FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

LAB SHEET

EEL3056 TRANSIENT STABILITY OF

POWER SYSTEM
TRIMESTER 1, 2014/2015

TS1 - TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ONE-MACHINE-

INFINITE-BUS-SYSTEMS

TS2 - TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF

MULTIMACHINE SYSTEMS

*Note: On-the-spot evaluation may be carried out during or at the end of the experiment.
Students are advised to read through this lab sheet before doing experiment. Your performance,
teamwork effort, and learning attitude will count towards the marks.

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 Experiment # TS1
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ONE-MACHINE-
INFINITE-BUS SYSTEMS

Objectives

The objectives of this experiment are:

1. To apply equal-area criterion and analyse the transient stability of one machine
connected to an infinite bus
2. To determine the critical clearing angle and critical clearing time with the help of equal-
area criterion
3. To analyse the transient stability using numerical solution of the swing equation

Introduction

The tendency of a power system to develop restoring forces to compensate for the disturbing
forces to maintain the state of equilibrium is known as stability. If the forces tending to hold the
machines in synchronism with one another are sufficient to overcome the disturbing forces, the
system is said to remain stable.

The stability studies which evaluate the impact of disturbances on the behaviour of synchronous
machines of the power system are of two types transient stability and steady state stability.
The transient stability studies involve the determination of whether or not synchronism is
maintained after the machine has been subjected to a severe disturbance. This may be a sudden
application of large load, a loss of generation, a loss of large load, or a fault (short circuit) on the
system. In most disturbances, oscillations are such magnitude that linearization is not
permissible and nonlinear equations must be solved to determine the stability of the system. On
the other hand, the steady-state stability is concerned with the system subjected to small
disturbances wherein the stability analysis could be done using the linearized version of
nonlinear equations. In this experiment we are concerned with the transient stability of power
systems.

A method known as the equal-area criterion can be used for a quick prediction of stability of a
one-machine system connected to an infinite bus. This method is based on the graphical
interpretation of energy stored in the rotating mass as an aid to determine if the machine
maintains its stability after a disturbance. The method is applicable to a one-machine system
connected to an infinite bus or a two-machine system. Because it provides physical insight to
the dynamic behaviour of the machine, the application of the method to analyze a single-
machine system is considered here.

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Test System and Data

A typical one-machine system connected to an infinite bus is shown in Fig. 1. The system
consists of one synchronous machine, one transformer, two parallel transmission lines and an
infinite bus. The various data are:
Inertia constant of the synchronous machine, H = 5 MJ/MVA
Direct axis transient reactance of the generator, Xd = 0.3 p.u.
Transformer leakage reactance, Xt = 0.2 p.u.
Line reactance, XL1 = XL2 = 0.3 p.u.
Supply frequency, f = 50 Hz
Real and reactive power delivered to the infinite bus, Pe = 0.8 p.u. and Qe = 0.074 p.u.
The infinite bus voltage, V = 1.0 p.u.

Inf

P
R Q S

Fig. 1 One-machine system connected to an infinite bus

Different Cases of Study

Case 1
A temporary three-phase symmetrical fault occurs at point P for a short time and then the fault is
cleared. Both lines are intact.

Case 2
A three-phase symmetrical fault occurs at Q, the middle point of one of the lines shown in Fig.1.
The fault is cleared by isolating the faulted line by opening the circuit breakers at both ends.

Case 3
A three-phase symmetrical fault occurs at point R shown in Fig. 1. The fault is cleared by
isolating the faulted line by opening the circuit breakers at both ends.

Case 4
One of the transmission lines (say, line SR) is snapped at point S and falls on the ground
creating a three-phase short circuit. The fault is cleared by isolating the faulted line.

