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Solid Mechanics
Lab Report
EXPERIMENT (CODE G) :
Spring Test & Measurement of Bending Stress using Strain
Gauge.
GROUP 18
ME16B053
ME16B054
ME16B055
EXPERIMENT-1
Spring Stiffness Test
AIM To calculate the stiffness constants of various springs and comparing the experimental
values with the theoretical values.
THEORY If the force applied on the spring is such that there occurs no permanent deformation
in the spring, the system actually regains its original shape. There exists a linear relationship
between the force applied and the deformation produced in the spring i.e.,
x is the deformation,
Where
G = shear modulus of the spring material,
r = radius of the spring wire,
n = number of active coils in the helical spring,
R = mean radius of the helical spring.
Values -
g = 9.8 m/s 2
Shear modulus of Mild steel (G) = 80Gpa
Sample 1: Conical Spring
1 0 0 12 0 12 0 0
R 26.26
Conical (in mm)
n = 33
R 1.56
(in mm)
KL 196
(in Nm)
Slope of the above graph = 28.546.
There is a large difference between Spring Constant value calculated experimentally and
theoretically. It is because we considered the conical spring as l inear, but it is actually
a nonlinear spring.
S. No deflection
In kg In N Scale deflection Scale deflection
Reading Reading
1 0 0 13 0 13 0 0
R 38.64
Compression (in mm)
n = 11
r 2.8
(in mm)
KL 1920
(in Nm)
Slope of the graph = 15.096
i.e., The value of the spring constant calculated experimentally = 15.096 N/cm = 1 509.6 N/m
The value of the spring constant calculated theoretically using the formula
KL = (Gr3)/(4nR3) = 1920 N/m
% error in KL value = ((1509.6 - 1920)/1920) X 100 =-21.375%
Sample 3:Tensile Spring
S. No deflection
In kgs In N Scale deflection Scale deflection
Reading Reading
1 0 0 41.5 0 41.5 0 0
R
20.82
Tensile (in mm)
n = 28
r 1.55
(in mm)
KL 452.83
(in Nm)
Slope of the above graph is 5.081.
i.e., The value of the spring constant calculated experimentally = 5.081 N/cm = 508.1 N/m
whereas theoretically calculated spring constant value = 452.83 N/m
% error in spring constant value = ((508.1 - 452.83)/508.1)x100 = 10.87%
Inference:
Spring constant actually depends on the geometry of the spring. i.e., R,r and n (number of
active turns) For linear springs, the load ( which itself is the force exerted by spring) is
proportional to its deflection. Here sample 1 is non linear spring. So theoretical (from geometry)
and practical (calculated by considering it as linear) spring constants for sample 1 spring did not
match .
Where as other two samples are linear springs. But still some errors 21.375% for sample 2
and 10% for sample 3. These errors are due to
1) Friction at the contact points of spring with the apparatus.
2) Parallax errors.
3) Non axial loading.
4) Large loads.
Measurement of Bending Stress using
a Strain Gauge
AIM:
To measure the tensile bending stress at the root of a cantilever beam subjected to tip
transverse loading using a strain gauge.
APPARATUS:
Strain gauge,
A strain gauge indicator (model P 3500),
An aluminium specimen bar,
A bar holder with a provision for loading
A multimeter.
Theory:
Experimentally, the tensile bending stress can be calculated from the Hookes Law , which states stress
is proportional to strain and the proportionality constant is the youngs modulus of the material.
=
Analytically , tensile bending stress is calculated from Flexure Formula which is
Mb = -I
Mb = Bending moment developed at the location of the strain gauge.
S.no Deflectio P
Mb
n (transvers
(mm) e (Nm)
Load) (N)
1. 0.5 1.625 -0.386750
2. 1.0 3.251 -0.773738
3. 1.5 4.876 -1.160488
4. 2.0 6.501 -1.547238
5. 2.5 8.127 -1.934226
6. 3.0 9.752 -2.320976
7. 3.5 11.378 -2.707964
8. 4.0 13.003 -3.094714
9. 4.5 14.629 -3.481702
10. 5.0 16.254 -3.868452
- On application of the transverse load on the cantilever beam there exists bending
moment throughout the surface and this gives rise to bending stress in the beam.
- The bending stress can be calculated from the stress strain relation by measuring the
strain at the clamped point using a strain gauge.
- Theoretically, stress can be calculated from the flexure relation and we observe that the
experimental and theoretical stresses are nearly in close agreement.