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FUNGIIIII

certain gen characteristics of fungi


-eukaryotic
-all fungal cells possess atleast one nucleus, a nuclear membrane, endoplasmic
reticulum and mitochondria
-fungi lack the the property of photosynthesis
-the fungal cell wall consists primarily of chitin (not peptidoglycan as in
bacteria)
-fungal cell membrane contains egosterol in contrast to the human cell membrane
which contains cholesterol
-all fungi are obligate or facultative aerobes !no anaerobic fungi
-they obtain nutrients from chemicals found in nature, hence referred to as
chemototropic
-they possess an active transport system allowin them to absorb soluble nutrients
from oganic substances that are degraded by the enzymes secreted by the fungi

2 types of fungi
1. yeasts- single cells that reproduce by asexual budding
2. molds- filamentous; grow as long filaments (hyphae) & form a mat (colony) (!
mycelium)

!has pores inside


-some hyphae form transverse walls - SEPTATE HYPHAE =|=|=|=|=|=|=|= ex. Penicillium
while others do not (aseptate) ========
-aseptate hyphae are multinucleated - coenocytic hyphae ex. Rhizopus

2 types of hypha
aerial
vegetative - substrate hypha; penetrate the supporting medium, anchor and absorb
nutrients

Characteristics of major fungal groups


2 fungal cell structures that are impt medically
>fungal cell wall - composed primarily of CHITIN; fungi are insensitive to
antibiotics bc they cannot
CHITIN - polysaccharide composed of
.long chains of N-acetyl-glucosamine; and !(but do not have N-acetyl-muramic acid
like in bacteria)
.beta-glucan - polysaccharide; a long polymer of glucose
- site of action of an antifungal agent: CASPOFUNGIN

>fungal cell membrane - contains ergosterol - site of action of some antifungal


agents amphoterisin B, ketocenazole(?)
-destruction of cell membrane results to death

HABITAT and NUTRITION of FUNGI


all fungi are heterotrophic - requires organic carbon
-do not ingest food particles
-depend on transport mechanism
-secrete degrative enzymes to the environment
-fungus likes (saprophytes)
nat hab - soil or water containing decaying organic matter

some fungi can be parasitic to living matter exception: Candida albicans - form a
part of our normal flora; STD
Candidiasis (<-spelling?>
manifestation - chalky white substance from the vagina; very itchy
some are dimorphic - exist as a mold in the environment at ambient temp; at body
temp, they exist as yeast inside the body
(dimorphism)

MOLD
hyphae - branching cyllindrical tubes
group of hypha is a MYCELIUM and accumulate during active growth
grow by branching and tipped elongation
can be septate or aseptate

most grow on dryer, more acidic and high osmotic pressure in bacteria
mold are involved in the spoilage of fruits, veggies

YEAST
it is a eukaryotic microorganism
reproduce by budding
pseudohypha - yeast cell na wa nag separate; forming a chain structure

.yeast cell
.yeast cell with bud
.bud eventually breaks off
.two yeast cells

Sporulation - principal means by which fungi spread in the environment


Spores released from the mycelium in enormous numbers

sporulation - through budding


a. SEXUAL SPORULATION
+ spore and -negative
nuclear fusion
udergo meiosis thus forming ASCOSPORE

b. ASEXUAL SPORULATION
contidiophore; will expand to-
vesicle
sterigmata -chain of conidia
conidia or condiospore(?) - spore

TABLE 47-2
Coccididiodes - soil arthrospores inhalation into lungs
histoplasma - soil(associated with bird feces) Microconidia inhalation into lungs
Blastomyces - soil microconidia "
paracoccidoides - soil uncertain inhalation into lungs
cryptococcus - soil pigeon feces, yeast, "
aspergillus - soil and vegetation, condidia "
candida - human body, yeast, normal flora

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