David Ferreira, Pedro Pires,
Rben Rodrigues, and Rafael F.S. Caldeirinha
Textile Antennas
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MAP.2017.2686093
Date of publication: 24 April 2017
54 1045-9243/172017I
Wearable
Examining the effect of bending
on their performance.
T
his article presents a study on the effect of bending on the
performance of a rectangular textile-patch antenna operating
at a 2.4-GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band.
The substrate of the antenna was made from denim textile,
and the conducting layers were made from a copper and nickel plated
polyester fabric. A parametric study was made to determine the influ-
ence of an antenna bending around its length and width on its perfor-
mance parameters in chest, leg, arm, or wrist integration for wireless
body-area network (WBAN) scenarios. Results were obtained from
bench and anechoic chamber measurements and compared with
simulation results. The prototype presents a maximum gain of
approximately 4 dBi and 70 of half-power beamwidth (HPBW) in
the flat position. When subjected to a wrist equivalent bending, the
gain decreases by 2 dB, HPBW has an increase of about 25, and
front-to-back radiation ratio decreases. Mean and standard deviation
parameters as a function of bending curvature were calculated from
parametric simulations.
BACKGROUND
The fast development of wearable low-power devices has increased
the requirement of solutions for WBAN implementation. In addition
to the need to reduce the devices dimensions and improve power
consumption, it is also important to work on developing flexible
antennas that may be integrated into clothes. The wearable antenna
plays an important role in a WBAN, presenting a wide variety of
applications. The antennas can be used in systems detecting body
motion during exercise activity, monitoring heart rate and blood
pressure, and used by emergency responders such as firefighters or
police officers [1], [2].
june 2017 IEEE Ant nn s & Pro g t on M g z n
 Since most wearable devices are applied to clothes, it may
be relevant to develop antennas that can be easily integrated
into a garment, such as a textile antenna. These antennas consist
of a textile conductive element integrated with another textile
material acting as substrate and have the advantage of being
lightweight, flexible, easy to produce, relatively inexpensive, and
easily integrated into a garment.
Several textile antenna-focused publications are already
available in the literature [2][21], with some only providing
simulation analysis [5], [8], [10], [13], [16], [18][20]. For pub-
lications with measurement results, the authors of [2] tested
a quasisquare shape planar antenna on flexible clothing foam
for a 2.45-GHz ISM band, obtaining relatively good results,
although somewhat affected in bending situations. In [3], an
ellipse-patch antenna on denim textile was measured across
a wide-frequency range of 2.412.8 GHz. The authors mea-
sured the antenna for different bending radii, in which the
performance was somewhat compromised. Return-loss values
for simulations and measurements at extreme ranges show that
a 5dB offset is present in measurement results, which may
undermine the authors conclusions. The authors of [4] assessed
the influence of rainwater and seawater on the performance of
an eye-shaped antenna (modified square patch) on denim sub-
strate for ultrawideband applications. Damped and immersed
antenna situations had significant impact on the antenna per-
formance, with the latter rendering the antenna useless. The
authors of [5] proposed an antenna comprising a 2 2 array of
I-shaped elements for medical WBAN frequency range, where
bending influence was assessed and confirmed to compromise
performance. In [7] and [9], simple characterization of rectan-
gular and circular patches was presented, respectively, using
textile cloths as substrate.
The authors of [11] provided a rather detailed analysis for
a wide-band antenna operating at several wireless commu-
nication bands between 0.9 and 6 GHz. Performance of the
antenna when bended per human applications was character-
ized, significantly modifying the antenna frequency response.
Transmission efficiency improvement was confirmed by adding
several layers of felt isolator between the antenna ground plane
and human body. In addition, [12] presented a planar inverted-
F antenna integrated with felt fabric and its performance for
different body locations. Bending of the antenna was tested
and yielded considerably degraded results. Furthermore, [14]
and [22] presented results for rectangular microstrip-patch
antennas for felt and denim dielectric fabrics, respectively, at
a 2.4-GHz ISM band. Pure copper polyester taffeta fabric was
used in both studies as the conductive textile material. The
antenna bending impact on performance was assessed in [14]
for a few bending radii, with considerable performance impact
being visible. The authors of [22] provided parametric simula-
tion results for different antenna variables, such as substrate
thickness, patch dimension, and feed location. In [17], the
authors developed several triangular-shaped probe-fed patch
antenna and assessed the performance for different bending
IEEE Ant nn s & Pro g t on M g z n june 2017
radii around the antenna width dimension. The conductive ele-
ment was made of Flectron fabric, and the substrate made of
polyester textile, producing a relatively small frequency offset.
We considered a useful addition to the literature to further
investigate this topic, focusing on relatively inexpensive fabrica-
tion materials at a commercially relevant frequency band and
providing an extended analysis on the bending effect. This arti-
cle presents the design and implementation of a rather simple
textile rectangular patch antenna with substrate made of denim.
By focusing on a wearable implementation, it is important to be
certain that the antenna still operates properly when placed at
different body locations, such as the leg, arm, or wrist. For that
reason, the bending effect of the patch antenna was analyzed
in an extensive parametric simulation. Measurements were
also performed for three specific bending angles associated to
a chest, arm, or wrist placement and compared to simulations.
TEXTILE-PATCH ANTENNA
For the implementation of the proposed textile antenna, a
microstrip rectangular probe-fed patch antenna was chosen.
These antennas are appropriate to use on textile material,
because they present a regular geometry, which makes them
easier to produce. The geometry design of the proposed antenna
is shown in Figure 1.
ANTENNA MATERIAL
The conductive textile material used to fabricate the antenna
is a patented copper- and nickel-plated polyester fabric that is
mainly intended for shielding rooms against radio-frequency
radiation [22]. This type of material is suitable to design textile
antennas since it is flexible, lightweight, and easy to cut, with
specifications given in Table 1. The electrical conductivity of
this material was calculated based on thickness and surface
resistivity, as described in (1), yielding a value of 28,570 S/m.
v=
1 . (1)
Rs $ t
Denim was the chosen textile substrate material for this
antenna, since it is common, durable, inelastic, and low cost. In
addition, it is possible to integrate the developed textile antenna
into clothing, such as in a jeans pocket, without interfering with
W
yo
L
t
h
d
F 1. The patch antenna geometry design.
55

