Report on

DC-DC Bidirectional LLC Resonant

Converter for Energy Storage Systems in
Distributed Generation
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of

Master of technology
by
V.Kiran Kumar
Roll No 152538

under the guidance of:

Dr.S.Srinivasa Rao
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Warangal

(An institute of national importance)
 Abstract
Renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind power are the most promising
ways for clean electric power generation. However, the intermittent nature of these resources
introduces issues like system stability, reliability, and power quality. Energy storage systems
(ESSs) are required to deal with such intermittent outages for grid-tied and off-grid
applications. Batteries and super capacitors are the most popular energy storage components
considering the price and performance. The ESSs should have bidirectional power flow
capability to store the excess energy generated by renewable resources, and release it when the
renewable energy is not sufficient or during peak times of energy consumption. So, the
bidirectional dcdc converter is a key component in ESSs to enable the bidirectional power
flow.

Proposed Bidirectional Resonant Converter

Generally, bidirectional dcdc converters for ESSs should have high-power density, high
efficiency, and high reliability. Various bidirectional dcdc topologies have been proposed and
studied in the past decades. For safety consideration, the galvanic isolation is usually required.
Among these isolated topologies, the dual active bridge (DAB) converter has attracted lots of
research interests due to its simple structure, wide range soft switching capability, and high
efficiency.

Fig.1 proposed bidirectional LLC resonant converter

Courtesy by Tianyang Jiang et.al

The DAB converter has two bridge type switches in each side of the transformer, and the phase
shift angle between the primary side switches and the secondary side switches determines the
power flow direction and its output power and to reduce switching losses soft switching is done
using a resonant tank. Among the resonant converters, the LLC resonant converter has superior
performance compared to the series resonant converter(SRC), especially for buck/boost
operation capability, narrow switching frequency variation range, and higher efficiency.
 Proposed Control Technique
The proposed Isolated Bidirectional converter consist of a front-end inverter having four
switches M1-M4, a high frequency transformer, resonant tank consisting of L and C, auxiliary
inductor L2 and back end converter having switches M5-M8 is shown in fig.2 The proposed
control scheme for gain G >1 is shown below in fig.2

1 1
where = , =

= Switching frequency
1
= Resonant frequency =
2

Fig.2 proposed control scheme

Courtesy by Tianyang Jiang et.al

The switches are turned on with the proposed topology, whenever there is excess of power
available it need to be stored in the battery and the converter has to charge it automatically
when it senses the excess power and where is need of power the battery has to supply it up to
its capacity. The charging and discharging process has to be done automatically. Generally, the
proposed control scheme is for boost mode of operation where battery is the source and DC
grid is the load. Charging and discharging modes of operation can be simply achieved by
varying the switching frequency below resonant frequency, when the battery has to supply
power the converter switching frequency should be much below than resonant frequency and
when battery has to charge the switching frequency should be near to the resonant frequency.
By this way, the charging and discharging of the battery can be done depending on the power
available at the DC grid.
 Simulation Results
Forward Mode

Switching frequency = 69khz, Resonant frequency = 100khz

Fig.3 Forward mode operation Output voltage and current graphs

Backward Mode

Switching frequency = 92khz

Fig.4 Backward mode operation output voltage and current graphs

 Conclusion
All the switches in the primary side and secondary side turn ON and OFF with the same
switching frequency, but the pulse width is different for front end inverter and back end
converter Switching frequency is used to regulate the output power and the power flow
direction. If the switching frequency is near to resonant frequency, then battery charges and
when switching frequency is less than critical frequency then battery is discharging and
switching frequency is always less than resonant frequency. Therefore, the proposed topology
can automatically switch between the forward mode and the backward mode just by changing
the switching frequency, which is quite attractive for energy storage system applications.

Future Work
Achieving Buck mode of operation for same proposed converter
Designing a closed loop controller for the proposed topology
Hardware implementation of present topology