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Introduction
Probability is an analysis of the likelihood that an event
will happen.
The mathematical theory of probability was first
Chapter 6 introduced by French mathematicians Blaise Pascal
(16231662) and Pierre Fermat (16011665), when they
were trying to solve some gambling problems involving
dice.
Probability (Part 1) The theory of probability has been widely applied in
various fields of study such as medicine, engineering,
(page 254) meteorology, earthquake prediction, agriculture,
marketing and finance.
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If only one letter is selected from A, B, C and D, then Example (pg 256)
4!
the number of arrangements 4 P1 4 . The A doctor has three examination rooms. There are six
(4 1)! patients in the waiting room. In how many different
arrangements are A, B, C and D.
ways can the patients be assigned to the examination
If three letters are selected and arranged, then the rooms?
4!
number of arrangements = 4 P3 = 24.
( 4 3)!
If all four letters are selected, then the number of
4!
arrangements = 4 P4 = 4! = 24.
(4 4)!
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Solution
Example (pg 256)
Let n = the number of patients = 6 Given six digits 1,2,3,4,5 and 6.
r = the number of rooms = 3 a) Determine the number of four-digit numbers
Using the permutation formula, we get that can be formed using the digits if
n! repetition is allowed.
n
Pr
(n r )! b) Determine the number of four-digit numbers
6! that can be formed using the digits if no
6
p3
(6 3)! repetition is allowed.
6.5.4.3.2.1
120 c) How many four-digits numbers greater than
3.2.1 4,000 can be formed using the digits given
without repetition?
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n!
p!q!r!
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= 9,979,200
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