LECTURA En-Pisa PDF

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GOBIERNO MINISTERIO
GOBIERNO MINISTERIO
DE ESPAA DE EDUCACIN
LA LECTURA EN PISA 2009 Marcos y pruebas de la evaluacin

LA LECTURA EN PISA 2009
Marcos y pruebas de la evaluacin
INSTITUTO DE
GOBIERNO
DE ESPAA
MINISTERIO
DE EDUCACIN
EVALUACIN educacion.es
LA LECTURA
EN PISA 2009

MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIN
SECRETARA DE ESTADO DE EDUCACIN Y FORMACIN PROFESIONAL

DIRECCIN GENERAL DE EVALUACIN Y COOPERACIN TERRITORIAL
Instituto de Evaluacin
C/ San Fernando del Jarama, 14
28002 Madrid, Espaa
www. Institutodeevaluacion.educacion.es
Edita:
SECRETARA GENERAL TCNICA
Subdireccin General de Documentacin y Publicaciones
Catlogo de Publicaciones del Ministerio: educacin.es

Catlogo General de Publicaciones: 060.es
Fecha de edicin: 2010

NIPO: 820-10-189-0
ISBN: 978-84-369-4896-7
Dep. Legal: M-49.532-2010

Imprime: Omagraf S.L.
LA LECTURA
EN PISA 2009
MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIN
SECRETARA DE ESTADO DE EDUCACIN Y FORMACIN PROFESIONAL
DIRECCIN GENERAL DE EVALUACIN Y COOPERACIN TERRITORIAL
Instituto de Evaluacin
Madrid 2010

NDICE

PRESENTACIN...
1.RESUMEN.
2.MARCODELALECTURA...
3.MARCODELCUESTIONARIO..
ANEXOS...
A1.Ejemplosdeejerciciosdelalecturaensoporteimpreso.....
A2.Ejemplosdeejerciciosdelalecturaensoporteelectrnico...
B.Cuestionariosdecontexto.....

/

PRESENTACIN

El Instituto de Evaluacin, del Ministerio de Educacin, lleva trabajando en estudios de
evaluacin comparada durante casi dos dcadas, en colaboracin con distintas instituciones
internacionales.PISA(ProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment)esunodelosestudios
msrelevantesdeestetipo.RepresentaelcompromisodelospasesdelaOCDEparamedirlos
resultados de los sistemas educativos partiendo del rendimiento de los alumnos en tres
competencias bsicas: lectura, matemticas y ciencias. Este estudio es la consecuencia de la
labor conjunta de los pases participantes, que consiguen la colaboracin de sus mejores
expertos en las distintas reas de conocimiento dentro de la evaluacin comparada, tanto en
contenidosustantivocomoenmtodospsicomtricosyestadsticos.Aslospasesseaseguran
de la validez y fiabilidad de los instrumentos de la prueba a nivel internacional, teniendo en
cuentalosdiversoscontextosculturalesycurricularesendondeaqullosseaplican.

En2009,PISAvuelveaenfocarseenlacomprensinlectora,comoyahabahechoensuprimera
edicinde2000.ElMarcodelaevaluacinsehaactualizadoeincluyetambinlalecturadigital.
Al mismo tiempo, esta nueva publicacin del Instituto de Evaluacin recoge la versin ms
recientedeloscuestionariosdecontextoyelmarcotericoenqueseinscriben.

Distintos investigadores e instituciones han participado en este libro. Los principales han sido:
RaymondAdamsyJulietteMendelovits,deACER(AustralianCouncilforEducationalResearch);
Henk Moelands, de CITO (Central Institute for Test Development); Irwin Kirsch, de ETS
(Educational Testing Service); Jaap Scheerens, de la Universidad de Twente; Henry Levin, de
TeachersCollege,ColumbiaUniversity;AndreasSchleicher,delSecretariadodelaOCDE.

OtranovedaddeestaltimaedicindePISAhasidolaparticipacinactivadeEspaayelresto
delospasesGIP(GrupoIberoamericanodePISA)enlaelaboracindeunidadesdelectura,de
lasquesemuestranalgunosejemplosenellibro.EnestaactividadhantrabajadoMaraJess
Prez Zorrilla y Lis Cercadillo, del Instituto de Evaluacin. Es necesario agradecer el apoyo del
restodelpersonaldelInstituto,entreellos,deAlbaReboredoyPalomaGonzlezChasco,que
hasidodecisivoparalafinalizacindeestaversinenespaoldelMarcodePISA2009.
EnriqueRoca
DirectordelInstitutodeEvaluacin
MinisteriodeEducacin
Espaa

W

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5#"L#**H

MACONDO
Deslumbrada por tantas y tan maravillosas invenciones, la gente de Macondo no

saba por dnde empezar a asombrarse. Se trasnochaban contemplando las plidas
bombillas elctricas alimentadas por la planta que llev Aureliano Triste en el
segundo viaje del tren, y a cuyo obsesionante tumtum cost tiempo y trabajo
acostumbrarse. Se indignaron con las imgenes vivas que el prspero comerciante
don Bruno Crespi proyectaba en el teatro con taquillas de bocas de len, porque un
personaje muerto y sepultado en una pelcula y por cuya desgracia se derramaron
lgrimas de afliccin, reapareci vivo y convertido en rabe en la pelcula
siguiente. El pblico que pagaba dos centavos para compartir las vicisitudes de los
personajes, no pudo soportar aquella burla inaudita y rompi la silletera. El
alcalde, a instancias de don Bruno Crespi, explic mediante un bando que el cine
era una mquina de ilusin que no mereca los desbordamientos pasionales del
pblico. Ante la desalentadora explicacin, muchos estimaron que haban sido
vctimas de un nuevo y aparatoso asunto de gitanos, de modo que optaron por no
volver a ir al cine, considerando que ya tenan bastante con sus propias penas, para
llorar por fingidas desventuras de seres imaginarios.

