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Hybrid and and

Composite Structures
in Tall Wood Buildings
Hannu Hirsi

FFTT

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Michael Green,
Tall Wood BUILDINGS :
Encourage architects, engineers
and designers to push the
envelope of conventional
thinking by demonstrating that
wood is a viable material for tall
and large buildings and exposing
its environmental and economic
benefits:
To slow and contain greenhouse
gas emissions and find truly
sustainable solutions to building,
we must look at the fundamentals
of the way we build from the
bones of large urban building
structures to the details of energy
performance. We need to search
for the big picture solutions of
todays vast climate, environmen-
tal, economic and world housing
needs.

Tall WOOD Buildings 3

Bracing :
I
I. Up to 12 storeys in height :
Structural core and
Glulam columns at curtain wall.
II. Up to 20 storeys in height :
Structural core, II
interior walls and
Glulam columns at curtain wall.
III. Up to 20 storeys in height :
Structural core and
exterior walls.
III
IV. Up to 30 storeys in height :
Structural core,
interior walls and
exterior walls.

IV
Important to understand for every architect
of tall wood buildings.
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Facades :
Glulam curtain wall
Glulam curtain wall and corner
balconies
....

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Joints :
1. Vertical Ties.
2. Horizontal Ties.
3. Shear connectors.
4. Anchorage.

2
1

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Wood envelope
compared with
concrete I :
Concrete :
1. Concrete floor slab (2HR FRR)
2. Concrete column beyond (2HR
FRR)
3. Vision glass
4. Spandrel glass panel
5. Spandrel glass panel or non-
combustible cladding

Wood :
1. 2 layer Mass Timber + 2 layer 5/8
type X gypsum board (2HR FRR)
2. Glulam column + 2 layer 5/8 type X
gypsum board beyond (2HR FRR)
3. Glulam beam + 2 layer 5/8 type X
gypsum board (2HR FRR)
4. Vision glass
5. Spandrel glass panel
6. Spandrel glass panel or non-
combustible cladding

More complex solution ?

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Wood envelope
Concrete Wood
compared with
concrete I I :
Concrete :
1. Concrete floor slab (2HR FRR)
2. Concrete wall (2HR FRR)
3. Non-combustible cladding +
rainscreen
Details :
Wood : next slide
1. Mass Timber structure + 2 layer 5/8
type X gypsum board (2HR FRR)
2. LVL, LSL or CLT + 2 layer 5/8 type
X gypsum board (2HR FRR)
3. Steel beam
4. Non-combustible cladding +
rainscreen

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Details :
Tall WOOD Buildings
Construction of tall wood buildings,
one possibility....
Step 1
1 Install inner core walls.
First lift.
2 Scaffold inner core to
access connections (TYP)
Can also be used to install
elevator rails
3 Brace inner core walls
until core walls are secure
Tall WOOD Buildings
Step 2
1 Install outer core walls
and brace
2 Brace outer core walls
until floors are in
3 Install floors and remove
braces
10/30/2015
1 Mass Timber structural panels + 2
Layer 5/8 gypsum board underside only
(2HR FFR)
2 Mass Timber structural panels + 2
Layer 5/8 gypsum board interior side
only (2HR FFR)
3 Finish floor (refer to floor assembly
table)
4 Finish ceiling: 1 layer 5/8 gypsum
board
5 Finish wall: 1 layer 5/8 gypsum board
6 Rain screen facade (non-combustible).
Refer to typical envelope details
7 Steel beam
8 Pot light
9 Sprinkler (plastic pipe)
10 Electrical outlet
11 Exhaust penetration with fire stopping
12 2 loose mineral wool insulation for
sound absorption (ceiling)
13 2 loose mineral wool insulation for
sound absorption (wall)
14 Gasket to reduce sound transmission
between floor and wall
15 Gap between drywall and stud to
reduce sound transmission
16 Back boxes for light fixtures to
reduce sound transmission
Vibration (floor) 9
Step 3 Step 4
1 Low lift exterior walls 1 Install steel beams
2 Brace exterior walls connecting core to outer
walls
2 Remove braces
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Construction of tall wood buildings continues . . . :