Formulas
EV
Electrical power, Pe = Pmax sin where Pmax , X is the reactance between E and V.
X
The critical clearing angle for case 1
cr cos 1 [( 2 o ) sin o cos o ]

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The critical clearing angle for cases 2, 3 and 4
P ( o ) P3 max cos max P2 max cos o
cr cos 1 m max
P3 max P2 max
1 ( P / P )( o ) r2 cos max r1 cos o
= cr cos m 1 max max where r1 = P2max/P1max and
r2 r1
R2 = P3max/P1max
The critical clearing time for case 1
4 H ( cr o )
t cr
s Pm
where o , max , s and Pm are initial rotor angle, maximum rotor angle, synchronous speed and
mechanical power input to the machine, respectively. P1max, P2max and P3max are the maximum
electrical power during the pre-fault, during fault and after clearing the fault, respectively.

There is no analytical expression to calculate the critical clearing time for other cases.

Problem Statement

Given the one-machine-infinite-bus system shown in Fig. 1 determine the system stability for
all the four cases. Also find the critical clearing time and critical clearing angle for all the cases.

Software Used

MATLAB functions used are eacfault, and swingmeu.

Function eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
This function obtains the power angle curves for the one-machine system before the fault,
during the fault and after the fault is cleared. The equal area criterion is applied to find the
critical clearing angle for the machine. Also it computes the critical clearing time for case 1.
The function arguments are:
Pm = Generator output power in p.u. at steady state which is equal to the generator mechanical
power input.
E= Generator e.m.f. in p.u. It is the voltage behind the transient reactance of the machine.
V = Infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u.
X1 = Reactance in p.u. between E and V before fault
X2 = Reactance in p.u. between E and V during fault. (If the power transfer to the infinite bus
during fault is zero then X2 = inf)
X3 = Reactance in p.u. between E and V after fault is cleared.

Function swingmeu(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f, tc, tf, Dt)

This program solves the swing equation of a one-machine system when subjected to a three-
phase fault with subsequent clearance of the fault using the modified Euler method. The swing
curve is displayed. This is used to determine the system stability for a particular fault clearing
time.
The function arguments are:
Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3 are as defined earlier.
H = Generator inertia constant in second (MJ/MVA)
f = System frequency in Hz. Dt = Integration time interval
tc = Fault clearing time in seconds tf = Final time of integration

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Experimental Procedure

1. Launch the MATLAB and study the above functions to understand their working.

2. To study the stability for case 1, determine the following function arguments.

Pm = E =

V = X1 =

X2 = X3 = H=

To compute E, use the following formula:

S* = 0.8 j0.074 (Given)

I = S*/V* =

E = V + jX1*I = 1.17 26.3877o

3. Run the program using the function eacfault. Supply all the data. You will observe the
power-angle curve with area A1 (during acceleration period) and area A2 (during the
deceleration period) marked in different colours. Observe and record the following output
values:

Initial power angle =

Maximum angle swing =
Critical clearing angle =
Critical clearing time =

Draw the power-angle curve with areas A1 and A2 marked. Also show in the plot the initial
angle, maximum angle swing and critical clearing angle.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for case 2.

The function arguments are:

Pm = E =

V = X1 =

X2 = X3 =

The output values:

Initial power angle =

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 Maximum angle swing =
Critical clearing angle =
5. Repeat step 4 for case 3
The function arguments are:

Pm = E =

V = X1 =

X2 = X3 =

The output values:

Initial power angle =

Maximum angle swing =

Critical clearing angle =
Critical clearing time =

6. Repeat step 5 for case 4

The function arguments are:

Pm = E =

V = X1 =

X2 = X3 =

The output values:

Initial power angle =

Maximum angle swing =

Critical clearing angle =

7. Solve the swing equation for all the four cases using the function swingmeu. Create a
Matlab file TS1.m with the following statement and store it in the MATLAB work.

global Pm f H E V X1 X2 X3
Pm =
E=
V=
X1 =
X2 =
X3 =

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 H=
f=
tf = 1.0;
Dt = 0.01;
tc =
swingmeu(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f, tc, tf, Dt)

Run the program by using the command TS1. Choose at least two fault clearing time, tc for
each case, one less than the critical clearing time and the other more than the critical
clearing time.