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1- !*5!=51

7#767O1-2:/15!2 !*!7*5%.,

Pregunta 3: MACONDO
Al final del fragmento, por qu decidieron los habitantes de Macondo no volver al cine?
A. Queran divertirse y distraerse, pero descubrieron que las pelculas eran realistas y
tristes.
B. No podan pagar el precio de las entradas.
C. Queran reservar sus emociones para los acontecimientos de la vida real.
D. Buscaban implicarse emocionalmente pero las pelculas les parecieron aburridas, poco
convincentes y de mala calidad.

86"388"/#O

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5#"L#**>

MALECN Norte
Ronda de circunvalacin
Puente de Piedra
Canal
Muelle Antiguo
o Puerto
Castillo
Ribera
Torre
Victoria
PUERTA OESTE
ESTE
ZOO PUERTA ESTE
PUER
Hospital
pera
Parlamento
Museo
Banco
Azaa
Centro
Unidad
nidad
Marie Curie
Cima
Einstein
Consistorio Mercado
Fbrica de gas
Mandela
M
Plaza
Pradera
Calle Real
Libertad
Viga
Esmeralda
Bosque
Nobel
Universidad
Lee
Parque
Plata
Diamante
Ramn y Cajal
Independencia
Lnea 1
EL SUR
Lnea 2
Lnea 3
Lnea 4
Lnea 5
Para ms informacin:
900 444 535
Autobuses interurbanos www.metrotransit.es
Trenes de cercanas
Lnea cerrada por obras

1- !*5!=51?
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Pregunta 4: METROTRANSIT
Tienes que encontrar el camino ms corto en metro desde la estacin de Marie Curie hasta la estacin del
Bosque.
Dibuja en el plano el camino que seguiras.
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5#"L#**Q

OPINIONES DE LOS ESTUDIANTES
Hay mucha gente en el mundo murindose de hambre y enfermedades,

mientras nosotros nos preocupamos ms de los avances futuros. Dejamos atrs
a esa gente intentando olvidarlos y seguir adelante. Las grandes compaas
gastan billones de pesetas cada ao en la investigacin espacial. Si el dinero
gastado en la exploracin del espacio se empleara en beneficio del necesitado y
no del codicioso, se podra aliviar el sufrimiento de millones de personas.
Ana
El desafo de explorar el espacio es fuente de inspiracin para mucha gente.

Durante miles de aos hemos estado soando con el universo, queriendo
alargar la mano y tocar las estrellas, deseando comunicarnos con algo que slo
imaginamos que existe, anhelando saber... Estamos solos?
La exploracin del espacio es una metfora del conocimiento y el

conocimiento es lo que mueve nuestro mundo. Mientras que los realistas
siguen recordndonos nuestros problemas actuales, los soadores amplan
nuestras mentes. Son las visiones, esperanzas y deseos de los soadores los que
nos conducirn al futuro.
Beatriz
Nos cargamos las selvas tropicales porque hay petrleo en el subsuelo,

excavamos minas en terreno sagrado para obtener uranio. Destruiramos
tambin otro planeta slo por conseguir la solucin a problemas creados por
nosotros mismos? Por supuesto!
La exploracin del espacio confirma la poderosa creencia de que los

problemas del hombre pueden solucionarse mediante nuestra siempre
creciente dominacin del medio ambiente. Los seres humanos seguirn
creyendo que tienen derecho a abusar de los recursos naturales como los ros
y las selvas tropicales, si saben que siempre queda otro planeta a la vuelta de
la esquina esperando ser explotado.
Hemos hecho suficiente dao a la tierra. Deberamos dejar tranquilo el

espacio exterior.
Diego
>

V7V#WY[7\4687]^^-=

Los recursos de la tierra estn desapareciendo a gran velocidad. La poblacin

de la tierra est creciendo a un ritmo desenfrenado. La vida no puede
mantenerse si continuamos viviendo de este modo. La contaminacin ha
producido un agujero en la capa de ozono. Las tierras frtiles se estn agotando
y pronto nuestros recursos alimentarios se reducirn. Ya hay casos de hambre
y enfermedades causados por la superpoblacin.
El espacio es una enorme regin vaca que podemos usar en nuestro beneficio.
Apoyando la exploracin del espacio, podremos encontrar un da un planeta
donde vivir. De momento, esto parece impensable, pero la idea de viajar por el
espacio pareca imposible en el pasado. Interrumpir la exploracin del espacio
para resolver problemas inmediatos muestra una gran estrechez mental y una
visin a corto plazo. Debemos aprender a pensar no slo en esta generacin
sino en las generaciones futuras.
Flix
Ignorar lo que la exploracin del espacio tiene que ofrecer sera una gran
prdida para la humanidad. Las posibilidades de alcanzar una mayor
comprensin del universo y sus orgenes son demasiado valiosas para
desaprovecharlas. El estudio de los cuerpos celestes ya ha aumentado nuestra
comprensin de los problemas medioambientales y del posible futuro de la
Tierra si no aprendemos a gestionar nuestras actividades.
Tambin hay beneficios indirectos de la investigacin para los viajes

espaciales. La creacin de la tecnologa lser y otros tratamientos mdicos
puede atribuirse a la investigacin espacial. Substancias como el tefln han
sido descubiertas gracias al inters de la humanidad por los viajes espaciales.
Por lo tanto, las nuevas tecnologas creadas para la investigacin espacial
pueden tener beneficios inmediatos para todo el mundo.
Teresa

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1- !*5!=51
7#767O1-2:/15!2 !*!7*5%.,

Pregunta 6: OPINIONES DE LOS ESTUDIANTES
Pensando en las principales ideas expuestas por los cinco estudiantes, con cul de los estudiantes ests
ms de acuerdo?
Nombre del estudiante: ..........................................
Utilizando tus propias palabras, explica las razones de tu eleccin haciendo referencia a tu propia opinin
y a las principales ideas expuestas por el estudiante.
.........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
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5#"L#**U

AVISO EN EL SUPERMERCADO
A lert a de Alergia a los Cacahuetes

Galletas Rellenas de Chocolate
Fecha de la alerta: 4 de febrero.