Table 1. The properties
of conductive textile.
Properties Value
Surface resistivity (R s) 0.07 X/sq
Thickness (t) 0.5 mm
Weight 130 g/m2
the users comfort. The main characteristics of the denim sub-
strate were obtained from [23], in which the authors used the stub
resonator method, resulting in an f r of 1.6 and loss tangent (tan d)
equal to 0.01 at 2.4 GHz. The substrate has a thickness h of 2 mm.
ANTENNA DESIGN
Based on the conductive material properties provided by the man-
ufacturer and considering the denim dielectric characteristics, a
2.4-GHz textile antenna was designed. Since the conductive textile
contains adhesive on one side, the preliminary assembling to the
denim substrate should be relatively easy. The dielectric substrate
of the antenna is composed by two layers of denim with a thickness
of approximately 1 mm each. Sewing all three layers should pro-
vide a relatively durable textile antenna. The physical dimensions
of the antenna were optimized through parametric electromag-
netic simulations with values presented in Table 2.
SIMULATION RESULTS
This article studies the impact of physical deformation on the
antenna performance when used in contact with the human
body. To give proper context to WBAN applications, specific
bending angles must be extrapolated per antenna width and
arm/wrist perimeter by using (2), where i is the bending angle
in radians, W antenna represents the antenna width, and R is the
radius of an imaginary cylinder to which the antenna is bent.
Three different scenarios were considered that are in accor-
dance to the measurement setup later described: a chest appli-
cation which, for both simulation and measurement purposes,
is assumed to be flat; an upper arm application at approximately
the bicep muscle area where a perimeter of 35 cm was assumed;
and a wrist application with a perimeter of 18 cm.
Table 2. The physical dimensions
of the textile antenna.
Parameter Value (mm)
Patch width (W) 51
Patch length (L) 46
d 25
h 2
Feed point (y o) 14
Ground plane width (W antenna) 101
Ground plane length L antenna 96
56
W antenna
i= . (2)
R
Since the antenna has different width and length values,
when it is placed on a curved surface, it yields slightly different
curvature angles, whether the antenna is bent around its width
(case A) or its length (case B). Figure 2 presents both antenna
bending scenarios that were used to assess the antenna per-
formance. As such, for the upper arm application mentioned
previously, the curvature angles are 104 and 99, respectively.
For the wrist application, the values are 202 and 192 for cases
A and B, respectively. In the case of leg placement, this would
translate to values of 65 and 62, respectively.
To understand the impact on antenna performance of dif-
ferent curvature angles in both antenna bending scenarios,
parametric simulations were performed, and the results are
shown in Figure 3. The simulated resonant frequency appears
to be dependent on the antenna curvature angle, more particu-
larly for the case B bending scenario in Figure 3(b). However,
a trend is noticeable in the plotted data, identified by the linear
least-squares regression fitting curve. For the case A parametric,
the mean resonant frequency value is 2.39 GHz with a standard
deviation of 14 MHz. Regarding case B, the mean resonant
frequency is 2.45 GHz with a standard deviation of 52 MHz.
The trend observed in Figure 3 may be explained from classical
antenna theory [24]. On rectangular microstrip-patch antennas,
the electric fields and hence current flow are aligned with the
antenna length, and magnetic field with antenna width. When
subjecting the antenna to bending, it is relatively easy to expect
that current flow (across both patch and ground conductive lay-
ers) and electric fields may be influenced. If the bending occurs
across the antenna width (case A), both electric fields and cur-
rent flow would be marginally affected and affect the resonant
frequency [as Figure 3(a) demonstrates]. If bending is per-
formed across the antenna length (case B), one should expect a
higher impact on performance [Figure 3(b)]. This behavior may
be due to an equivalent slight reduction in current distance trav-
eled between opposing ends of the patch antenna (due to bend-
ing of the materials), which could be seen has a slight reduction
in patch length. Subsequently, the cumulative behavior of cur-
rent, E-field, and H-field on antenna performance could lead to
the observed simulated nonlinearities.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. The antenna bending scenarios: (a) width bent
(case A) and (b) length bent (case B).
june 2017 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine
 2.55
Resonance Frequency (GHz)