Step 5 Step 5 Step 7 Step 8

1 Low lift remaining two 1 Second lift outer core 1 Second lift outer walls
side exterior walls 1 Second lift inner core
2 Brace inner core until all walls and floors 2 Brace walls
2 Install floors 2 Brace outer core
3 Brace until all four inner core walls are 3 Repeat steps 4,5,6
secure 3 Install core floors
exterior walls are 4 Will require lift on floor 6
connected and floors are 3 Brace outer walls
4 Will require lift on floor 6 to access connections
in
to access connections

How you can assemble these slabs, any ideas ?

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Construction of tall wood

buildings continues . . . :
Step 9

1 Install inner core walls. Third lift.

2 Brace walls
3 Repeat steps . . . .

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Statics of tall buildings I :

Core bracing :
See the big deformations
because of shear and bending
of core.

Columns deflection

Colour changes according to

Tall WOOD Buildings translation in X-axis (and rotation !) 13

Statics of tall buildings II:

Facade bracing (plates) :
See the big deformations
because of shear only.

Colour changes according to

Tall WOOD Buildings translation in X-axis (NO rotation !) 14

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Statics of tall buildings III:

Vertical loading in columns :
If the plan is not symmetrical,
there is great differencies in
the loads (300 kN 1 MN).

Tall WOOD Buildings 15

Michael Green,
The Case for Tall Wood Buildings FFTT
FFTT Finding the Forest
Through the Trees :
Lighter carbon footprint than
the functionally equivalent
concrete and steel systems.
Capable of meeting fire and
life safety.
Staying within cost competitive
marketplace conditions.
Desire to find safe, carbon-
neutral and sustainable
alternatives :
plans for 30-storey wooden
tower in Vancouver as an
attempt to demonstrate the
possibilities and advantages of
mass timber construction for
mid-rise (6-12 storeys) and
tall buildings.
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Structural system : Gutters or channels for steel beams

Wooden columns, beams,

slabs and plates system with a
solid wood central elevator core
and wood slabs.
Steel beams connect the
perimeter to the core.
Perimeter and core are tightly
connected, stiff floor structure is
necessary.

Central elevator and stairs core,

product structure.

One application of carpentry joints.

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Details :
Central joints, heavily loaded
near the core are made of
steel and wood.
Perimeter joints can be made
of wood with mechanical
fasteners and also concrete is
mentioned.
Steel beams and mechanical
joints are used to provide
ductility in the system.

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Architecturally, this system would allow more flexible, open

floor plans and thinner walls with big openings.

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SOM

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SOM,
Re-imagining the Skycraper :
Structural system for
skyscrapers that :
uses massive timber as the
main structural material and
minimizes the embodied carbon
footprint of the building.
Benchmark building:
Dewitt-Chestnut Apartments; a
395 foot tall, 42 story concrete
building

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Concrete jointed wood frame :

Structural system :
Wooden floors, columns and
shear walls.
Joints and connection by Reduced shear
walls
reinforced concrete :
precast beams and cast in Openings
site joints.

Wood concrete
composite structures Reduced wood
shear walls

Concrete structures Concrete shear

Reinforced concrete only at the walls
highly stressed locations of the
structure.

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Details :
Solid mass timber Wood shear Wood
wall Wood slab
products for the column

primary members
such as the floor
panels, columns and
shear walls : Cast in site
concrete wall / Precast
8 thick wood floor floor joint concrete
panels.
Wood shear
wall

Cast in site
concrete joint

Steel erection
element

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Steel

Details : bars

Connected with steel bars Rein-

forcement
reinforcing the joint through
concrete :
reinforced concrete beams
connect all parts together.