Nombre del fabricante: Fine Foods Ltd.
Informacin sobre el producto: Galletas rellenas de chocolate,
125 g (Consumir preferentemente antes del: 18 de junio y consumir
preferentemente antes del: 1 de julio).
Detalles: algunas galletas de estos lotes pueden contener trazas de

cacahuete, que no estn incluidas en la lista de ingredientes. Las
personas alrgicas a los cacahuetes no deben comer estas galletas.
Actuacin por parte del consumidor: si ha comprado estas galletas

puede llevarlas al lugar donde las adquiri para que le devuelvan
el dinero, o llamar al 900 32 33 34 para ms informacin.
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Pregunta 3: AVISO EN EL SUPERMERCADO
Cmo se llama la empresa que elabor las galletas?
......................................................................................................................................
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Pregunta 3: LA DEMOCRACIA EN ATENAS

Uno de los objetivos del discurso de la parte B era honrar a los soldados cados en el primer ao de la
guerra del Peloponeso.
Cul era OTRO de los objetivos de este discurso?

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Ejercicio: VAMOS A HABLAR
Mira el comentario de Marga del 10 de marzo. Haz clic en Escribe una respuesta y escribe una
respuesta a Marga. En tu respuesta, responde a su pregunta sobre qu participante, en tu opinin, sabe
ms sobre este tema. Justifica tu respuesta.
Haz clic en Enva la respuesta para aadir tu respuesta al foro.
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P. Tarea de lectura: Quieres ayudar a un alumno de 12 aos a entender un texto de tres pginas
sobre los animales y plantas del bosque.
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A NEXO A1

EJEMPLOS DE EJERCICIOS DE LA LECTURA EN SOPORTE IMPRESO
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8 >

MACONDO
Deslumbrada por tantas y tan maravillosas invenciones, la gente de Macondo no

saba por dnde empezar a asombrarse. Se trasnochaban contemplando las plidas
bombillas elctricas alimentadas por la planta que llev Aureliano Triste en el
segundo viaje del tren, y a cuyo obsesionante tumtum cost tiempo y trabajo
acostumbrarse. Se indignaron con las imgenes vivas que el prspero comerciante
don Bruno Crespi proyectaba en el teatro con taquillas de bocas de len, porque un
personaje muerto y sepultado en una pelcula y por cuya desgracia se derramaron
lgrimas de afliccin, reapareci vivo y convertido en rabe en la pelcula
siguiente. El pblico que pagaba dos centavos para compartir las vicisitudes de los
personajes, no pudo soportar aquella burla inaudita y rompi la silletera. El
alcalde, a instancias de don Bruno Crespi, explic mediante un bando que el cine
era una mquina de ilusin que no mereca los desbordamientos pasionales del
pblico. Ante la desalentadora explicacin, muchos estimaron que haban sido
vctimas de un nuevo y aparatoso asunto de gitanos, de modo que optaron por no
volver a ir al cine, considerando que ya tenan bastante con sus propias penas, para
llorar por fingidas desventuras de seres imaginarios.

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Pregunta 1: MACONDO
Qu aspecto de las pelculas indignaba a los habitantes de Macondo?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(1)>>47

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Pregunta 3: MACONDO
Al final del fragmento, por qu decidieron los habitantes de Macondo no volver al cine?
A. Queran divertirse y distraerse, pero descubrieron que las pelculas eran realistas y tristes.
B. No podan pagar el precio de las entradas.
C. Queran reservar sus emociones para los acontecimientos de la vida real.
D. Buscaban implicarse emocionalmente pero las pelculas les parecieron aburridas, poco
convincentes y de mala calidad.
(1)>.>49

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35" 1/ "(!648""/"-7"=71L
Pregunta 4: MACONDO
Quines son los seres imaginarios de los que se habla en la ltima lnea del texto?
A. Fantasmas.
B. Invenciones de feria.
C. Personajes de las pelculas.
D. Actores.
>B0

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Pregunta 5: MACONDO
Ests de acuerdo con la opinin final de los habitantes de Macondo sobre el valor de las pelculas?
Explica tu respuesta y compara tu actitud hacia las pelculas con la suya.
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
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8 ?

PLANO DE LA BIBLIOTECA
SALIDA
999 Revistas
Referencia
Revistas
No ficcin
999
Referencia
Referencia
No ficcin Ficcin
Ficcin
900
No ficcin
800
Peridicos
No ficcin
700
000
No ficcin Otros
idiomas
600
No ficcin CD-ROM
500 y
ASEOS No ficcin PC con Internet
400
Libros juveniles
SALIDA No ficcin Fotocopiadoras
300
MOSTRADOR DE
No ficcin INFORMACIN
200
Buzn de
No ficcin sugerencias MOSTRADOR DE
PRSTAMOS
100 Devoluciones
No ficcin Audio
libros
000
Novedades
Juguetes ENTRADA SALIDA
Libros de imgenes
Libros infantiles
-3-/1!"-(-(17" I48" 1/67(78>"-6"!""678/(!!I"68/"+".3-1!"7(31!"7"=71

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(/%15. (2/48" 1/7("/"' "5"%"5"/ (-63513("!!"6!"-161+"716"/"-"63 (1>-
5"- (2/"/75""--16L

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Pregunta 5: BIBLIOTECA

En el colegio te dicen que tienes que leer una novela en francs. Dibuja en el plano anterior un crculo
alrededor de la seccin donde sera ms probable que encontraras esa clase de libro para tomar prestado.

