Dimensionless pressure response amplitude

(13-12)

where q is the rate at active well.

Permeability is estimated from

(13-13)

where Ap and tL are from the observation well response for the pulse being
analyzed.
Porosity-compressibility product is estimated from

(13-14)

Figures 13-12 through 13-15

Formation storage is determined from

S = <t>cth (13-15)
Hydraulic diffusivity is estimated from

(13-16)

Example 13-2 Analyzing Horizontal Pulse Test

Figures 13-16 and 13-17 show pulse test data. Two producing wells,
1 and 2, were tested by pulsing, Atp = 1 hr; q 300 stb/day; and the
response at well 2 was observed. At some other time, well 2 was tested by
pulsing (Atp = 1 hr), q = 310 stb/day and response at well 1 was observed.
Analyzing second peak (third pulse response) of Figures 13-16 and 13-17 for
illustrations. Table 13-2 shows the pulse test data. The well/reservoir data
are q0 = 300 stb/day; 0 = 0.12; fi0 = 1.15 cP; A = 62 ft; (30 = 1.252 rb/stb;
r = 660 ft. Estimate kh//j, and <j)cth.

Solution Find the following pulse test parameters from Figures 13-16 and
13-17:
 Pressure change at well, Ap (psi)

Time after starting pulse in minutes

Figure 13-16. Pressure response in pulse test.

ApIq x 10~5 (psi / (stb/day))

Time since starting of test in minutes

Figure 13-17. Pressure response in pulse test.

 Table 13-2
Horizontal Pulse Test data

Time
(min) pwf (psig) Ap (psig) Apjq (psi/(stb/day)

0.0 365.000 0.000

15.0 365.055 0.055 18.33 x 10~5
19.8 365.205 0.150 50.00 x 10~5
30.0 365.425 0.220 73.33 x 10~5
35.0 365.725 0.300 10.00 x 10~4
45.0 366.110 0.385 12.83 x 10~4
50.0 366.560 0.450 15.00 x 10"4
60.0 367.083 0.523 17.40 x 10~4
65.0 367.683 0.600 20.00 x 10~4
75.0 368.273 0.588 19.60 x 10~4
90.0 368.796 0.525 17.50 x 10~4
100.0 369.268 0.472 15.73 x 10~4
102.0 369.668 0.400 13.33 x 10~4
105.0 370.026 0.358 11.93 x 10"4
120.0 370.328 0.307 10.07 x 10~4
135.0 370.673 0.345 11.5OxIO- 4
140.0 371.183 0.430 14.33 x 10~4
150.0 371.626 0.523 17.43 x 10"4
155.0 372.226 0.600 20.0OxIO- 4
165.0 377.897 0.671 22.37 x 10"4
175.0 373.647 0.750 25.00 x 10~4
180.0 374.444 0.797 26.57 x 10~4
195.0 375.392 0.858 28.60 x 10"4
210.0 376.099 0.797 26.57 x 10~4
215.0 376.819 0.720 24.00 x 10~4
225.0 377.479 0.660 22.00 x 10~4
230.0 378.089 -0.610 20.33 x 10~4
240.0 378.639 0.550 18.33 x 10~4
250.0 379.239 0.600 20.00 x 10~4
255.0 379.828 0.589 19.63 x 10~4
270.0 380.515 0.687 22.90 x 10~4

and tL = 0.16hr; for these tests, Atc = 2hr and Atp = 1 hr; thus

Find F1 from Eq. 13-8

 Knowing F' and tL/Atc, read ApD[tL/Atc]2 from Figure 13-9 (all even
pulses except the first), which is equal to 0.00185. Then, calculate kh//j, by
rearranging Eq. 13-13:

From Figure 13-10 (all odd pulses except thefirst),findfc)z>/rz> 0.078.

Estimate cf)cth using rearranged Eq. 13-14:

13.4 Vertical Pulse Test Design and Analysis Methods

Falade and Brigham4'5 have described testing and analyzing techniques
based on the arrival time of thefirstpeak. They considered the situation with
perforations at the upper and lower reservoir boundaries. The next section
will describe brief procedure and methods of designing and analyzing
vertical pulse tests.

Vertical Pulse Test Design Calculations

Once the test well is selected, it is important to design the pulse length and
magnitude to be compatible with formation characteristics and the pressure
instrument resolution. The pulse duration must be long enough so that the
pressure instrument detects the pulses, but short enough so that the pulses
are easily identified. Table 13-3 is a test design table for vertical pulse testing.
To design a pulse test follow these steps:
From Table 13-3, choose any reasonable value of
[AtPDV]Table 13_3 from column 1

Find

from column 2
 Table 13-3
Vertical Pulse Testing Design Table5

Infinite-system time lag ( ^ (Anni\ [faX*,"

Dimensionless pulse length, Atpov pulse length ' &p WDVJ00 ^ Atp

0.1450 0.1000 0.0145

0.1250 0.1500 0.0155
0.1000 0.1750 0.0188
0.0900 0.1890 0.0190
0.0800 0.2200 0.0192
0.0700 0.2700 0.0193
0.0600 0.3000 0.0920
0.0500 0.3700 0.0175
0.0400 0.4800 0.0159
0.0300 0.6300 0.0137
0.0200 0.9000 0.0087
0.0100 1.6500 0.0004

and

from column 3
Table 13-3

Estimate pulse length from the following equation:

(13-17)

where
Atp = pulse length, hour
AzR distance between upper and lower of perforations, ft
kz = vertical permeability, mD

(13-18)

Estimate expected time lag given by

(13-19)

Calculate response amplitude by

(13-20)
where
Ap = pressure gauge should be chosen appropriately, psi
kr = horizontal permeability, mD

(13-21)

Calculate geometric factor such as

(13-22)

(13-23)

where
Gp = primal geometric factor
GR = reciprocal geometric factor
AzR = vertical distance from upper formation boundary to center of
upper perforations, ft.
Figure 13-18 shows vertical interference and pulse test nomenclature.
Example 13-3 Designing Vertical Pulse Test
Given data are: kz 1.OmD; kf = 1OmD; 0 = 0.15; \i = 1.85cP;
ct 1.2 x 10"5PSi"1; AzR = 45ft; (3 l.Orb/stb. Design a pulse test using
Table 13-6.