The time interval and the corresponding power angle in degrees and the speed deviation
in rad/s are displayed in a tabular form. The swing curve is also plotted. The swing curve
for the stable case shows that the power angle returns after a maximum swing indicating that
with inclusion of system damping, the oscillations will subside and a new steady state
condition will be reached. For unstable case, the swing curve shows that the power angle is
increasing without limit. From the simulation, determine the critical clearing time for all the
four cases and record them. For case 1, compare the critical clearing time with that obtained
in step 3. Also plot the swing curve for one stable case and one unstable case.
For case 4 choose the final time of plot tf = 1.2 s.

Observations

(a) Plot power-angle curves for Steps 3, 4, 5 and 6

(b) The critical clearing time for Case 1:

The critical clearing time for Case 2:

The critical clearing time for Case 3:

The critical clearing time for Case 4:

(c) Sketch the swing curves for one stable system and one unstable system.

Exercise
1. Explain the usefulness of equal-area criterion for stability analysis of one-machine-
infinite-bus system.
2. Examine whether it is possible to apply equal-area criterion for two machine system.
3. Evaluate the stability of the system from simulation results?
4. Explain briefly the modified Euler method of solving a differential equation.
5. What do you learn from this experiment?

References
1. Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 2004
2. John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson, Jr. Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill,
1994

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 Experiment # TS2
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTIMACHINE
SYSTEMS

Objectives

The objectives of this experiment are

1. To analyse the transient stability of multimachine systems by solving swing equations by

numerical integration.

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 2. To evaluate the transient stability of the given multimachine system for various fault
clearing times.
3. To compute the critical clearing time using swing curves.

Introduction

The equal-area criterion used in Experiment 1 cannot be directly used to determine the stability
of multimachine systems. Although the physical phenomena observed in one-machine-infinite-
bus system are basically the same as in the maultimachine case, the complexity of the numerical
computation increases with the number of machines increases. In order to reduce the complexity
some simplifying assumptions (similar to the ones assumed in Single-Machine-Infinite-Bus
systems) are made as follows.

(i) Each machine is represented by a constant voltage source behind the direct axis transient
reactance.
(ii) The input mechanical power is assumed constant during the entire period of simulation.
(iii) All loads are converted to equivalent admittances to ground using the prefault bus
voltages and assumed to remain constant.
(iv) Damping or synchronous powers are neglected.
(v) The mechanical rotor angle of each machine coincides with the angle of the voltage
behind the machine transient reactance.
(vi) Machine belonging to the same station swing together and are said to be coherent.

The first step in the transient stability analysis is to solve the initial load flow and determine the
initial bus voltages. The machine currents prior to disturbance are calculated from
Si *
I i i = 1, 2, m (1)
Vi *
where m is the number of generators., Vi is the terminal voltage of the ith generator, Si = Pi +
jQi is the complex power of the generator i. The generator resistance is neglected and the
generator voltage behind the transient reactance is obtained as

E i ' Vi jX d ' I i (2)

Equivalent admittances of loads
Si *
yi 0 2 (3)
Vi
The m generator internal buses with voltages Ei are added to the n-bus power system network
and the resultant Ybus matrix is formed. Then all buses other than the generator internal buses are
eliminated using the Kron reduction formula. The reduced bus admittance matrix of dimension
red
(m x m) be denoted as Ybus

Then the electrical power output

m
Pei Ei ' E j ' Yij cos( ij i j ) (4)
j 1

where Ei = |Ei| i and Yij = |Yij| ij and Yij is the ij th element of Ybus.

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A three-phase fault at bus k results in the bus voltage Vk = 0. This is simulated by removing the
the kth row and column from the prefault bus admittance matrix. The new bus admittance
matrix is reduced by eliminating all buses except the internal generator buses. The generator
excitation voltages during the fault and post fault condition are assumed to remain constant. The
electrical power of the ith generator in terms of the reduced bus admittance matrix is obtained
from (4). The swing equation for machine i becomes

H i d 2 m

f 0 dt 2
P mi
j 1
Ei ' E j ' Yij cos( ij i j ) (5)

where Hi is the inertia constant of machine i expressed on the common MVA base.