,.,#-."-&',)
(78 (2/ 9-(

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Pregunta 7A: BIBLIOTECA
Dnde estn situadas las Novedades?
A. En la seccin de ficcin.
B. En la seccin de no ficcin.
C. Cerca de la entrada.
D. Cerca del mostrador de informacin.

/(./"*(&+, /(.D8"&").

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155"631/!("/7"-5"&8/7aL

Pregunta 7B: BIBLIOTECA

Explica por qu puede haberse elegido ese lugar para las Novedades.
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
,.,#-."-&',)

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8 @

OPINIONES DE LOS ESTUDIANTES
Hay mucha gente en el mundo murindose de hambre y enfermedades,

mientras nosotros nos preocupamos ms de los avances futuros. Dejamos
atrs a esa gente intentando olvidarlos y seguir adelante. Las grandes
compaas gastan billones de pesetas cada ao en la investigacin espacial.
Si el dinero gastado en la exploracin del espacio se empleara en beneficio
del necesitado y no del codicioso, se podra aliviar el sufrimiento de
millones de personas.
Ana
El desafo de explorar el espacio es fuente de inspiracin para mucha

gente. Durante miles de aos hemos estado soando con el universo,
queriendo alargar la mano y tocar las estrellas, deseando comunicarnos con
algo que slo imaginamos que existe, anhelando saber... Estamos solos?
La exploracin del espacio es una metfora del conocimiento y el

conocimiento es lo que mueve nuestro mundo. Mientras que los realistas
siguen recordndonos nuestros problemas actuales, los soadores amplan
nuestras mentes. Son las visiones, esperanzas y deseos de los soadores los
que nos conducirn al futuro.
Beatriz
Nos cargamos las selvas tropicales porque hay petrleo en el subsuelo,

excavamos minas en terreno sagrado para obtener uranio. Destruiramos
tambin otro planeta slo por conseguir la solucin a problemas creados
por nosotros mismos? Por supuesto!
La exploracin del espacio confirma la poderosa creencia de que los

problemas del hombre pueden solucionarse mediante nuestra siempre
creciente dominacin del medio ambiente. Los seres humanos seguirn
creyendo que tienen derecho a abusar de los recursos naturales como los
ros y las selvas tropicales, si saben que siempre queda otro planeta a la
vuelta de la esquina esperando ser explotado.
Hemos hecho suficiente dao a la tierra. Deberamos dejar tranquilo el

espacio exterior.
Diego
(1)>>61

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Los recursos de la tierra estn desapareciendo a gran velocidad. La
poblacin de la tierra est creciendo a un ritmo desenfrenado. La vida no
puede mantenerse si continuamos viviendo de este modo. La
contaminacin ha producido un agujero en la capa de ozono. Las tierras
frtiles se estn agotando y pronto nuestros recursos alimentarios se
reducirn. Ya hay casos de hambre y enfermedades causados por la
superpoblacin.
El espacio es una enorme regin vaca que podemos usar en nuestro

beneficio. Apoyando la exploracin del espacio, podremos encontrar un da
un planeta donde vivir. De momento, esto parece impensable, pero la idea
de viajar por el espacio pareca imposible en el pasado. Interrumpir la
exploracin del espacio para resolver problemas inmediatos muestra una
gran estrechez mental y una visin a corto plazo. Debemos aprender a
pensar no slo en esta generacin sino en las generaciones futuras.
Flix
Ignorar lo que la exploracin del espacio tiene que ofrecer sera una gran
prdida para la humanidad. Las posibilidades de alcanzar una mayor
comprensin del universo y sus orgenes son demasiado valiosas para
desaprovecharlas. El estudio de los cuerpos celestes ya ha aumentado
nuestra comprensin de los problemas medioambientales y del posible
futuro de la Tierra si no aprendemos a gestionar nuestras actividades.
Tambin hay beneficios indirectos de la investigacin para los viajes

espaciales. La creacin de la tecnologa lser y otros tratamientos mdicos
puede atribuirse a la investigacin espacial. Substancias como el tefln han
sido descubiertas gracias al inters de la humanidad por los viajes
espaciales. Por lo tanto, las nuevas tecnologas creadas para la
investigacin espacial pueden tener beneficios inmediatos para todo el
mundo.
Teresa
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>62

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Cul de las siguientes preguntas parecen estar contestando los estudiantes?
A. Cul es el problema ms importante al que se enfrenta el mundo hoy?

B. Ests a favor de la exploracin del espacio?
C. Crees en la vida ms all de nuestro planeta?
D. Qu avances recientes ha habido en la investigacin espacial?
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(1)>.>6@

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Cul de los autores contradice ms directamente la exposicin de Flix?
A. Diego.
B. Ana.
C. Teresa.
D. Beatriz.
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Pensando en las principales ideas expuestas por los cinco estudiantes, con cul de los estudiantes ests
ms de acuerdo?
Nombre del estudiante: ..............................................
Utilizando tus propias palabras, explica las razones de tu eleccin haciendo referencia a tu propia opinin
y a las principales ideas expuestas por el estudiante.
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Algunas afirmaciones son cuestiones de opinin, basadas en las ideas y valores del autor. Otras
afirmaciones son cuestiones de hecho, que pueden ser probadas objetivamente y bien son correctas o
incorrectas.
Rodea con un crculo cuestin de opinin o cuestin de hecho junto a cada una de las citas de las
redacciones de los estudiantes que aparecen a continuacin.