Solution From Table 13-3, choose a reasonable value such as 0.04 from
column 1 and find the other values of parameters from columns 3 and 2:

(column 1)

(column 3)

(column 2)

From Eq. 13-17, find

 Flow perforation
Formation thickness, h (ft)

Tubing packer

Casing packer

Pressure gauge

Observation perforation

Figure 13-18. Vertical interference and pulse test nomenclature.4'5

Calculate time lag from Eq. 13-19:

Estimate response amplitude from Eq. 13-20:

!"column 31
column 2 L7,,. 13 3
L J Table 13-3

Thus, for an injection (or production) rate of 450stb/day, we would

expect a pressure change of about:

Ap = (0.0192)(450) = 8.64 psi

Hence the pressure gauge should be chosen appropriately.

13.5 Design and Analysis of Unequal Pulses

Kamal and Brigham1 and Johnson etal.2 have presented new methods to
analyze pulse tests with unequal pulse and shut-in periods. These methods
allow the engineer to design and analyze pulse tests simply and accurately.
These methods will enable the use of pulse tests without limitations on the
length of the different periods. Thus, the optimum ratio between the pulse
and shut-in periods that gives the maximum pulse test response can be used.
Figure 13-19 shows the pulse test terminology. To design and analyze any
well test is simply to relate the test parameters to the reservoir and well
properties. In the case of pulse testing, the test parameters are:
pulse period,
the shut-in period,
the time lags, and
the response amplitude.
The reservoir properties are:
formation permeability,
porosity and thickness,
fluid viscosity,
the total compressibility, and
the distance between the pulsing and responding wells.
The reservoir properties and the test parameters can be used to design the
following dimensionless groups.
Pulse ratio:

(13-24)

Pressure
Pressure response (psi)

amplitude
Flow rate (bbls)

Pressure
amplitude

Pulse Shut-in Reservoir pressure trend

period period
Time in minutes

Figure 13-19. Pulse test terminology.

 Dimensionless cycle period:

(13-25)

Dimensionless time lag:

(13-26)

Dimensionless response amplitude:

(13-27)

where
R' = pulse ratio
At = pulse period
R'RAt = shut-in period
R = ratio between pulse period and shut-in period
AtCycD = dimensionless cycle period
Atcyc = cycle period = A^(I R), min
rpr = distance between the pulsing and the responding wells, ft
tLD = dimensionless time lag
tL = time lag, min
fjb0 = oil viscosity, cP
4> = porosity, fraction
Ap& = dimensionless response amplitude
Ap = response amplitude, psi
h = formation thickness, ft
k permeability, mD.
The above equations relating to the time lag, using the unsteady-state
flow model of the line source for an infinite-acting, homogeneous reservoir
containing a single-phase slightly compressible fluid developed the cycle
period and the response amplitude for any pulse ratio. The equation relating
the dimensionless cycle period to the dimensionless time lag is

(13-28)

where
D 0.325 for odd pulses and
D = 0.675 for even pulses.
A and C are functions of the pulse ratio. The values of these functions are
given in Tables 13-4 and 13-5. The equation relating the dimensionless time
lag and the dimensionless response amplitude is
 Table 13-4
Values of Parameter A as a Function of the Pulse Ratio1

Pulse 1st even All other 1st odd AU other

ratio, R' pulse even pulses pulse odd pulses

0.20 -0.795 -0.805 -0.825 -0.812

0.25 -0.779 -0.779 -0.828 -0.815
0.30 -0.763 -0.752 -0.830 -0.818
0.35 -0.747 -0.745 -0.835 -0.826
0.40 -0.730 -0.738 -0.839 -0.833
0.45 -0.708 -0.727 -0.847 -0.841
0.50 -0.691 -0.715 -0.854 -0.849
0.55 -0.683 -0.708 -0.858 -0.861
0.60 -0.675 -0.700 -0.864 -0.873
0.65 -0.665 -0.698 -0.874 -0.884
0.70 -0.655 -0.695 -0.885 -0.895
0.75 -0.650 -0.689 -0.858 -0.915
0.80 -0.645 -0.682 -0.930 -0.935

Table 13-5
Values of Parameter C as a Function of the Pulse Ratio1

Pulse 1st even All other 1st odd AU other

ratio, Rf pulse even pulses pulse odd pulses

0.20 0.955 0.950 0.432 0.432

0.25 0.942 0.936 0.452 0.453
0.30 0.928 0.921 0.471 0.473
0.35 0.905 0.898 0.493 0.496
0.40 0.882 0.875 0.515 0.518
0.45 0.864 0.850 0.539 0.542
0.50 0.845 0.825 0.562 0.565
0.55 0.824 0.803 0.581 0.587
0.60 0.802 0.781 0.600 0.609
0.65 0.776 0.753 0.618 0.628
0.70 0.750 0.725 0.635 0.647
0.75 0.725 0.695 0.643 0.657
0.80 0.700 0.665 0.650 0.667

(13-29)

where
H = 1 for odd pulses and
H = 1 for even pulses.