m)
.gJi1 angry (adj/u)
<i1'Rd'dl Gujarati (m, adj/u)
<iYm-3t'd intricate, complicated, tangled (adjlu)
~ Sikh place of worship (m)
~ teacher, 'guru' (mlf)
~ tum, circuit (m)
~ cauliflower (f)
Uf
ufc less (adj/u)

uJcT hour (m)
Ufd home, house (m)
ur.ft watch, clock; short span of time (f)
UtR wrestling match (m)
~ horse (m)

t1
~ good (adj/i)
tiaft3W well, in a good way (adv)
B'8Bt jasmine (t)
tJHBT spoon (m)
BOO foot, feet (m)
t1'U tea (t)
~ wanted, .equired (adj/i)
tJTOIcft service, work (t)
t:JTBT father's younger brother, uncle
~ silver (t)
ft:fco white (adj/i)
ft:fo't letter (t)
ft:3'3"oI intellectual, thinker (m)
BtB thing (t)
Bttt sugar (t)
w.r-tJT<.f silently, secretly (adj/u)
~ intersection (m)
~ poke, prod (t)
Bcr thief(m)
"illi rice (m)
~ wide (adj/i)
ffi
"ii3 ceiling, roof (t)

~ pond (m)
ffi'3t chest, breast (t)
.ffi'"B jump, leap (t)
~ vacation, leave (t)
~ quickly (adv)
~ small (adj/i)
~ chickpeas (m pI)
t:r
RHO celebration (m)

~ ship, plane (m)
ffifJ place (t)
#c latt, farmer (m)
FIOH birth (m)
FIOH-feo birthday (m)
APPENDICES 339
ffi1~ to gather (vi)

Bd-lto earth, ground (f)
~ fertile (adj/u)
B for sure, definitely (adv)
~ quickly, early (adv)
~ answer (f)
fli~O(idl knowledge, infonnation (f)
RSt caste, ethnic community, clan (f)
fl'(')iF.fl(') successor (m)
"H'd--fO't purple (adj/u)
~ more, many (adj/i)
~ mostly
ft::IDr like, '-ish' (pp-adv/adj/i)
fi:f3 victory (f)
ftftoft life (f)
~ person, being; mood (m)
~0Rf(')T to feel like doing (vt)
Rt~Q! 'welcome!'
B4W0,~ young (adj/u); young man (m)
~ cold (illness) (m)
BOT2 firefly (m)
'Bdld igjl)fT geography (m)
1ftft shoe(/s) (esp. traditional Punjabi style) (f/ fpl)
~/BRt language (f)
BW Friday (m)
~ Thursday (f)
~ juice (m)
~ used, polluted (food or utensil) (adjli)
ffi:5 prison, jail (f)
fu'> Jain (m, adj/u)
Rao youth (m)
Ba--Bcr vigor, verve (m)
~ tendency, proclivity (m)
cl:ro family (m)

a-rccr tomato (m)
~ contrast (m)
fa-f-~ twinkling, flickering (adj/i)
340 AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABl
piece, portion (m)

broken (adj/i)
basket (m)
cold, coldness (f)

cold (adj/i); cold drink (m)
all right, fine, OK (adj/u)
cattle (m)
box (m)
fear (m)
1 1/2
camp, lodging, monastery (m)
ox (m)
2 1/2
roadside restaurant, diner (m)
heap, pile (m)
large barrel-shaped drum (m)
~ photograph, painting (f)

3fu layer (f)
3'01" up to, until
3.0(J]l:I(') approximately (adv)
~ trouble, hardship (f)
3'ar narrow (adj/u)
30W strong (adj/i)
3l:1t!lBl change, transformation (f)
~ pair of drums used in Indian classical music (m)
~ carpenter (m)
"3OBW translation (m)
3rf like, in the manner of
3ifu;r- method, way (m)
search (f)
father's elder brother, uncle
APPENDICES 341
~ then (emphatic particle)