La primera est hecha a modo de ejemplo.
Citas de las redacciones de Es una cuestin de opinin o es

los estudiantes una cuestin de hecho?
La contaminacin ha producido un agujero en la capa

de ozono. (Flix) Cuestin de opinin / Cuestin de hecho
Las grandes compaas gastan billones de pesetas cada

Cuestin de opinin / Cuestin de hecho
ao en la investigacin espacial. (Ana)
La exploracin del espacio refuerza la peligrosa

creencia de que los problemas humanos pueden
Cuestin de opinin / Cuestin de hecho
resolverse mediante nuestro siempre creciente dominio
del entorno natural. (Diego)
Interrumpir la exploracin del espacio para resolver

problemas inmediatos demuestra una gran estrechez Cuestin de opinin / Cuestin de hecho
mental y una visin a corto plazo. (Flix)
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8 A

AVISO EN EL SUPERMERCADO

Alert a de Alergia a los Cacahuetes

Galletas Rellenas de Chocolate
Fecha de la alerta: 4 de febrero.

Nombre del fabricante: Fine Foods Ltd.
Informacin sobre el producto: Galletas rellenas de chocolate,
125 g (Consumir preferentemente antes del: 18 de junio y consumir
preferentemente antes del: 1 de julio).
Detalles: algunas galletas de estos lotes pueden contener trazas de

cacahuete, que no estn incluidas en la lista de ingredientes. Las
personas alrgicas a los cacahuetes no deben comer estas galletas.
Actuacin por parte del consumidor: si ha comprado estas

galletas puede llevarlas al lugar donde las adquiri para que le
devuelvan el dinero, o llamar al 900 32 33 34 para ms
informacin.

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Cul es la finalidad de este aviso?
A. Hacer publicidad de las Galletas rellenas de chocolate.

B. Indicar a las personas cundo se elaboraron las galletas.
C. Prevenir a las personas acerca de las galletas.
D. Explicar dnde comprar Galletas rellenas de chocolate.

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Cmo se llama la empresa que elabor las galletas?
......................................................................................................................................................................

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T qu haras si hubieses comprado estas galletas?

.........................................................................................................................................................................
Por qu lo haras?
Utiliza la informacin del texto para apoyar tu respuesta.

.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
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Por qu incluye el aviso las fechas para consumir preferentemente?
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

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8 B

LA MOTO
Alguna vez te has levantado con la impresin de que algo iba mal?
As fue el da para m.
Me sent en la cama.
Poco despus descorr las cortinas.
El tiempo era horrible; estaba lloviendo a cntaros.
Entonces, baj la vista al patio.
Claro! All estaba la moto.
Tan destrozada como la noche anterior.
Y empezaba a dolerme la pierna.
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Pregunta 1: LA MOTO
Algo le ocurri al personaje de la historia la noche anterior. Qu fue lo que le pas?
A. El mal tiempo haba estropeado la moto.

B. El mal tiempo haba impedido salir al personaje.
C. El personaje haba comprado una moto nueva.
D. El personaje haba tenido un accidente de moto.

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Pregunta 2: LA MOTO
As fue el da para m.
Qu tipo de da result ser se?
A. Un buen da.
B. Un mal da.
C. Un da emocionante.
D. Un da aburrido.
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Pregunta 6: LA MOTO
Por qu comienza el escritor la historia con una pregunta?
A. Porque el escritor quiere saber la respuesta.

B. Para involucrar al lector en la historia.
C. Porque la pregunta es difcil de responder.
D. Para recordar al lector que este tipo de experiencia es poco corriente.

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8 C

EDIFICIOS ALTOS

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550
Hong Kong 593
500
Dubi 339
Tokio 140 450
Shanghi 124 400
Shenzhen, China 124 350
Bangkok 118 300
Ciudad de Panam 113 250

Nueva York 112
200
Sel 112
150
Miami 103
100
Chicago 98
50
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Pregunta 1: EDIFICIOS ALTOS
Cuando se public el artculo, cul era el edificio ms alto finalizado segn el Grfico 2?
..........................................................................................................................................................................
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Qu tipo de informacin proporciona el Grfico 1?
A. Una comparacin de la altura de distintos edificios.

B. El nmero total de edificios en distintas ciudades.
C. El nmero de edificios que superan una determinada altura en varias ciudades.
D. Informacin sobre el estilo de los edificios de distintas ciudades.
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El Radisson SAS Plaza de Oslo (Noruega), slo tiene 117 metros de altura. Por qu se ha incluido en el
Grfico 2?
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
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Imagnate que un artculo como ste, sobre edificios altos, se publica de nuevo dentro de 20 aos.
A continuacin se incluyen dos elementos del artculo original. Indica si es o no probable que estos
elementos cambien en 20 aos rodeando con un crculo S o No en la tabla siguiente.
Elemento del artculo Es probable que cambie en 20 aos?
El ttulo del Grfico 2. S / No
El nmero de edificios mencionados en el Grfico 1. S / No
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8 D

