E and F are functions of the pulse ratio.

The values of these functions are

given in Tables 13-6 and 13-7.
where
R1 = pulse ratio = -?-
Lit eye
At = pulse period and Atcyc = cycle period.

Table 13-6
Values of Parameter E as a Function of the Pulse Ratio1

Pulse 1st even All other 1st odd All other

ratio, R' pulse even pulses pulse odd pulses

0.20 -3.100 -3.259 -8.000 -8.221

0.25 -3.125 -3.258 -6.250 -6.505
0.30 -3.150 -3.265 -5.000 -5.482
0.35 -3.186 -3.330 -4.751 -5.005
0.40 -3.221 -3.395 -4.502 -4.250
0.45 -3.348 -3.448 -4.354 -4.486
0.50 -3.425 -3.500 -4.205 -4.221
0.55 -3.540 -3.628 -4.080 -4.058
0.60 -3.604 -3.755 -3.953 -3.895
0.65 -3.878 -3.984 -3.902 -3.826
0.70 -4.152 -4.213 -3.850 -3.756
0.75 -4.380 -4.359 -3.829 -3.711
0.80 -4.607 -4.504 -3.807 -3.665

Table 13-7
Values of Parameter F as a Function of the Pulse Ratio1

Pulse 1st even AU other 1st odd All other

ratio, R' pulse even pulses pulse odd pulses

0.20 0.0925 0.0867 0.0749 0.0775

0.25 0.1050 0.0975 0.0884 0.0975
0.30 0.1195 0.1075 0.0975 0.1000
0.35 0.1288 0.1150 0.1040 0.1105
0.40 0.1320 0.1220 0.1100 0.1162
0.45 0.1346 0.1245 0.1139 0.1201
0.50 0.1350 0.1248 0.1164 0.1225
0.55 0.1325 0.1225 0.1150 0.1223
0.60 0.1300 0.1175 0.1126 0.1202
0.65 0,1225 0.1085 0.1072 0.1172
0.70 0.1140 0.0975 0.0995 0.1090
0.75 0.0950 0.0804 0.0886 0.0950
0.80 0.0600 0.0643 0.0775 0.0845
Pulse Test Designing Methods
Pulse tests can be designed graphically and analytically.

Designing Pulse Test Graphically1

The following steps are used in designing pulse test graphically:
Select the pulse ratio. If a specific pulse ratio1, Rr, is more convenient for
oilfield operation, this ratio should be used; otherwise a pulse ratio near
0.7 (odd) or 0.3 (even) is recommended, depending on whether the odd
pulse or the even pulse will be used to analyze the results of the test. The
pulse ratio should not be below 0.2 or above 0.8.
Calculate the dimensionless time lag, tLD, using equation

tLD = 0.09 + 0.3R' (odd pulses) (13-30)

or tLD = 0.09 x 0.3(1 - R') (even pulses) (13-31)

Determine the dimensionless cycle period, AtcycD, using the dimension-

less time lag and the appropriate curve in Figure 13-9, 13-11, 13-13, or
13-15.
Determine the dimensionless amplitude, Ap o, using the appropriate
curve in Figure 13-8, 13-10, 13-12, or 13-14.
Calculate the cycle period using the equation

(13-32)

Calculate the pulse period as

(13-33)

Calculate the shut-in period, RAt, as

(13-34)

Calculate response amplitude, Ap, by rearranging Eq. 13-27

(13-35)

The following examples will illustrate the design and analysis techniques
for pulse tests.
Example 13-4 Designing Pulse Test Using Graphical Method
The reservoir has the following properties:

h = 50ft, = 250mD, 0 = 0.18,

rpr = 660 ft, \i0 = 1.75OcP,

P0 = 1.126 rb/stb, ct = 2.5 x lO^psi" 1

Production rate = 200 bbl/day. Assume most convenient pulse ratio, Rf,
to be 0.65.

Solution Since the optimum pulse ratio is 0.65, the odd pulse should be
used rather than the even pulse. Follow these steps:
Calculate the dimensionless time lag from Eq. 13-30:

Determine the dimensionless cycle period, AtcycD, such as using first

odd pulse at R' = 0.65 and tLD = 0.285:

Determine the dimensionless response amplitude, ApD, at Rf = 0.65

and tLD = 0.285 =^ ApD x t\D = -0.0057; then

Calculate the cycle period, Atcycn, from Eq. 13-32:

Calculate the pulse period using Eq. 13-33:

Estimate the shut-in period using Eq. 13-34:

 Calculate the response amplitude Ap from Eq. 13-35:

Designing Pulse Tests Analytically

Follow these steps:
Select the pulse ratio as in the graphical method.
Calculate the dimensionless time lag using Eq. 13-30 or 13-31.
Find the values of parameters A and C using Tables 13-4 and 13-5.
Find the values of parameters E and F using Tables 13-6 and 13-7.
Calculate the dimensionless cycle period using Eq. 13-28.
Calculate the dimensionless response amplitude using Eq. 13-29.
Calculate the cycle period and response amplitude using Eqs. 13-25 and
13-27.

Example 13-5 Designing Pulse Test Using Analytical Method

Rework Example 13-4 using analytical method.

