Literature during the Japanese and Post-
War Period
In the post-war period, two gripping's,
standard- setting novels published
- America Is in the Heart (1946) by
Carlos Bulosan
- Without seeing a dawn by Stevan
Javellana
NVM Gonzalez is a teacher in the
University of the Philippines and the
University of Santo Tomas
Hes an inspiration for young fictionists
in his writing classes, and was prolific
having authored works like:
- Children of the Ash-Covered Loam
(1954)
- Look Stranger, on this Island Now
(1963)
In post war period, vernacular novels
that reflected social and political
realities abounded
- Timawa by Agustin Fabian (1953)
- Maganda Pa ang Daigdig by Lazaro
Francisco (1955)
- Pagkamulat ni Magdalena by
Alejandro G Abadilla (1958)
- Mga Ibong Mandaragit by Amado
V. Hernandez (1960)
- Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag by
Edgardo Reyes (1967)
Ateneo de Manila Universirty which is
one of the institution that kept the
Philippine literary traditional prosperous
started the bagay movement
Writers:
Rolando S. Tinio
Bienvenido Lumbera,
Jose F. Lacaba
Antonio E. Samson
Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil was a highly
respected name among the essayists
during that time.
- She ran a column named My Humble
Opinion for 12 years in Manila Chronicle.
- A number of her works in this column, along
with pieces that came out in other outlets, were
published in the collection
- Women enough and Other Essays in 1963
Literature in Late 20th Century
1987 constitution - filipino and english
as 2 official languages of the country.
-Dreamweaver by Marjorie Evasco (1987)
-The Secret of Graphite: Poems in 2 tongues
by Ramon C. Sunico (1989)
-But for the lovers by Wilfredo Nolledo
(1970)
Amado V. Hernandez, named national
artist for literature
o Bayang Malaya (1970)
Exposing political and social realities
ADMU opened a writing workshop
devoted entirely to Tagalog writers in
1970
o NVM Gonzales mentored new
generations of new students in his
college classes
Ruben Cuevas
o Prometheus Unbound
o An anti- Marcos poem that inexplicably
found its way in a magazine supporting
the dictatorship
Emmanuel S. Torres
o Shapes of Silence -1972 ( the year
martial law was declared)
After Dictatorship
The short story & novel in English
continued to flourish
Essayist (20th century) - (magazine, newspaper,
anthologies are their expertise)
o Theyve had names as writers and editor
of newspaper.
Palanca Awards ( brought the best of our
countrys finest writers.
o Led to the discovery of future
generations of literary giants
1981
o Award-giving body was established
o Manila Critics Circle
 Narrative Prose
Philippine Literary History during Spanish
Colonization Example of narrative prose
How the evolution unfolded? 1. Trado
2. Ehemplo (exemplum)
The arrival at the spaniards signalled the 3. Dialogo (dialouge)
transmission to written literature. 4. Pagsusulatan nang Dalauang Binibini na si
The spanish influence on Philippine literature Urbara - Feliza by Modestro de Castro (1864)
unfolded over the 3 centuries of colonization.
Narrative Poetry
Religious traditions -Dictative narratives
- another cornestone of the spanish legacy Si tandang Basio Macunat by Fr. Miguel
- literature from 17th century to 19th century Lucio(1885)
Ang bagong Robinson by Joaquin
Doctrina Christiana
Tuason(1879)
- the 1st book printed in the phil (1593)
Illustrados- Paved the way for new literary
- it is a prayer book that had both Spanish &
paradigms.
Tagalog texts
Secular Poetry Jose de La
Cruz(Hoseng.Sisiw,author of O,Caquaanuang
Landinos
Buhay ko sa iba)
- writers who were proficient in both local and
Francisco Baltazar(Balagtas,author of
foreign tounges
Labindalawang Sugat ng Puso)
- it is also a religious literature in both poetry &
-Florante at Laura
prose
Metrical Romance- A highly precise and
Pasyon
structured poem.
- a narrative poetry on which catholics devout to
Korido-octosyllabic foul line stanza
recite eagerly during Lenten Season
Ibong Adarna
- it is preserved in several languages like: -
Awit-Written in dodecasyllabic four-line
ilonggo -bicolano -cebuano waray
syllabic four-line stanzas.
Pampango- Kuriru
Examples of Pasyon:
Ilocano- Panagbiag
-Aniceto de la Mercedes El libro de la vida
Pangasinense- Impanbilay
-Ang Christong Mahal na Passion ni Jesus
Christong Panginoon Natin na Tola
Shorter forms of secular poetry
Pasyong Genesis of Gaspar Aquino de Belen
Bahay kubo
(1703)- the earliest pasyon in the country
Magtanim ay di biro
Buat-Buat
Meditative Verses
Folk love song-Tapat
Kundiman
Examples of Meditative Verses:
Balitaw-Visayan Folk song
1. Fransisco de Salazar's "Dalit sa Caloualhatian
Jose Rizal Noli me tangere, El filibusterismo
sa Langit na Cararatna ng mga banal"
1898- the transition from Spanish colonization
2. Suarez Ossorio's "Salamat nang walang
to American control began
Hoyang Dalit- resembles free verse
Literature during the American Period
- no fixed rhyme/ meter
- octosyllabic 4 stanzas English Language
Brought by American Colonizers .
Dramatic forms Brought a new dimension to our
nations collective consciousness.
Example of Dramatic forms
Adopted as the official medium of
instruction in the public school system.
1. Sinakulo / senakulo- live action, simulation
At the dawn of the 20th Century
for Christ's passion and death
American culture began to establish its
2. Moro-moro / comedian capa y espada- battles
firm grip on the Filipino identity.
between christians and muslims
1901 The Arrival of 600 American Teachers
3. Tibag- story of St. Helen in search for the
Thomasites- American Teachers
Holy Cross Religious
 Heralded the spread of the American
language and the literature that would
spring from it.
Literatures Usually from the University of the
Philippines and Philippine Normal College
1927 establishment of the UP Writers
Club producing excellent literature to
the present day
Outlets like Philippine Magazine and
the College Folio (present day
Philippine Collegian allowed Filipino
to express themselves creatively in the
new language.
1928 UST began publishing English
Literary works in the The Varsitarian
1922 Ateneo de Manila had The
Ateneo Monthly
1923 The Guidon
1931-1932 Wings His Native Soil Written by Juan C. Laya
1920s onwards Philippine Literature in
English began to gain momentum
- Genres of Poetry, Fiction, Drama and Essay
saw remarkable group
Collection of poems in English
1.) NeverMind And Other Poems by
Procopio Solidum (1928)
2.) Filipino Poetry by Rodolfo Dato
(1924)
3.) A Zucen by Mrcelo de Grcia
Concepcion (1925)
1940s Two collections of poetry were
published by one of the Chief figures of
modernism:
Jose Garcia Villa
Have Come, Am Here (1942)
Have Come, Am Here; Volume Two
(1949)
His works bove are clearly about the
innovation, about toying with the
standards of English Grammar and
syntax
Villa went on to influence generations
of poets to push the English Language to
its limits in
The rejection of Traditional Styles of
using poetry continued in the works of
other poets.
1940 Rafael Zulueta de Casttro won the
Commonwealth Literary Contest with his Like
the Molave and Other Poems.
Marked the publication of Alejandro G.
Abadillas Ako ang Daigdig another
trendsetting poem of the Philippine Modernist
Strain.
Ako ang Daigdig
By Alejandro G. Abadilla
Novels written in the local languages
included:
1. Banaag at Sikat by Lope K. Santos (1906)
2. Anino ng Kahapon by Francisco Laksamana
(1906)
3. Pinglahuan by Fustion Aguilar (1907)
4. Ama by Lazaro Francisco
5. Doktor Kuba by Fausto Galauran (1933)
6. Ang Palad ni Pepe by F.P Boquecosa (1937)
Other Prominent Writers:
1. Magdalena
2. Jalandoni
3. Ismaelita Floro Luza
4. Conrado Norada
5. Susana de Guzman
A Child of Sorrow First Philippine Novel in
English
Written by Zoilo Galang
Published in 1921
Won first prize in the
Commonwealth Literary
Layas protagonist, an
American educated Filipino aka returns home.
The legacy of Philippine short stories in
English also had its beginning during the
American colonization.
1925 - Publication of Faz Marquez Benitezs
Dead Stars
- First successful Philippine short story in
English
1927 First collection of Philippine stars stories
in English written by one author was published:
Stealer of Hearts by Jose Villa Panganiban
1933 Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa
*As was the case with poetry works of short
fiction in English shared the limelight with
those written in the vernacular language.
1. Sketches (dagli) Patricio Mariano and
Valeriano Hernandez Pea
2.Gieta Garbo Deogracias A. Rosario Father
of tagalong Short story
3. Mga kwentong Ginto Edited by Alejandro
G. Abadilla and Cloduadts del Mundo (1936)
4. 50 Kwentong Ginto ng 50 Balikang kwenista
Edited by Pedrito Reyes (1939)
*Field of Drama Short in 1915 with the
publication of A Modern Filipino
A Modern Filipino - first Philippine play in
English
- by Araullo and Castilleja
*3 former UP Presidents had legacies of
excellent drama writing:
1. Carlos P. Romulo - : Sons for sale, The
Ghost, The Real Leader
2. Jorge Bocobo - The new leader, Purings
Choices, The Radiant Symbol, Clauses 3 and
4 Versification:
3. Vidal Tan The Meeting in the Town Hill,
Souls in Torment, The Husband of Mrs. Cruz
From 1922-1931 - nearly 40 plays were
produced in the Phil.
- Plays echoed cries for the
independence from the Americans colonizer
Wilfredo Ma Guerrero - helped the Philippine
theater scene reach new heights
- master piece include
condemned, Women are extraordinary,
Forever
Essay genre was also dominated by
English writes.
1. Life and Success by Zoilo Galang
-First Philippine book of essays in
English.
2. Dear Devices, Being a First Volume of
Familiar Essays(1933)- collection of
essays of
Several writers.
3. The Call of Heights- by Alfredo Q.
Gonzalez.
Other Famous writers of the American
Colonial Period:
1. Mauro Mendez
2. Maria Kalaw- Katigbak
3. Alfredo Gonzales
4. Cristino Jamias
5. Antonio Estrada
Literary Criticism
Manuel A. Viray- most notable critics during
the American colonial period.
Jose Garcia Villa- provided his own criticism in
his Roll of Honor
Salvador P. Lopez- published Literature and
Society
- An essay collection.
- He argued that literary writers have a role to
play on social development.
- To this day, passion and brilliance of Lopezs
critical essay is unparalled.
Pre-Colonial Philippine Literature
The literature of a formative past by the
various groups of people who inhabited
the archipelago
A literature of varying human interest
Close to the religious and political
organizations of the ancient Filipinos
The verses were addressed to the ears
rather than the eyes
Verses composed and sung were
regarded as group property
Octosyllabic
-Legendary and religious poems
Dodecasyllabic
-Romance
Riddle (Bugtong)
Relied on talinghaga or metaphorthat
is, a guessing game of objects
represented by other objects.
Greatest number of recorded riddles
belonged to the Tagalog
Made up of one or more measured lines
with rhymes and may consist of 4 to 12
syllables
Showcase the Filipino wit, literary
talent, and keen observation of the
surroundings
Involves reference to one or two images
that symbolize the characteristics of an
unknown object that is to be guessed
Example of Riddle
Butot balat, lumilipad (Saranggola)
Skin and bone flying, what is it? (Kite)
Salawikain & Sawikain
Epigrams/maxims/proverbs
Short poems that have been customarily
been used and served as laws or rules on
good behavior by our ancestors
Allegories or parables that impart
lessons for the young
Often expressing a single idea, that is
usually satirical and had a witty ending
Maxims- rhyming couplets (5,6,8
syllables
Example of Salawikain
Ang matapat na kaibigan, tunay na maaasahan. -
- -You will know a true friend in time of need.
Example of Sawikain
Kumukulo ang dugo"blood is boiling" = is very
angry
Isulat sat ubig"write on water" = forget about it
Example of Maxims
Paghindiukol, Hindi bubukol. means What is
not intended for one will not bear fruit.
Proverbs
Intended to teach values
Statement of a particular cultures codes
of behavior and beliefs
Example
Bahay man ay palasyo It is better to
have a hut
Kung laman ay kuwago; Inhabited by a
person
Mabuti pa ang kubong Than a mansion
Laman ay tao
Wherein an owl lives

Epics
Perhaps the most prominent literary
genre of the pre-colonial period
Featured local heroes taking on various
adventures

Example
Biag ni Lam-ang
Kabunlan and Bendian
Bantugan

Myth
it served to explain how the world was
created

Legends
appeared to have basis in real-life

Fables
in older times were short tales that
usually highlighted animals

Lullubies
Existed for the sake of putting infants at
ease.

Bicolano Literature -Balosbalos Sana by Eustaquio Dino

How the Diversity Unfolded? -Hare. . . Dali by Mariano Goyena

The Spanish conquests marked some

milestone in the literary tradition of
ILOKANO LITERATURE
the Bikolanos.
Ilokano Literature
- Hindered growth of local writing at
first Literary works of writers of Ilokano
ancestry regardless of language used
Mariano Perfecto - Published An
Parabareta or The Newsman(1890)
the First Bikol Newspaper.
Iloko
-Imprenta de Nuestra Seora English
Peafrancia the First Printing Press. Spanish
Foreign
Protest Drama- Form of expressing
Philippine Language
the peoples growing resentment of
o One of the most active
the Spanish rule.
tributaries to the general
- An Pagguiao kan mga pastores can Philippine Literature
pagcamondag ni Jesus duman sa Ilokano folk songs
portal sa belen and Comedia na Happiness, dynamism and
optimism
dapit sa Dios o manga cahayagan can
dallot- folk songs used in
pagcomandag ni Jesus, the contents
baptismal,wedding and festives
both featured catholic themes, the
song
underlying messgae was negativity badengand Pamulinawen-
towards the colonizers. courtship song
Asisclo Jimenez- American Era
Ilokano folk speech
-Prominent Zarzuela Writer Burbutia
pagsasao
- Wrote over 25 Zarzuelas (including
Say koli pakalmoay liket; which
Pagkamoot sa Banuang Tinooban)
means Industry is the sibling of
Justino Nuyda- American Era prosperity
Say ngiras pakalmoay irap
- Anti Cristo presented the which meansLaziness is the
morality vs. materialism conflict. sibling of starvation

Rawitdawit- Poetry ; Narrative form
History of Ilokano Literature
used for Political Criticism. th
17 Century beginning of Spanish
-An Pana by Manuel Fuentabella conquest to the proliferation of
religious Ilokano Literature
--Pagaroanggoyong by Clemente 1621 the first ever ilokano
Alejandria religious work was printed
 Libro a naisuratan amin a an introduction to the
bagas ti doctrina Cristiana nga Philippine Literature in Iloko
naisurat iti libro ni Cardenal a Dr. Marcelino A. Foronda Jr.
agnagan Bellarmino, ket inaon 1967
ni P. Fr. Francisco Lopez, padre
a S. Agustin, iti sina Samtoy
-Book in which is written All
the Contents of the Christian
Doctrine as Written in the Book
of a Cardinal Named
Bellarmino, and Translated by
P. Fr. Francisco Lopez, an
Agustin Father, into Samtoy
Pedro Bucaneg
father of ilokano poetry and
literature
Biag ni Lam-ang- 17th
century(1889-1890)
-first known ilokano poet

Pasion by Fr. Garriz and Fr.
Mejia -Ilokano version

20th Century
Henry Otley
American Anthropologist
500 publications of ilokano
literature and 40 Ilokano
periodicals
Leopoldo Yabes
literary anthropologist
closer to 2000 published
works
Apay a Pinatayda ni Saw Simon?(
Why they did kill Don Simon)
by:Leon C. Pichay
1935
first known detective novel in
Iloko
Bannawag Magazine
sister publication of
Liwayway, Bisaya and
Hiigaynon
Nov. 3 , 1934
Dalang