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Concept of Prestressing
Concept of Prestressing
Prestressing the concrete is to transfer precompression
(compressive stress) to the concrete
How the prestressing force transmitted to concrete can be
explained by concept of prestressing
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Degree of Prestressing
This classification introduced depend on the level of prestress
introduced in the structural element to nullify the stress due
to external load.
Fully
F ll prestressed
t d : allll cracking
ki should
h ld be
b avoided
id d restricted
tit d
by no tensile stress allowed under service load, the whole
section in permanent state of compression
Limited prestressing : tensile stresses do not exceed the
cracking stresses of concrete
Partial p
prestressingg : combination of tensioned and
untensioned steel. Represent form of construction which is
intermediate between reinforced and prestressed concrete
Concept of Prestressing
Stress Concept of
Force
concept Prestressing concept
Load
balancing
concept
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Stress Concept
The concept that considering prestressing force transmitted to
concrete as initial internal stress to counteract the internal stress
developed due to external loads is known as stress concept
The combination of the effect of external loads and prestressing
p g
are studied together as equivalent stresses and compared with
permissible levels of stresses in the material
The procedures of this concept can be divided into two stages:
stress at transfer/stage 1 and stress at service/stage 2
For stage 1, the stresses across cross section due to self weight and
prestressing are taken into account
For stage 2, the stresses caused by prestressing, dead and live loads
and other external loads are calculated together through the depth
of cross section
The stresses should be within the permissible limits
Stresses at transfer
- +
+ + + =
+ -
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Stresses at transfer
Stress at top fibre :
(Allowable compressive
stress at transfer)
Stresses at service
+ + + =
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Stresses at service
Stress at top fibre :
(Allowable compressive
stress at service, Clause
4.3.4 BS8110)
Stress concept
In stress concept, we used theory of bending throughout the
analysis where:
- it is assumed that plane sections remain plane before or
after the moments are applied
- the top and the bottom fibre of the structural elements are
subjected to maximum stresses
The permissible/allowable streses under compression and
tension in the materials concrete and steel do have a major
role to play in analysis and design of prestressed concrete
structure based on stress concept
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Example 1
A simply supported prestressed concrete beam of cross section
400mm x 600mm has a span of 10m. It is subjected to an
uniformly distributed load of 30kN/m in addition to its self-
weight and is prestressed with a force of 1740kN with a
prestressing able of parabolic profile. The cable is anchored at
the center of gravity of the cross section at support and has an
eccentricity of 160mm below NA at the mid span cross section.
Analyze the beam for the effects of prestressing and the loads at
mid cross section usingg the pphilosophy
p y of stress concept.
p.
Solution
Span of the beam = 10 m
Cross section = 400mm x 600mm
External load = 30 kN/m
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
Prestressing force = 1740 kN
Cable profile = parabolic
Eccentricity of mid cross-section = 160mm (below NA)
Eccentricityy at support
pp section = 0 mm
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Properties of section
Area of cross section, A = 0.4 x 0.6 = 0.24 m2
Moment of inertia, I =
Modulus of section, Zt = Zb =
Forces
Axial force, P = 1740 kN
Moment due to eccentricity of prestressing force = P x e
Pe = 1740 kN x 0.16 m = 278.4 kNm
Bending moment due to :
selfweight = wl2/8 = 5.76 x 102/8 = 72 kNm
external load = 30 x 102/8 = 375 kNm
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At transfer
+ + =
At service
+ + + =
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Force Concept
In this approach the structural element is considered as if it is
a reinforced concrete element
The total prestressingg force is taken tensile force and the
stresses generated in concrete will produced compression
force of an equal value. The forces are collinear to keep the
element in equilibrium if only prestressing force is
considered
Hence, the structural element at any cross-section will be
subjected to tensile force in the prestressing element and a
compressive force in the concrete which is the resultant force
of all compressive stresses acting on that cross-section
Force Concept
If any additional load (say dead load) is considered, the tensile force in
prestress element will be modified and the center of compression will
also be shifted.
For a case of positive sagging bending moment applied on the structure
due to external loads the tensile force in the prestressed steel element is
marginally increased and the compressive force which is the resultant
stresses caused by the prestressing and by the loading will be shifted
upwards from the line of action of tension.
The tensile force or the compressive force multiplied by the shift
between these two forces will be the external moment.
This concept is used to design the structures and to get the moment
resisting capacity of the cross section
Since the capacity of the section is decided based on the total tension
and compression it carries, this approach is called the force approach
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Example
Analyze the beam in Example 1 using force concept.
Solution
In force concept all causes and effects are considered as forces
for evaluation.
Bending moment at mid span due to :
a) Selfweight = 72 kNm (top comp, bottom tension)
b) External load = 375 (top comp,
comp bottom tension)
tension)
Total bending moment = 447 kNm
Prestressing force = 1470 kN
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NA
118.6mm
160mm
a = 41.38mm
T
15.85
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This resultant compression (1740kN) will act at 96.9mm above NA only for one
particular stress distribution across the section.
The stress distribution is evaluated as follows
Stress at top =
Stress at bottom =
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Example 3
Analyze the prestressed concrete beam described in Example 1
using load balancing concept.
Solution
In this concept all the causes and the effects will be considered
as loads and the member will be analyzed
Total downward load = 30 + 5.76 = 35.76 kN/m
q
The equivalent upward
p uniformlyy distributed load provided
p byy
prestress =
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At bottom fibre
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