2.5

2.45
X: 203
Y: 2.4
2.4

2.35 X: 136 (a) (b)

Y: 2.365

2.3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Figure 4. The textile antenna prototype: (a) front and
(b)back.
Curvature Angle ()
(a)
2.55
0
Resonance Frequency (GHz)

2.5 2
X: 193 4
2.45 Y: 2.495 6

S11 (dB)
8
X: 129
2.4 10
Y: 2.425
12
2.35
14 Simulation
16 Measurement
2.3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 18
Curvature Angle () 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
(b) Frequency (GHz)

Figure 3. The simulated curvature angle impact on antenna Figure 5. The simulated and measured S 11 at 0 bending
resonant frequency for: (a) case A and (b) case B. angle.

MEASUREMENT RESULTS AND ANALYSIS MEASUREMENT RESULTS

With the simulation optimization procedure successfully
achieved, it was time to assemble the textile antenna prototype.
After cutting the conductive and denim materials by the appro-
priate dimensions, the three main layers of the antenna were
sewed and a 50- subminiature version A connector was also
integrated. Figure 4 illustrates the developed antenna prototype.
Figure 5 shows that the simulated and measured S 11 curves of
the proposed textile antenna in a flat position (0 bending angle).
This comparison shows a negligible deviation of the antenna res-
onant frequency. The measured S 11 frequency curves are visible
in Figure 6 for curvature angles mentioned in the Measurement
Setup section. Somewhat similar to those previously observed in

MEASUREMENT SETUP
To characterize the textile antenna performance, two types of
0
measurements were performed. First, the S 11 was measured
2
in-bench, using a vector network analyzer with the intent of
4 Flat
finding the actual resonant frequency of the antenna. Second, Arm-Case A
the radiation pattern was measured in an anechoic cham- 6
Wrist-Case A
S11 (dB)

ber, using specific antenna measurement fixtures, to obtain 8 Arm-Case B

parameters such as gain and HPBW. In both scenarios, the 10 Wrist-Case B
antenna was measured for three different curvature setups, 12
a flat surface and two different curved surfaces. The curved 14
surfaces were two cylinders with radii of 28.5 and 42.5 mm, X: 2.32 X: 2.46
16 Y: 14.15 Y: 15.15
representing a wrist and upper arm application, respectively.
18
As previously mentioned, due to different antenna width and 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
length dimensions, the corresponding curvature angles for Frequency (GHz)
case A are 0, 136, and 203. For case B, the curvature angles
are 0, 129, and 193. Figure 6. The measured S 11 for different curvatures.

IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine june 2017 57

 Table 3. The performance parameters of the antenna.
Arm Wrist
Chest Case A Case B Case A Case B
Frequency (GHz) Simulation 2.39 2.37 2.42 2.4 2.49
Measurement 2.39 2.32 2.46 2.31 2.45
Gain (dBi) Simulation 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.6 0.8
Measurement 3.8 3.1 2.7 1.8 0.4
HPBW () Simulation 70 90 72 96 74
Measurement 72 86 66 96 70
S11 (dB) Simulation 16 19.6 8.4 20.8 7.7
Measurement 17.7 14.2 15.2 12.2 13.9
Bandwidth (MHz) Simulation 110 130 120
Measurement 140 130 130 110 130

simulation results, the bending angle causes a frequency offset in

00 dB the resonant frequency. Table 3 presents the main antenna per-
30 30 formance parameters in all measured scenarios and simulation
10 results for comparison purposes. The simulated 10 dB band-
20
width for both arm and wrist under the case B bending scenarios
60 60
was omitted due to the observed minimum S 11 values of 8.4
30 and 7.7 dB, respectively. Both arm and wrist measurements for
the case A bending yielded a resonant frequency lower than flat
90 90 measurement by about 70 MHz. This behavior was not expected
30 from simulations, as one may recall from Figure 3(a), where an
almost negligible frequency offset was expected. We attribute
20 this discrepancy to other physical properties that the conductive
120 120
10
textile was subjected to upon bending that were not correctly
replicated in simulations.
0 dB 150 For case B, both resonant frequencies were slightly higher
150
180 compared to the flat case and in relatively good agreement
(a)
with simulations in Figure 3(b). The wrist application displayed
a higher discrepancy with simulations, albeit still within the
00 dB expected range. Regarding bandwidth, relatively good agreement
30 30 between simulations and measurements was observed. Using this
10 specific antenna for medical WBAN applications, with an allowed
frequency range from 2.36 to 2.4 GHz [1], the case A antenna
60 20 60
bending would be preferable due to the observed frequency
30 offset regarding the applied curvature angles. For WBAN operat-
ing at the unlicensed ISM band of 2.4 to 2.5 GHz [1], the case B
90 90 bending would be best suited. Ultimately, when submitting textile
30 antennas to fixed or dynamic bending, attention should be given
to a consequent antenna resonant frequency offset.
20 In Figure 7, the normalized antenna radiation patterns for
120 120
all measured cases are plotted. The figure shows that the pat-
10
tern becomes broader as the curvature is increased. The back
0 dB 150 region of the antenna radiation pattern shows an increase of
150
180 10 to 20 dB in gain when compared to the chest (flat antenna)
(b) case, i.e., the front-to-back ratio is decreased. This may be
Chest Arm Wrist a useful feature in WBAN applications, because it gives the
antenna a smaller anisotropic radiation pattern, which should
Figure 7. The normalized radiation pattern in azimuth plane be a desired feature when the antenna is applied to dynamic
due to antenna bending for: (a) case A and (b) case B. bodies/objects.

58 june 2017 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine

CONCLUSIONS
This article reports on the effect of bending on the performance
of a rectangular microstrip textile-patch antenna for WBAN
tuned at 2.4 GHz. The conductive material of the antenna was
a mixture of copper and nickel integrated with polyester fiber
and denim as substrate. Assuming a textile antenna for WBAN
may be integrated into garments, the bending effect on perfor-
mance due to the placement of the antenna was studied at three
generic locations: the chest, arm, and wrist.
Results demonstrate that the bending curvature has a signifi-
cant influence on gain and overall radiation pattern. Compared
to a flat antenna case, the wrist equivalent curvature decreases
the overall gain by about 2 to 4 dB. The antenna radiation front-
to-back ratio decreases with the increase in bending curvature,
which for WBAN scenarios may be a desirable property. The
bandwidth remains approximately the same across all measured
cases. The resonant frequency, on the other hand, has different
behavior depending on whether the antenna is bent around its
width or around its length. When submitting the antenna to a
bending curvature around its width, a downwards frequency
offset was observed, while, on the other hand, an upwards fre-
quency offset was verified for bending around the antenna length
dimension. Special consideration should therefore be given when
designing textile-patch antennas for WBAN applications, since
the resonant frequency offset with respect to antenna curvature
angle could significantly limit the antenna performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was partially supported by the Portuguese Gov-
ernment and Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technol-
ogy through Quadro de Referncia Estratgica Nacional and
Programa Operacional Potencial Humano funding.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
David Ferreira (david.ferreira@co.it.pt) is working toward a
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at the University of Vigo,
Spain, and his current research interests include radiowave
propagation measurements, characterization, and modeling. He
is a Student Member of the IEEE.
Pedro Pires (2141351@my.ipleiria.pt) is currently working
toward an M.S. degree in electrical engineeringelectronics and
telecommunications at the University of Vigo, Spain.
Rben Rodrigues (2141560@my.ipleiria.pt) is currently
working toward an M.S. degree in electrical engineeringelec-
tronics and telecommunications at the University of Vigo, Spain.
Rafael F.S. Caldeirinha (rafael.caldeirinha@ipleiria.pt) is
head of the Antennas and Propagation Research Group at the
Instituto de Telecomunicaes, Leiria, Portugal. He is a coordi-
nator professor in mobile communications at the School of Tech-
nology and Management of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria,
Portugal. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and a fellow of
the Institution of Engineering and Technology.
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