When the fault is cleared, the postfault bus admittance matrix is recomputed to reflect the
change in network and then the simulation is continued using the postfault electrical power
computed using the postfault bus admittance matrix. The MATLAB function ode23 is employed
to solve the set of 2m differential equations. Usually the solution is carried out for 1 to 2
seconds. If the angle differences of the generators with respect to the reference generator swing
back after reaching the maximum, the system is said to be stable. Otherwise the system is
unstable.

Based on the above procedure a MATLAB function trstab has been developed. The function
trstab must be used in conjunction with any one of the power flow programs. The program
lfnewton is used prior to trstab program. The power flow program provides the power, voltage
magnitude and phase angle for each bus. Also, the load admittances are returned in a matrix
named ``yload''. In addition to the required power flow data, transient reactance, and inertia
constant of each machine must be specified. This is defined in a matrix named gendata. Each
row contains the bus number to which the generator is connected, armature resistance, transient
reactance, and the machine inertia constant. Program trstab obtains the prefault bus admittance
matrix including the load admittances. Voltages behind transient reactances are obtained. The
reduced admittance matrix before, during and after fault are found. Machine equations are
expressed in state variable form and the MATLAB function ode23 is used to solve the
multimachine equations. The phase angle difference of each machine with respect to the slack
bus is plotted. The simulation can be repeated for a different fault clearing time, or a different
fault location.

Test System and Data

1 4
A typical multimachine power system network with three generators is shown 2 in Fig. 1. The
load data and the voltage magnitude, generation schedule, and the reactive power limits for the
voltage controlled buses are given in the following tables. Bus 1 is the reference bus. The line
data on 100 MVA base are also tabulated. The generators transient reactances in p.u. and the
inertia constants in seconds expressed on a 100-MVA base are given in Table 5. The system
frequency is 60 Hz.

5 6
3

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 Table 1: Load Data

Bus No. Load (MW) Load (Mvar)

1 0 0
Table 2: Line Data 2 0 0 including Transformer
Data 3 0 0
From Bus 4 To Bus 100R (p.u.) X (p.u.)
70 B/2 (p.u.)
1 5 4 90 0.035 0.225
30 0.0065
1 6 5 1600.025 0.105
110 0.0045
1 6 0.400 0.215 0.0055
2 4 0.000 0.035 0.0000
3 5 0.000 0.042 0.0000
4 6 0.028 0.125 0.0035
5 6 0.026 0.175 0.0300

Table 3: Generation Schedule

Bus Voltage Generation Mvar Limits
No. mag (MW) Minimum Maximum
1 1.06 --- --- ---
2 1.04 150 0 140
3 1.03 100 0 90

Table 5: Machine Data

Generator Reactance Xd Inertia constant H
1 0.20 20
2 0.15 4
3 0.25 5

Problem Statement

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For the multimachine system given in Fig. 1, perform transient stability analyses using the
trstab program and determine the stability and critical clearing time for various cases.

Procedure

You will be doing stability analysis for the following six cases:
(i) A three-phase fault occurs on line [5 6] near bus 6 and is cleared by simultaneously
opening the breakers at both ends of the line.
(ii) A three-phase fault occurs on line [4 6] near bus 6 and is cleared by simultaneously
opening the breakers at both ends of the line.
(iii) A three-phase fault occurs on line [1 6] near bus 6 and is cleared by simultaneously
opening the breakers at both ends of the line.
(iv) A three-phase fault occurs on line [5 6] near bus 5 and is cleared by simultaneously
opening the breakers at both ends of the line.
(v) A three-phase fault occurs on line [4 6] near bus 4 and is cleared by simultaneously
opening the breakers at both ends of the line.
(vi) A three-phase fault occurs on line [1 6] near bus 1 and is cleared by simultaneously
opening the breakers at both ends of the line.