3'B cards (f)
,
~fc;{ 'so that...
3'"E'" freh (adj/i)
3'""lIH"'O temperature (m)
3ror star (m)
~ date (f)
~ praise (f)
3'cfu1 education, instruction (f)
~ ready (adj/u)
~ ~ead:'1ess, preparation (f)
f3urEt 1/3
f3'a3 Tibet (m)
3toa pilgrimage center (m)
3M\' woman, wife (f)
~ you (plural/formal)
~
gift (m)
~
your (plural/formal)
~ you
3"3
, - on, up, above
3,~ and
3f.1 fast, swift (adj/u)
30' YOllr
3B oil (m)
3' from
33-do'r parrot-colored (adj/i)
~ mustard (m)
"EJ
~ weariness (f)
cf8 below, under, beneath
trT place (f)
B'E/erRt plate (mlf)
~ turban (f)
~ decade (m)
till yoghurt, curd (m)
~ office (m)
tcn::f3 tree (m)
grade, class (m)

tailor (m)
eae(')'O( sad, sorrowful (adj/u)
ea~if.f' door (m)
~ river (m)
"t!'J:fB entered, admitted (adjlu)
tr?::fW admission, entry (m)
~ grain (m)
~/t'tft paternal grandfather/grandmother (m/f)
t'R lentils, pulses (f)
fuo day (m)
f'eH9iHlf interesting (adj/u)
f'eH9iHt.ft interest (f)
fuM"~ to feel content
fu1:ft Delhi (f)
1WBt Hindu festival of lights (f)
~,~. medicine (f)
~ through (pp)
~ shop, store (f)
~ sad (adj/u)
~ milk (m)
~ world(f)
~ noon, afternoon (f)
~ accident, tragedy (f)
~ far (adjlu)
~,~ country (m)
~-~ care, maintenance (f)
~ contribution, giving (f)
~ lateness, delay (f)
~ goddess, the Mother Goddess (f)
W' both
~ during
-& race (f)
profession (m)
thank you
cilantro, coriander (m)
religion, faith, duty (m)
attention (m)
daughter (f)
APPENDICES 343
-g'q fog (t)

-p1"-LP"H pomp and show (m)
Ocr- deception, deceit (m)
eat washerman (m)
(')
OW intoxication (m)
ofucr canal(t)
~ map, chart (m)
ofu"q inferior (adj/u)
~ near (adj/u)
"(')ffi-f poem (t)
m;:ra glance, vision (t)
75"B'cfT sight, scene (m)
~ outcome, result (m)
~ greetings (Hindu)
~ Salutations (Hindu)
~ new (adj/i)
of name (m)
<WE'" breakfast (m)
()TO(T}f unsuccessful (adj/u)
()TCO{ drama, play (m)
(')l?) baked bread (m)
(')T(')T/~ maternal grandfather/mother (mit)
orHt eminent, renowned (adj/u)
(")'Cf woman, wife (t)
~ angry (adj/u)
O'B with
O'B-O'B adjacent to (adj/u)
orff than
~ boon, blessing (t)
foBw goal (m)
~ little (adj/i)
moru wedding (Muslim) (m)
~ lemon (m)
~ dependant (adj/u)
m foundation, base (t)
m sleep (f)
<5tw blue (adj/i)
QW in the style of (Pp)
oa-rfuB exhibition, display (t)
Q to
Qu daughter-in-law (f)
<Br leader (m)
~ near
~ moral, ethical (adjlu)
t>"ol:o!1)O(d EI
I servant (m/f)
~ job (f)
~ young (adj); youth (m)
lIRt liking, preference (f)

