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Let , , and all exceed , and let be a positive number such that , ,
and . Find .
Solutions
Solution 1
The logarithmic notation doesn't tell us much, so we'll first convert everything to the equivalent
exponential expressions.
isolate and .
, , and .
Solution 2
Therefore, .
Hence, .
Problem
Let , where . Determine the minimum value taken
Solution
It is best to get rid of the absolute value first.
and .
Adding these together, we find that the sum is equal to , of which the minimum value is attained
when .
Edit: can equal or (for example, if and
However, both of these cases give us as the minimum value for , which indeed is the answer
posted above.
Problem
Solution
Now we can square; solving for , we get or . The second solution is extraneous
Problem
A machine shop cutting tool is in the shape of a notched circle, as shown. The radius of the circle
is cm, the length of is 6 cm, and that of is 2 cm. The angle is a right angle. Find
the square of the distance (in centimeters) from to the center of the circle.
Solution
Solution 1
Because we are given a right angle, we look for ways to apply the Pythagorean Theorem. Let the foot of
the perpendicular from to be and let the foot of the perpendicular from to the line be .
Solution 2
midpoint of .
Problem
Let equal . Determine the remainder upon dividing by .
Solution
Solution 1
First, we try to find a relationship between the numbers we're provided with and . We realize
Applying the Binomial Theorem, half of our terms cancel out and we are left
with . We realize that all of these terms are divisible by except the
final term.
Solution 2
Theorem, where .
Thus .
Problem
Twenty five of King Arthur's knights are seated at their customary round table. Three of them are chosen -
all choices being equally likely - and are sent of to slay a troublesome dragon. Let be
the probability that at least two of the three had been sitting next to each other. If is written as a
fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and the denominator?
Solution
Solution 1
We can use Complementary counting by finding the probability that none are sitting next to each other
Imagine the other (indistinguishable) people are already seated, and fixed into place.
We will place , , and with and without the restriction.
There are places to place , followed by places to place , and places to place after and .
Hence, there are ways to place in between these people with restrictions.
Without restrictions, there are places to place , followed by places to place , and places to
place after and . Hence, there are ways to place in between these people
without restrictions.
is .
Solution 2
There are ways to pick a pair of knights from the trio, and there are ways to determine
which order they are seated. Since these two knights must be attached, we let them be a single entity, so
However, this overcounts the instances in which the trio sits together; when all three knights sit together,
then two of the pairs from the previous case are counted. However, we only want to count this as one
case, so we need to subtract the number of instances in which the trio sits together (as a single entity).
There are ways to determine their order, and there are configurations.
Solution 3
Number the knights around the table 1-25. There are two possibilities: All three sit next to each other, or
two sit next to each other and one is not sitting next to the other two.
Case 1: All three sit next to each other. In this case, you are picking , , ... .
Case 2: Like above, there are ways to pick the pair of knights sitting next to each other. Once a pair is
picked, you cannot pick either of the two adjacent knights. (i.e. if you pick , you may not pick 4 or
7). Thus, there are ways to pick the third knight, for a total of combinations.
Thus, you have a total of allowable ways to pick the knights. The total number of
Solution 4
Pick an arbitrary spot for the first knight. Then pick spots for the next two knights in order.
Case 1: The second knight sits next to the first knight. There are 2 possible places for this out of 24, so
Case 2: The second knight sits two spaces from the first knight. There are 2 possible places for this out of
24, so the probability is . Then there are 3 places out of a remaining 23 for the third knight to sit, so
Case 3: The second knight sits 3 or more spaces from the first knight. There are 20 possible places for
this out of 24, so the probability is . Then there are four places to put the last knight out of 23, so the
Problem
Solution
If , then the factor of appears twice in the denominator. Thus, we need to appear as a factor
three times in the numerator, or . The largest such prime is , which is our answer.
Problem
Solution
Solution 1
Let . We can rewrite the expression as .
the interval and its range on that interval is from , by the Intermediate Value
Solution 2
We can rewrite the numerator to be a perfect square by adding . Thus, we must also add
back .
This results in .
Thus, if , then the minimum is obviously . We show this possible with the same
Solution 3
is zero only when or . It can further be verified that and are relative minima by
finding the derivatives of other points near the critical points. However, since is always positive in
length . All other edges have length . Given that , what is the volume of the solid?
Solution
Solution 1
First, we find the height of the figure by drawing a perpendicular from the midpoint of to .
The hypotenuse of the triangle is themedian of equilateral triangle , and one of the legs is . We
Now, we subtract off the two extra pyramids that we included, whose combined volume
is .
Solution 2
tetrahedron , which has twice the volume of our original solid. This tetrahedron has side
length . Using the formula for the volume of a regular tetrahedron, which is ,
where S is the side length of the tetrahedron, the volume of our original solid is:
Problem
The length of diameter is a two digit integer. Reversing the digits gives the length of a perpendicular
chord . The distance from their intersection point to the center is a positive rational number.
Solution
Let and . It follows
Theorem on and
, .
Because is a positive rational number, the quantity cannot contain any square
roots. Either or must be 11. However, cannot be 11, because both must be digits.
Therefore, must equal eleven and must be a perfect square (since ). The only
Problem
For and each of its non-empty subsets, an alternating sum is defined as follows. Arrange
the number in the subset in decreasing order and then, beginning with the largest, alternately add and
for is and for it is simply . Find the sum of all such alternating
sums for .
Solution 1
Let be a non- empty subset of .
Then the alternating sum of plus the alternating sum of with 7 included is 7. In mathematical
terms, . This is true because when we take an alternating sum, each term of has the
Because there are of these pairs, the sum of all possible subsets of our given set is . However,
Solution 2
Consider a given subset of that contains 7; then there is a subset which contains all the elements
of except for 7, and only those. Since each element of has one element fewer preceding it than it
does in , their signs are opposite; so the sum of the alternating sums of and is equal to 7. There
Problem
In the adjoining figure, two circles with radii and are drawn with their centers units apart. At , one
of the points of intersection, a line is drawn in such a way that the chords and have equal length.
( is the midpoint of ) Find the area of the square with a side length of .
Solution
Solution 1
First, notice that if we reflect over we get . Since we know that is on circle and is on
circle , we can reflect circle over to get another circle (centered at a new point with radius )
that , , and , we can find the third side of the triangle using Stewart's
way it can be found is with the Pythagorean Theorem. Let be the length of . Then
Solution 2
Draw additional lines as indicated. Note that since triangles and are isosceles, the altitudes
have .
triangle , we have .
Subtracting, .
Solution 3
Let . Angles , , and must add up to . By the Law of
Taking the of both sides and simplifying using the cosine addition identity gives .
Solution 4
Observe that the length of the area where the two circles intersect can be found explicitly as .
Let , then the power of point with regards to the larger circle gives
Problem
The adjoining figure shows two intersecting chords in a circle, with on minor arc . Suppose that the
radius of the circle is , that , and that is bisected by . Suppose further that is the
only chord starting at which is bisected by . It follows that the sine of the minor arc is a rational
number. If this fraction is expressed as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the product ?
Solution
Let be any fixed point on circle and let be a chord of circle . The locus of midpoints of the
chord is a circle , with diameter . Generally, the circle can intersect the chord at two
points, one point, or they may not have a point of intersection. By the problem condition, however, the
circle is tangent to BC at point N.
that
Next, notice that . We can therefore apply the tangent subtraction formula
to obtain , . It follows