1. Launch the MATLAB program.

2. Key in the required data and commands as follows:

basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.0001; maxiter = 10;

% Bus data
% Bus Bus Voltage Angle ----- Load ------ --------- Generation ------------- Injected
% No.Code Mag degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Qmin Qmax Mvar
busdata=[1 1 1.06 0.0 00.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 0 0 0
2 2 1.04 0.0 00.00 00.00 150.00 00.00 0 140 0
3 2 1.03 0.0 00.00 00.00 100.00 00.00 0 90 0
4 0 1.0 0.0 100.00 70.00 00.00 00.00 0 0 0
5 0 1.0 0.0 90.00 30.00 00.00 00.00 0 0 0
6 0 1.0 0.0 160.00 110.00 00.00 00.00 0 0 0];
% Line Data
% Bus Bus R X B/2 1 for line code or
% From To p.u. p.u. p.u. tap setting value
linedata=[1 4 0.035 0.225 0.0065 1.0
1 5 0.025 0.105 0.0045 1.0
1 6 0.040 0.215 0.0055 1.0
2 4 0.000 0.035 0.0000 1.0
3 5 0.000 0.042 0.0000 1.0
4 6 0.028 0.125 0.0035 1.0
5 6 0.026 0.175 0.0300 1.0];

lfybus % form the bus admittance matrix

lfnewton % Power flow solution by Newton-Raphson method
busout % Prints the power flow solution on the screen

% Gen. Ra Xd' H
gendata=[ 1 0 0.20 20
2 0 0.15 4
3 0 0.25 5];
trstab

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 You will see the power flow results and the reduced prefault bus admittance matrix in the
MATLAB command window. Note down the power flow results in the tabular form and
enter the results in the single line diagram of the system. Record the reduced bus admittance
matrix. Also note down the E and Pm for all the three generators.

3. You are then prompted to enter the faulted bus number. Once the bus number for case (i) is
entered the program outputs the reduced faulted bus admittance matrix. Note down the
results.

4. Fault is cleared by opening a line. You are now asked to enter the bus to bus numbers of the
line to be removed (corresponding to case (i)). Once the line to be removed is entered the
postfault reduced bus admittance matrix is displayed. Note down this matrix also.

5. Next you are prompted to enter the fault clearing time, tc and the final simulation time, tf. The
program outputs the phase angle difference of each machine with respect to the reference
machine in a tabular form. The program also shows plots of the swing curves of machines 2
and 3.

6. Determine the critical clearing time by repeatedly simulating the swing curves for various
fault clearing time.

7. Repeat steps 3 - 6 for all the six cases.

Observation

(1) Load flow results for the given system at the end of step 2:

(2) Load flow results in Single line diagram of the system

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(3) Prefault reduced bus admittance matrix:

(4) Generator 1: E= Pm =

Generator 2: E= Pm =

Generator 2: E= Pm =

(5) Reduced bus admittance matrix at the end of step 3 for case (i)

(4) Reduced postfault bus admittance matrix at the end of step 4 for case (i)

(5) Critical clearing time for Case (i):

(6) Swing curves for one stable condition and one unstable condition for case (i)

(7) Critical clearing time for all other cases.

Case (ii):
Case (iii):
Case (iv):
Case (v):
Case (vi):
(8) Swing curves for one stable condition and one unstable condition for all other cases.

Exercise

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1. Discuss the need for perform power-flow analysis as a first step in this experiment?
2. Explain the transmission line models used in this experiment?
3. How do you compute the mechanical power input to the generators?
4. Explain how the critical clearing time is computed using the multimachine transient stability
analysis.
5. What do you learn from this experiment?

References

1. Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 2004

2. John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson, Jr. Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill,
1994

Lab marks are given based on the Rebrics. Assessment rubric for both experiments are attached.

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