~ldt hill/hillock (m/f)
<.rlba unit of time of about three hours (m)
tjRm~l(') wrestler (m)
1.ffuw first (adj/i)
trlb"W before, formerly
~ dumpling fried in chickpea batter (m)
mr- fan (m)
l.fOr.ft, <faT turban (f)
l..t,:r-atl~ the Punjabi language (f), a Punjabi person (m/f)
tfRrRt yoke (f)
t.fC'Ol.T firecracker; explosion (m)
~ fall (season) (f)
1..f3O decline, downfall (m)
~ wife (f)
1..f3BT thin, slender (adjlI)
tf3T information, address (m)
tfur leaf (m)
1..f3t husband (m)
<1& religious community (m)
tfacr stone (m)
<.f'qcr- flat, smooth (adj/i)
1..Kf but
1..IClH day before ye~terday; day after tomorrow (adv, f)
~ migrant, emigrant (adj/u, m)
~ family (m)
~ griddle-fried flat-bread (m)
1..(8 moment, a unit of time (m)
~ curtain (m)
~ stage, halting place (m)
1{Q'O presidem, head (m)
APPENDICES 345
~ influenced, impressed (adj/u)

LfTElw 1/4
1..1' fo(iH 3 1({l Pakistani (adj/u, m)
~ water (m)
l..fTaRt Zoroastrian (m)
trait party (f)
l...l'MbJ'd nurturer, God (m)
l..fT8') sacred, holy (adj/u)
fWwcr love (m)
ft.Mrw cup, goblet (m)
fu5w last, previous (adj/i)
ftJg behind
~ background (m)
~ village (m)
fu3r father (m)
UfUf swing (f)
tf\cr Monday; Sufi saint (m)
~ book (f)
<JH'Cft priest, worshipper (m)
~ old (adj/i)
~ old, ancient (adj/u)
yfRR police (f)
'fR' worship, offering (f)
yocft eastern (adj/u)
complete (adj/i)
trw occupation, profession (m)
~ parental home (m)
,
l.fC belly, stomach (m)
,-
~
villager (m); rustic, rural (adj/u)
~ birth (f)
~~ to be born (vi)
~ follower, devotee (m)
Uc-~ climate (m)
112:' minus 1/4 (adj/i, m)
~ crop (f)
~ grace (m)
~ floor (m)
:GaO{ difference (m)
~ duty (m)
~ fruit (m)
~~ fruit seller (m)
~ anxiety, worry (m)
~ sentence (m)
~ then, again
fuac;r- sect (m)
~~ 'in that case, then.... '
~ percent (t)
~ husband of father's sister, uncle
~ flower (m)
~ decision (m)
~ spread, expansion (m)
~ army (t)
~ soldier (m)
enough, 'that's all'; bus (t)

aa=B spring (t)
~ majority opinion (t)
~ much, many (adjli); very, extremely (adv)
aor-Rt the Bengali language (t), from the state of Bengal (adjlu)
Cf.dftBr small garden (m)
ao1o without, except
~/a'Bt child (mit)
Efff'"B instead of, in place of
aE'O market (m)
~ elderly (adj/u); old person (m)
~ eggplant (m)
Btr dosed (adj/u)
tleFPIiH~ bad luck (t)
atB instead of
W person (m)
~ vegetation, flora (t)
~ roof boundary (m)
uowo rain, rainy season (t)
~ snow, ice (t)
aoSt party of wedding guests (m pI)
~ equal, matching (adjlu)
ElO'ClClt equality (t)
ElRt ox (m)
affift pertaining to Balochistan (SW Pakistan) (adjlu, m)
APPENDICES 347
~ very (adv/i)
~ after
aTu arm (t)
"l:f'DCf outside
crPft remaining (adjlu, m)
ar:aT garden (m)
alii! arm (m)
ar3 matter, issue, talk (t)
a'l..f father (m)
"E:T'"a3 about
EJTElT old man, grandfather; saint (m)
crcft window (t)
cr-a- about
~ despite, in spite of
ftfJ30 better (adjlu)
fuoT without, except
~ entirely, completely (adv)
~ cat (m)
W young woman (t)
Btwa sick (adj/u)
"WO fever (m)
~,~ old age (m)
~ Buddhist (adj/u)
~ Wednesday (m)
~ fundamental, basic (adj/u)
"Cf'" bad (adjli)
~ high (adjlu)
door (m)
plant, sapling (m)
~ light brown (adj/i)
~ limitless (adj)
a-o:ft request (t)
~ dinghy, boat (t)
~-oM bullock-cart (t)
tlcfl Buddhist (mit)
aRt language (t)
~ a type of short verse (fpl)
~ banyan tree (m)
~ God (m)
~ a men's folk dance (m)

~ hymn (m)
~ puffy fried bread (m)
~/~ nephew/niece (paternal) (mit)
~,~ brother (m)
~ tomorrow
~ good, noble (adj); welfare (m)
~ future (m)
wEt brother (m)
el'81'd'd' brotherhood, fraternity (m)
~ utensil (m)
wet sister-in-law (t)
~ heavy (adj/i)
~ although
~ okra (t)
"Bttf alms (t)
~ hunger (t)
~ hungry (adj/i)
~ father's sister, aunt (t)
~ sister (t)
~ bad, wicked (adj/i)
HF.rgO famous (adj/u)

a-ra:=Ift:rt mosque (t)
Hf.lfcrc;ft eastern (adj/u)
HH'C'3"'" spice (m)
aidi'He'd spicy (adj/u)
a-rR8 mosque (t)
HifRr neighborhood (m)
HU'7> great, grand (m)
~0Icl7)T to feel (emotion, etc.)
aiitlcw expensive (adj/i)
Hfuwo guest (m)
Htftor month (m)
HCI'O house (m)
~ beggar (m)
H:Olfcrat western (adj/u) (used in Pakistan)
mN after
~ Tuesday (m)
~,H5Rt fish (t)
APPENDICES 349
~ proud or prudish woman (f)

~ laborer (m)
HWl religion (m)
a-r;:;rr fun (m)
~ enjoyable, fun (adj/u)
a-h.? water buffalo (f)
~ market, trading center (f)
iH3 faith, religion (m)
Ht!t help (f)
Hf'tcr temple (m)
Cl-rqO(IRj(') medieval (adj/u)
HtrH middle (adj/u)
~ entertainment (m)
d-faOfE center (m)
Here" man, gent (m)
~ patient, sick person (m)
HW funeral pyre, cremation site (f)
W mom(f)
wfEc;( financial (adj/i)
tNft mother's sister, aunt (f)
WJJH innocent (adj/u)
Cl-f'3T mother (f)
Hll..f measurement (m)
wU parents (m pI)
H'W mother's brother, uncle
~ sweet fritter (m)
wBt gardner (m)
fHuo3 hard work, labour (f)
~ hard-working (adj/u)
fi-J0dEl I (')1 kindness, 'thank you' (f)
fi..rBrR disposition, temperament (m)
fl.-tc minute (m)
fi..ftt dirt, soil (f)
fi--i"o'" sweet (adj/i)
~ sweet, candy (f)
~ mythology (m)
fi..raB chili (f)
~ rain (m)
~ person who calls Islamic call-to-prayer (m)
~ difficult (adj/u)
~ Muslim (m)
a.'a3 love (f)
HiJ'03 expertise, skill (f)

~ liberation (f)
tfP\'tffiT comparison, competition (m)
~ young woman (f)
tW boy (m)
~ corresponding, suitable (adj/u); according to (pp)
~ country, land (m)
~ foolishness (f)
tRf3t idol, icon, sculpture (f)
HB table (m)
Her- my
HR association, friendship (m)
HR-RB friendship, association (m)
tffir country fair (m)
~ I
~ plain, field (m)
~ dirty (adj/i)
Hua ahead of
HBt shoemaker, cobbler (m)
H3t pearl (m)
Ho peacock (m)
a:iRa-r weather (m)
~ present, available (adj/u)
Jew (m); Jewish (adj/u)

journey, pilgrimage (f)
memory (f)
'meaning...', 'that is to say'
~lol~dlf1~ university (f)
~ warrior (m)
juice (m)
path, passage (m)
custom, ritual (f)
magazine, periodical (m)
influence, effect (m)
kitchen (f)
leader, guide (m)
leadership (f)
APPENDICES 351
dor color (m)