LA DEMOCRACIA EN ATENAS
PARTE A
Tucdides fue un historiador y militar que vivi en el siglo V a. C., durante la poca de la
Grecia clsica. Naci en Atenas. Durante la guerra del Peloponeso (del 431 a. C. al 404 a.
C.), entre Atenas y Esparta, estuvo al mando de una flota cuya misin era proteger la
ciudad de Anfpolis, en Tracia. No consigui llegar a la ciudad a tiempo. sta cay en
manos del general espartano, Brsidas, lo que conden a Tucdides a veinte aos de
exilio. Esta circunstancia le dio la oportunidad de recoger informacin bastante completa
de los dos bandos en conflicto y la posibilidad de investigar para su obra Historia de la
Tucdides est considerado como uno de los grandes historiadores de la Antigedad. Se

centra ms en las causas naturales y en la conducta de cada individuo que en el destino o
en la intervencin de los dioses para explicar la evolucin de la historia. En su obra, los
hechos no se presentan como meras ancdotas, sino que se explican tratando de descubrir
los motivos que llevaron a los protagonistas a actuar del modo en que lo hicieron. El
nfasis que Tucdides pone en la conducta de los individuos le lleva a veces a introducir
discursos ficticios: stos le ayudan a exponer las motivaciones de los personajes
histricos.
PARTE B
Tucdides atribuye al dirigente ateniense Pericles (siglo V a. C.) el siguiente discurso en

honor de los soldados cados en el primer ao de la guerra del Peloponeso.
Nuestro sistema de gobierno no copia las leyes de los estados vecinos; nosotros somos
ms un ejemplo para otros que imitadores de los dems. Nuestro sistema se denomina
democracia, ya que el gobierno no depende de unos pocos, sino de una mayora. Nuestras
leyes garantizan iguales derechos para todos en las cuestiones privadas, mientras que el
prestigio en la vida pblica depende ms de los mritos que de la clase social.
Tampoco la clase social impide a nadie llegar a ejercer cualquier cargo pblico (...). Y, al
tiempo que no interferimos en las cuestiones privadas, respetamos la ley en los asuntos
pblicos. Obedecemos a quienes ponemos a desempear cargos pblicos y obedecemos
las leyes, en especial las dirigidas a la proteccin de los oprimidos y las leyes no escritas
que supone una verdadera vergenza infringir.
Adems, nos hemos procurado muchos placeres para el espritu. Los juegos y sacrificios
que celebramos durante todo el ao y la elegancia de nuestras casas particulares
constituyen una fuente diaria de placer que nos ayuda a olvidar cualquier preocupacin;
mientras que los numerosos habitantes de la ciudad atraen a Atenas productos de todo el
mundo, de modo que a los atenienses los frutos de otros pueblos les son tan familiares
como los suyos propios.
>88

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Uno de los objetivos del discurso de la parte B era honrar a los soldados cados en el primer ao de la
Cul era OTRO de los objetivos de este discurso?
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
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Qu conden a Tucdides al exilio?
A. Que no pudiese lograr la victoria de los atenienses en Anfpolis.

B. Que tomase el mando de una flota en Anfpolis.
C. Que recogiese informacin de los dos bandos en conflicto.
D. Que desertase de los atenienses para luchar con los espartanos.

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Quin escribi el discurso de la Parte B? Remtete al texto para justificar tu respuesta.
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................

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Segn el texto, qu diferenciaba a Tucdides de los dems historiadores de su poca?
A. Escriba sobre personas corrientes, no sobre hroes.

B. Utilizaba ancdotas, ms que meros hechos.
C. Explicaba sucesos histricos haciendo referencia a sus causas sobrenaturales.
D. Se centraba en lo que llevaba a las personas a actuar del modo en que lo hacan.
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Fjate en este fragmento del texto, que se encuentra casi al final de la Parte B:
Adems, nos hemos procurado muchos placeres para el espritu. Los juegos y sacrificios que celebramos
durante todo el ao y la elegancia de nuestras casas particulares constituyen una fuente diaria de placer
que nos hace olvidar cualquier preocupacin.
Cul de estas frases resume mejor esta parte del texto?
A. El sistema de gobierno de Atenas permite a cualquier persona elaborar leyes.

B. La diversin y la belleza son parte de la buena vida que se puede tener en Atenas.
C. Los atenienses viven rodeados de un lujo excesivo y no pueden tomarse la vida en serio.
D. La vida pblica y privada son consideradas como una misma cosa.
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8 E

DESTINO BUENOS AIRES
De esta manera, los tres aviones de correo de la Patagonia1, Chile y Paraguay

regresaban del sur, del oeste y del norte hacia Buenos Aires. All se esperaba su
cargamento, para que pudiese despegar hacia la medianoche el avin hacia
Europa.
Tres pilotos, cada uno tras una cubierta de motor pesada como una barcaza,
perdidos en la noche, evaluaban su vuelo y, al acercarse a la ciudad inmensa,
bajaran lentamente de su cielo tormentoso o en calma, como extraos
campesinos que descienden de sus montaas.
Rivire, responsable de toda la operacin, caminaba de arriba para abajo por la
pista de aterrizaje de Buenos Aires. Permaneca en silencio, pues, hasta la llegada
de los tres aviones, el da no presagiaba nada bueno para l. Minuto a minuto, a
medida que le llegaban los telegramas, Rivire era consciente de que le
arrebataba algo al destino, de que reduca gradualmente lo desconocido, de que
sacaba a sus tripulaciones de la noche hasta la orilla.
Uno de los hombres se acerc a Rivire para comunicarle un mensaje transmitido
por radio.
El correo de Chile anuncia que divisa las luces de Buenos Aires.
Bien.
Pronto Rivire oira ese avin; la noche abandonaba ya a uno de ellos, como un
mar, lleno de flujo y reflujo y misterios, abandona en la orilla el tesoro que ha
zarandeado tanto tiempo. Y ms tarde, devolvera a los otros dos.
Entonces, el trabajo de este da habra terminado. Entonces, las tripulaciones,
cansadas, se iran a dormir, para ser reemplazadas por otras de refresco. Pero
Rivire no tendra reposo: el correo de Europa, a su vez, lo llenara de inquietud.
Y as sera siempre. Siempre.
Antoine de Saint-Exupry. Vol de Nuit . ditions Gallimard
1
Regin del sur de Chile y Argentina
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Pregunta 3: DESTINO BUENOS AIRES
Cmo se siente Rivire en su trabajo? Utiliza el texto para justificar tu respuesta.
......................................................................................................................................................................
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Destino Buenos Aires se escribi en 1931. Crees que hoy en da las preocupaciones de Rivire seran
parecidas? Justifica tu respuesta.
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................