Solution Since the optimum pulse ratio is 0.65, the odd pulse should be
used rather than the even pulse. Follow these steps:
Calculate the dimensionless time lag from Eq. 13-30:

Calculate the dimensionless cycle period using Eq. 13-28:

(for odd pulses)

(from Table 13-5)

(from Table 13-4)

Substituting these values in Eq. 13-28, we get

 Calculate the dimensionless response amplitude, Apr,, from Eq. 13-29:

For odd pulses

H = -\

F = 0.1172 (from Table 13-7)

E = -3.826 (from Table 13-6)

Substituting these values in Eq. 13-29, we get

Therefore, Apn = -0.0494 x 1.580 - -0.078.

Calculate the cycle period, Atcycj), from Eq. 13-32:

After rearranging, we get

Calculate the pulse period using Eq. 13-33:

The shut-in period = 800 - 520 = 280 min

Calculate the shut-in period using Eq. 13-34:

Calculate the dimensionless response amplitude, Apx>, from Eq. 13-35:

 where

Therefore

This is in good agreement with the graphical method.

Note: The difference between the two values of Ap calculated using
graphical and analytical methods is less than 1.7%.

Pulse Test Analysis Methods

Analyzing Pulse Test Using Graphical Method
After running the test, drawing the slopes, and measuring the time lags
and the response amplitudes, the following method may be used to deter-
mine the values of kh/fi and <ficth.
Calculate the dimensionless time lag using Eq. 13-26:

Determine the dimensionless cycle period using the dimensionless time

lag and the appropriate curve in Figures 13-9, 13-11, 13-13, and 13-15.
Determine the dimensionless response amplitude using the dimension-
less time lag and the appropriate curve in Figures 13-8, 13-10, 13-12,
and 13-14.
Calculate the value of kh\\i from Eq. 13-27:

Calculate the value of cj)cth using Eq. 13-32:

Example 13-6 Analyzing Pulse Test Using Graphical Method
Rework Example 13-4. The following information is obtained from
pulse test: Ap = -0.30, tL = 210, and Atcyc = 700 min.

Solution Optimum pulse ratio, R' = 0.65.

Calculate the dimensionless time lag from Eq. 1326:

Knowing R' and ^ , find the value of AtcycD x tLD = 0.45; then, deter-
mine the dimensionless response cycle period, Atcyco 0.45/0.3 = 1.5.
Estimate the dimensionless response amplitude:

Calculate the value of kh/fi using Eq. 13-27:

Calculate the value of (j)cth after rearranging Eq. 13-25:

Analyzing Pulse Test Using Analytical Method

The following steps are used to analyze pulse test analytically:

Calculate the dimensionless time lag using Eq. 13-26:

Calculate the dimensionless cycle period using Eq. 13-28:

 Determine the dimensionless response amplitude using Eq. 13-29:

Calculate the value of khjn from Eq. 13-27:

Calculate the value of <t>cth using Eq. 13-25:

Example 13-7 Analyzing Pulse Test Using Analytical Method

Rework Example 13-4. Optimum pulse ratio, Rf, is 0.65 and pulse test
shows the following information: Ap = 0.25, ^ = 210min, and
Atcyc = 700min.

Solution
Calculate the dimensionless time lag using Eq. 13-26:

Calculate the dimensionless cycle period using Eq. 13-28:

where
D = -0.325
C = 0.628 (from Table 13-5)
A = -0.884 (from Table 13-4).
Substituting the values of D, C, and A in Eq. 13-28, we get

Determine the dimensionless response amplitude using Eq. 13-29:

 where
H = -\
F = -0.1172 (from Table 13-7)
E = -3.826 (from Table 13-6).
Substituting the values of H, F, and E in Eq. 13-29, we get

Therefore, ApD = 1.4955(- 0.0472) = -0.071.

Calculate the value of khjn from Eq. 13-27:

Calculate the value of <\>cth using Eq. 13-25:

Note: The difference between the two values of kh\\i calculated using
graphical and analytical methods is less than 0.90%. For the value of c/)cth,
the difference is 0.88%.

Example 13-8 Analyzing Pulse Test from Field Data

The pulse test was run in an oilfield, the distance from the pulsing well 1
to the responding well 4 is 660 ft. The reservoir properties are: <fi = 0.19;
A = 110ft; /x= 1.35OcP; /? = 1.257rb/stb; Q = 1.915 x lO^ps*" 1 - Test
parameters are:

Aq = 750 stb/day
At = Afi = 180 hours (pulse period)
Atcyc = At2 = 950 hours (cycle period)
tL 360 hours (time lag)
Ap = 2.5psi (response amplitude)

Estimate khjn and the product <ficth

Solution From Eq. 13-24, the pulse ratio is

The value of Rf is outside the range of analytical method. Therefore,

graphical method can be used. Time lag, t^ = 360 hours; then using Eq. 13-26

From Figure 13-19 (use first even pulse), find AtcycDtLD at tLD = 0.379
and E! = 0.19:

Then

Find ApDt2LD:

Then

Calculate kh\\i from Eq. 13-27:

Estimate (pcth from Eq. 13-25: