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ONCE-THROUGH BOILERS

Ruffell, A.E.
DOI: 10.1615/AtoZ.o.once-through_boilers
These boilers, in contrast to recirculation or natural circulation units, are characterized by
continuous flow paths from the evaporator inlet to the superheater outlet without a separation
drum in the circuit. They are almost exclusively used for steam production in connection with
utility electricity generation, and have been the most popular design in Europe and
Scandinavia for many years.
A number of different detailed designs are offered by Siemens KWU (owners of the Benson
Boiler patent), Sulzer and, in recent years, Japanese and American companies. All once-
through boilers incorporate relatively small bore evaporator tubes (usually about 25 mm bore)
which are generally arranged in a spiral fashion to form the furnace envelope. Two principal
options are adopted for the section of the boiler after the furnace. Either a two-pass
arrangement with a vestibule cage and downpass may be used (as shown in Figure 1) or a
tower concept with the superheat, reheat and economizer sections above the furnace (as
shown in Figure 2). The walls and roof of the boiler may consist of tubes forming part of the
evaporator or superheater circuits and inside these are mounted banks of tubes acting as the
principal superheat, reheater and economizer circuits.
Once-through boilers are generally associated with high pressure operation and the feed water
enters at high sub-critical (>180 bar) or supercritical pressure whilst superheated steam leaves
at a pressure some 2030 bar lower. Sliding pressure operation is adopted to accommodate
requirements of part-load running.
Figure 1. A typical Babcock two-pass once-through utility boiler. (Courtesy of Mitsui
Babcock Energy Ltd.)
Figure 2. A typical Babcock once-through tower boiler. (Courtesy of Babcock Energy
Ltd.)
Furnaces may be fired by burners mounted in the front wall or by opposed firing with
burners, normally, in the front and rear walls or by tangential firing achieved by slot-burners
mounted in the corners to create a circulating flow which is claimed to have advantages for
suppressing pollutant formation.
Because the water is evaporated to high quality in a once-through boiler, it is particularly
important to guard against dryout occurring in high heat flux zones or to take other
precautions against the phenomenon being associated with burnout. In spiral furnace boilers
operating at sub-critical pressures, where dryout would take place at about 40% quality, it is
possible to arrange for this position to coincide with an area of reduced heat flux above the
primary combustion zone, such that the temperature rise in the tubing at dryout is limited. An
alternative solution is to use rifled-bore tubing which, by creating centrifugal forces, causes
more of the liquid phase to remain in contact with the tube wall, thus delaying dryout to
higher qualities and/or enabling lower water velocities to be adopted.

Introduction
Once-through boiler can be divided into two types: Once-through steam boiler and once-
through hot water boiler.
Once through steam boiler is a water tube boiler that the soft water passes through the
membrane wall heated surface orderly, then turns to steam directly. It is composed of U
shape upper and lower headers, membrane water wall, gas chamber, steam-water separator
and other components.
It is small in size and takes only 3-5 minutes to start up the boiler and get the steam with
preset pressure, which saves a lot of preheating cost and time.
Once-through steam boiler adopts intelligent touch screen controller with top level
technology, it has the advantages of reasonable design, simple operation, good energy-saving
effect,once-through water circulation technology,good steam quality, comprehensive
functions, PC computer interface can achieve easy remote online management.
In order to eliminate the gap between the pipes, the design of welding rib and tube necking is
adopted. Due to boiler design characteristic and gas flow method, the boiler itself also has
dust cleaning function.
It can be used in Industrial areas,such as food , Pharmaceuticals, chemical industry,
electronics, industrial manufacturing; civilian areas such as hospital disinfection, air
conditioning humidification, hotel catering, sanitary hot water.
Related Products

A.E, Ruffell. 2011. Once Trhough Boiler. Thermopedia.


http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1001/ (Diakses pada 26 September 2017)
https://www.miura.co.id/idconsulting.html (Diakses pada 26 September 2017)
http://www.htsboiler.com/products/once-through-boiler/once-through-steam-boiler.html

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