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Qu le ocurre al protagonista de este texto?
A. Tiene una sorpresa desagradable.

B. Decide cambiar de trabajo.
C. Espera ocurra alguna cosa.
D. Aprende a escuchar a otros.

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Segn el penltimo prrafo (Pronto ) en qu se parecen la noche y el mar?
A. Los dos esconden lo que hay en ellos.

B. Los dos son ruidosos.
C. Los dos han sido domados por el hombre.
D. Los dos son peligrosos para el hombre.
E. Los dos son silenciosos.

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8 F

TREKKING EN FRICA

Trekking en el norte del Drankensberg: Sudfrica / Lesotho
Ficha informativa
DESCRIPCIN GENERAL
El trekking por el norte del Drakensberg incluye atravesar la escarpadura
norte del Drakensberg a gran altitud. La ruta, de unas 40 millas (65 km) aproximadamente, se
extiende a lo largo de la frontera entre Sudfrica y Lesotho, y precisa 5 agotadores das para
completarse. El trekking est lleno de momentos espectaculares, como las impresionantes
vistas desde ms all del Anfiteatro hasta el Diente del Diablo, a medida que se va en
direccin a la Escalera Metlica, y la salida del sol vista desde el Mponjwane, para la que bien
merece la pena poner el despertador.
Punto de partida: aparcamiento El Centinela, Parque Nacional Real Natal.
Punto de llegada: hotel El Pico de la Catedral.
Dificultad y altitud: se trata de un camino de alta montaa en una de las zonas ms remotas de
la cordillera del Drakensberg. La marcha puede resultar bastante ardua y los das largos. Un
buen sentido de la orientacin es fundamental para realizar la travesa con seguridad.
POCA ADECUADA Y DIFERENCIAS ESTACIONALES

Mejores meses para viajar: abril, mayo, junio o septiembre, octubre, noviembre.
Clima: los veranos en el Drakensberg pueden ser muy clidos y muy hmedos. Los inviernos
son mucho ms secos, pero siempre existe el riesgo de precipitaciones, probablemente en
forma de nieve en las zonas altas. En la primavera y el otoo las temperaturas diurnas son
ideales (entre 60F/15C y 70F/20C), pero por la noche caen frecuentemente por debajo del
punto de congelacin.

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PERFIL DEL CAMINO
ARGANTA DE NTONJELANA
SENDERO DEL CONTOUR

CATARATAS DE TUGELA
GARGANTA DE RWANQA
GARGANTA DE NGUZA
GARGANTA DE FANGS
ESCALERA METLICA
GARGANTA DE TWINS
GARGANTA DE PINS
12.000
MONTE AVERY
(3.660)
CONFLUENCIA
RO KHUBEDU
GARGANTA
MBUNDINI
MBUNDINI
GA
R
10.000
(3.050)
8.000
(2.440)
HOTEL EL PICO DE LA CATEDRAL

ALTITUD EN PIES (METROS)
APARCAMIENTO EL CENTILNELA
CUEVA DEL MPONJWANE

6.000
(1.830)
CUEVA DE RWANQA
CUEVA DE TWINS
CUEVA DE IFIDI
4.000
(1.220)
1 2 3 4 5
DAS
DA

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Pregunta 2: TREKKING EN FRICA
A qu altitud se encuentra el aparcamiento El Centinela? Da la respuesta en pies y en metros.

..................................................................................pies.
..................................................................................metros.

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Segn la informacin facilitada, dnde pasaras la noche tras el segundo da de caminata?
A. En el aparcamiento El Centinela.
B. En la cueva de Ifidi.
C. En la cueva de Rwanqa.
D. En la cueva del Mponjwane.
E. En la cueva de Twins.
F. En el hotel El Pico de la Catedral.

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Qu da del trekking crees que ser el ms difcil? Utiliza la informacin facilitada para justificar tu
respuesta.
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
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La maana de qu da del trekking vers la salida del sol mencionada en la descripcin general?
A. Da 1.
B. Da 2.
C. Da 3.
D. Da 4.
E. Da 5.
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8 >l

METROTRANSIT
MALECN Norte
Puente de Piedra
Canal
Muelle Antiguo
o Puerto
Castillo
Ribera
Torre
Victoria
PUERTA OESTE
ESTE
ZOO PUERTA ESTE
PUER
Hospital
pera
Parlamento
Museo
Banco
Azaa
Centro
Unidad
nidad
Marie Curie
Cima
Einstein
Consistorio Mercado
Fbrica de gas
Mandela
M
Plaza
Pradera
Calle Real
Libertad
Viga
Esmeralda
Bosque
Nobel
Universidad
Lee
Diamante
Parque
Plata
Ramn y Cajal
Independencia
Lnea 1
EL SUR
Lnea 2
Lnea 3
Lnea 4
Lnea 5
Para ms informacin:
900 444 535
Autobuses interurbanos www.metrotransit.es

Trenes de cercanas

Lnea cerrada por obras

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Desde qu estacin de Metrotransit se pueden coger tanto autobuses interurbanos como trenes de
cercanas?
........................................................................................................................................................................

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Si te encuentras en la estacin del Zoo y quieres ir a la estacin de Puente de Piedra, en qu estacin

tienes que cambiar de lnea?
A. Consistorio.
B. Ribera.
C. Malecn.
D. Muelle Antiguo.
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Algunas estaciones como Puerta Oeste, Zoo e Independencia tienen un sombreado gris a su alrededor
Qu indica dicho sombreado acerca de esas estaciones?
..........................................................................................................................................................................
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Tienes que encontrar el camino ms corto en metro desde la estacin de Marie Curie hasta la estacin de
Bosque.
Dibuja en el plano el camino que seguiras.

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A2

A NEXO A2

EJEMPLOS DE EJERCICIOS DE LA LECTURA EN SOPORTE ELECTRNICO
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7#WY[7687OMMVC !& #!$#

Ejercicio 1: CAF DE FILSOFOS
Ests en la pgina de Inicio del Caf de filsofos. Pincha en el enlace que lleva a Confucio. Qu
quera decir Confucio con Ren?
A. Paz y prosperidad.
B. Vivir en el caos y en la guerra.
C. El comportamiento de los gobernantes.
D. Bondad hacia los dems.
E. Vivir en armona.
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Ve a la pgina Actividades. Observa la Situacin 2. Cul de las enseanzas de Zenn refleja este cmic?
A. Deberamos tener en cuenta a los dems para vivir contentos.

B. Deberamos preocuparnos por nuestro aspecto.
C. No deberamos dejarnos llevar por nuestros deseos.
D. No deberamos intentar cambiar el pasado.
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cundo naci cada uno de los tres filsofos (Bentham, Confucio y Zenn). Luego utiliza los mens
desplegables de la Lnea del Tiempo para sealar cundo naci cada filsofo.

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7#WY[7687OMMVC !& #!$#

Ejercicio 1: EL HELADO
Esta pgina muestra los resultados de la bsqueda de helado y alimentos similares en todo el mundo.
Qu resultado de la bsqueda es ms probable que ofrezca la historia del helado? Pincha en el botn que
se encuentra junto al enlace.
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Ejercicio 2: EL HELADO
Esta pgina muestra los resultados de la bsqueda de helado y alimentos similares en todo el mundo.
Quieres saber si el helado puede formar parte de una dieta saludable. Cul de los resultados ser ms
probable que proporcione una orientacin acertada? Pincha en el botn que se encuentra junto al enlace.
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Ejercicio 1: PHISHING
Ests en la pgina inicial de la web de recursos sobre el phishing. Segn esta pgina, cul de las
siguientes es una caracterstica de un correo electrnico de phishing?
A. Solicita informacin personal.

B. Contiene publicidad no deseada.
C. Ofrece un servicio real.
D. Procede de una empresa conocida.
%+.
7#WY[7687OMMVC !& #!$#

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Cuntos correos electrnicos de phishing se envan en todo el mundo en un mes cualquiera como media?
A. 1.200.
B. Ms de 6.000 millones.
C. Alrededor de 25.000.
D. 55.500.

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Cul de las siguientes formas de engao se explica en la pgina Reconocer el phishing?
A. El correo electrnico solicita al destinatario que done dinero a una falsa obra benfica.
B. El correo electrnico de phishing instala software espa en el ordenador del usuario.
C. El autor del correo electrnico inserta un enlace falso en una pgina web falsa.
D. El correo electrnico pretende hacer creer al destinatario que ha ganado un premio.

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Pisa:Maquetacin 1 01/12/10 16:02 Pgina 1
GOBIERNO MINISTERIO
GOBIERNO MINISTERIO
LA LECTURA EN PISA 2009 Marcos y pruebas de la evaluacin

LA LECTURA EN PISA 2009
INSTITUTO DE
GOBIERNO
DE ESPAA
MINISTERIO
DE EDUCACIN
EVALUACIN educacion.es

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Pisa:Maquetacin 1 01/12/10 16:02 Pgina 1

LA LECTURA EN PISA 2009 Marcos y pruebas de la evaluacin

Marcos y pruebas de la evaluacin

SECRETARA DE ESTADO DE EDUCACIN Y FORMACIN PROFESIONAL

Catlogo de Publicaciones del Ministerio: educacin.es

Fecha de edicin: 2010

Dep. Legal: M-49.532-2010

Marcos y pruebas de la evaluacin

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Empleo del contenido del texto Empleo de conocimientos externos al texto

Texto fijo con

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Herramientas y Texto dinmico con Textos

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Deslumbrada por tantas y tan maravillosas invenciones, la gente de Macondo no

Dibuja en el plano el camino que seguiras.

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Hay mucha gente en el mundo murindose de hambre y enfermedades,

El desafo de explorar el espacio es fuente de inspiracin para mucha gente.

La exploracin del espacio es una metfora del conocimiento y el

Nos cargamos las selvas tropicales porque hay petrleo en el subsuelo,

La exploracin del espacio confirma la poderosa creencia de que los

Hemos hecho suficiente dao a la tierra. Deberamos dejar tranquilo el

Los recursos de la tierra estn desapareciendo a gran velocidad. La poblacin

Tambin hay beneficios indirectos de la investigacin para los viajes

Pregunta 6: OPINIONES DE LOS ESTUDIANTES

Nombre del estudiante: ..........................................

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A lert a de Alergia a los Cacahuetes

Fecha de la alerta: 4 de febrero.

Detalles: algunas galletas de estos lotes pueden contener trazas de

Actuacin por parte del consumidor: si ha comprado estas galletas

Pregunta 3: AVISO EN EL SUPERMERCADO

Cmo se llama la empresa que elabor las galletas?

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Cul era OTRO de los objetivos de este discurso?

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