dor-~ colorful (adj/i)
aB<')T creation, composition (t)
~ junk, recyclable waste (t)
~ speed, velocity (t)
o"cr God (m)
o"cr Cf'CfT God is the protector, goodbye
G'"U path (m)
CJTdt traveler (m)
ardt by means of
orR rule, reign (m)
d'fllHEI'<Sl Rajasthani (adj/u)
~ political (adj/u)
or,;ft willing, consenting; healthy (adj/u)
CJT3 night (t)
fcl1Br relationship, connection (m)
fcllF.l3t'd relative (mit)
fcrc;rw rickshaw (m)
fcl~11B3 tradition, custom (t)
fu, cft3t ritual, custom (t)
g3 season (t)
~ rupee (m)
gd-f'B handkerchief (m)
~ daily Cadv)
~ fast (m)
ait bread; food generally (t)
~ tomb of a Sufi saint (m)
ill1r clamor, commotion (m)
B-et for
Bf.IO\cf army, large force (m)
~ garlic (m)
R1=ft buttermilk drink, lassi (t)
R'aTo free community meal/kitchen (m)
Mdl'3'd continuously (adv)
~ ball-shaped sweet made from chickpea flour (m)
~ joke (m)
~ word (m)
Bar long, tall (adj/i)
mr-Et length, height (f)
ffi3O{T boy (m)

~ girl (f)
~ suitable, worthy, capable (adjlu)
~ implemented (adjlu)
R"'OT near, near by, close by
H''H~'El unrivaled, matchless (adj/u)
8'H red (adjlu)
fRcrcft writer (m)
8cf--Rtr- assessment (m)
~ people (m pI)
itJ need (f)
~ needy (adjlu)
~ population (f)
~ time (m)
~ lawyer (m)
dcr et cetera
~ scholarship, stipend (m)
rn by way of (pp)
~ bamboo flute (f)
~ big (adjli)
<tq more, additional (adjlu)
~ great, excellent (adj/u)
~ greater, more (adj/i)
~ trade, commerce (m)
~ commercial (adjlu)
~ square (m)
~ like (pp-adj/i)
~ fast (m)
~ use (f)
~ year (m)
~ towards (pp)
~ for
~ sentence (m)
~,~i~ like (pp-adj/u)
~ string, twine (m)
~ valley (f)
~ increase, growth (m)
~ back (adv)
~,~ time, turn, occasion (f)
APPENDICES 353
~
heroic ballad (f)
~
story, account (f)
~ hair (m)
~ wedding, marriage (m)
~lF.l~llH belief, trust (m)
fuw subject (m)
~ courtyard (m)
~ show, display (m)
ftB m
~eO(id in the middle of, between, among
fuB'cf thought, idea, opinion (m)
~ in the middle of
~e~l(') scholar (m)
~ farewell, parting (f)
~ student (m)
~ against, opposed to
~ distinctive (adj/u)
.gr also, as well
~ Thursday (m)
~ period of time (m)
~
Vaishnavitc, devoted to the Hindu god Vishnu (adj/u)

354 AN INTROOUCTION TO PUNJAB I
Select Bibliography
General Studies
Bhatia, Motia. An Intensive Course in Punjabi. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian

Languages, 1985.
Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai. Colloquial Panjabi. London: Routledge, 1995.
Kalra, Surjit Singh, et al. Teach Yourself Panjabi. London: Hodder Headline, 1999.
Mizokami, Tomio. Panjabi. Tokyo: Tokyo Ur..iversity of Foreign Studies, 1981.
Shackle, Christopher. Teach YourselfPunjabi. London: English Universities Press, 1972.
Grammars
Bhatia, Tej K. Punjabi: A Cognitive-descriptive Grammar. London: Routledge, 1993.

Harkirat Singh and Giani Lal Singh, College Punjabi Viakaran. Chandigarh: Punjab State
. University Textbook Board, 1986.
Gill, H.S.'and H.A. Gleason. A Reference Grammar ofPanjabi. Patiala: Punjabi
University, 1969.
Dictionarie~
Joshi, S.S. et al. eds. Punjabi-English Dictionary. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1994.
Harkirat Singh, eta!. eds. Punjabi Shabad-Rup Ate Shabad-Jorh Kosh. Patiala: Punjabi
University, 1988.
Lamba, R. S. et al. eds. Punjabi-Persian Dictionary. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1996.
Nabha, Kahn Singh. Encyclopedia ofSikh Literature. Delhi: National Book Shop, 1990.

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AN INTRODUCTION TO PUNJABI

GRAMMAR, CONVERSATION AND LITERATURE

GURINDER SINGH MANN

Published by Dr. Manjit Singh, Registrar, Punjabi University, Patiala

Punjabi University, Dr. Jaspal Singh

Department of Development ofPunjabi Language Amarjeet Kaur (Dr.)

Punjabi (Panjabi) is spoken in the Punjab, a geographical-cultural region that

2 Ujagar Singh Saihgal, Gorakhbani (Patiala: Punjabi University, 1989).

Punjabi orthography is in the process of standardization and, as a result, scholarly

Santa Barbara, December 2010 Gurinder Singh Mann

5.6 Ordinal numbers

Lesson 6 Postpositions and the Oblique Case 46

Lesson 8 The Present Habitual Tense 59

Lesson 9 The Past Habitual Tense 72

Lesson 11 The Progressive Tense 87

The Future Tense and Subjunctive 95

Auxiliary and Conjunct Verbs 119

Lesson 16 Relative-Correlatives 14]

Lesson 17 Comparison ]51

Lesson 18 Vocative and Locative Cases ]58

Lesson 19 Causatives 165

Lesson 20 Passive Voice and Complex Verbal Moods ]73

Part Two: Language Through Literature

Lesson 21 ~~o~: "URTB"

Lesson 22 wet e& fl:iuJ: ,,~ tT ~,

Bhai Vir Singh: "Banafshe da Phull" 187

Lesson 23 qo't CJTH ~: "t1R'B"

Lesson 24 Hu0 fl:iuJ: "w ~ ~ tfB"

Lesson 25 Hu0 fi:jllJ: "~ D<5urcr ~,

Lesson 26 ~ tif3H: "~T1:fT ~ BTU Q"

Lesson 27 ~ artft: "-ew~,

Ahmad Rahi: "Desa va!io" 210

Lesson 28 ~ "l:IC'oo: "f8iF.iBu'd"

Lesson 29 ~ffifuf: ,,~ t1R'B"

Lesson 30 ~ 1..f'"3Cf: "0ft3"

Lesson 31 ~ ~Ht~: "0ft3"

Lesson 32 ~-3" Bt!o: ,,~tT oft3"

Lesson 33 fY:El41d''fI~: "Rw fiiuJ Q~'

Lesson 34 ~~ il-fT(): "f,::G"

Lesson 35 Hill~: "a'Pft He afcr-a=rt-tr'

Lesson 37 ~ ~ ~ : "ttor ~ BJa"

Lesson 38 ~ fRUf 'i==!~'H'd' a-tft: "'-l'3<F.iiQ~"

Lesson 39 ftwwo't ~ fiiuJ: "Ha- ~ e 4Jv a--f'Etn'

Lesson 40 twwcr- fRUf tW-f: "dEl" futr3+"

Lesson 41 Songs and Sayings 283

I. Names ofthe Gurmukhi letters

Select Bibliography 354

adj/i inflecting adjective

EAST AND WEST PUNJAB

Punjabi Is Our Language

We must never forget, Punjabi is our language.

Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876-1954)

READING, WRITING, SPEAKING, LISTENING

1.1 The Gurmukhi script l

'ta ' 'tha' '<;la' '<;lha' 'l)a'

3" l:f t q (')

'ta' 'tha' 'da' 'dha' 'na'

1.2 Writing Gurmukhi

-3B~ --,cq11 - wooy-

rFB - --r ?c -'C'88

-7:70751 --=:r3~ d d-}-f

--c:=~~ -"CUR ----,c~

---r-=:Tq:T13 ---r';:J':;: --::7;33