Pretensioned
bolts Steel plate

Connector Wood
beam

Continuous Wood
vertical ties column
for uplift

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Summary :

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Other examples

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Kaden & Klingbeil I

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Tall WOOD Buildings 29

Kaden Klingbeil, C13 :

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Details :
Floors nad facades (horizontal view) :
Kerto Q beam
HEB 220 S355

Concrete, Gypsum
Hollow for Insulation
concrete Concrete
Wood

Load-bearing wall Non-load-bearing wall

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Details :
Facades and Walls (vertical view) : Floors and walls
(horizontal view) :

HEB 220 S355

Concrete with
Kerto Q column reinforcement

Shear CLT 7 layers

connection

Check, how you assemble the

plates between and inside the
beams ?
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Slabs I :
1. Steel beams
2. CLT-slabs and columns
3. Shear notches
4. Temporary supports
5
5. Joint gap under the wall 1

2
4
3

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3
Slabs I I : 2

1. Concrete columns
2. CLT-slabs
3. OSB

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Walls :
1. CLT notched joints.
2. Beam column joint.
3. For facade system only.
3

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Kaden & Klingbeil, Hybrid Co-housing :

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Kaden & Klingbeil, iba2013 :

Tall WOOD Buildings 37

Details :
Column slab joint :

Neopren

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Tall WOOD Buildings 39

Cree :
Life Cycle Tower LCT :
A timber component system of
construction.
Meets all the req. of loads, fire
and sound.
Charasteristics :
Construction times reduced by half
Cost and quality guarantee
Lower lifecycle costs
Lifecycle-optimised design concept
Reduced dependency on raw materials
Less working space required on site
Attractive urban design aspects with
enhancing effects on the district
Favorable CO2 balance
Recyclability of the materials,
components and elements used.

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Design background :
Softwood is considerably lighter
than concrete.
Prefabrication and assembly of
factory-made components has
considerable advantages over
conventional construction
methods.
The idea from the start was to
construct large volume timber
buildings using a system built
approach with prefabricated
components.
Member connections are "dry" and
on-site concrete work kept to a
minimum.
Design grid allows a wide range of
different floor layouts and design
flexibility.
The sustainable use of wood as
the construction material is
expected to gain the system top
category certification from LEED.

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Structural system
Slabs :
Hybrid system of wood, concrete and Steel girder
steel :
Vertical Glulam posts supporting
Horizontal composite Hybrid Slabs.
Stiffening core :
Hybrid Slabs connect to Glulam columns
on the exterior walls and to a central
core.
Allows the greatest possible freedom for
the design of the facade.

Concrete girder and column

Integration : Mechanical / electrical systems between the wood support ribs.

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Structural system
Hybrid Slabs :
Glue-laminated timbers
(Glulam) provide the tension
structure while
Reinforced concrete layer gives
the required fire protection and
sound insulation.
GL is visible :
Width great enough.
Slab spans were designed to
be up to 30 feet.
Product structure :
Glulam beams
Reinforced concrete slab
Reinforced concrete edge
beams
Embedded vertical pipe The standard slabs are based on a European
1350mm or 1500mm grid, resulting in Hybrid
Tension Straps (Optional) Slabs with a nominal size of 2690mm (8-10)
Shear Plates (Optional) or 2990mm (9-9).
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Structural system
Columns :
Accurate GL columns. Steel girder

Accuracy of each floor

elevation in a controlled
factory environment.
Connection rods, fitted into
pre-drilled holes in the top
face of the columns on site,
act as alignment pins and
risers.
Grout makes posible to level
Single and double (triple) the column components.
columns :
Sound insulations. The following tolerances are applied to the
predrilled holes at the ends of the single columns:
Centricity: +/- 1/32
Diameter: +/- 1/32
Depth: +/- 1/32

Integration : Mechanical / electrical systems between the wood support ribs.

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Structural system
Joints :
Vertical pipes, with a 3 inside
diameter are embedded in
edge beams :
provide a void space for
vertical connection rods and
joints.

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Column type :
Single Douple Triple
columns
Strength grades.

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Example :

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Assembly of slab and column component :

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

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Assembly of wall+column and slab

components :
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6

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What we have learnt ?

Sustainable, environmental approach is causing
big changes also in buildings.
In tall buildings it is economically reasonable to
use different materials ; design a hybrid frame of
wood, steel and concrete.
Basement and foundations are normally of
concrete.
Typical floor has wooden floor and walls
connected with steel and concrete and covered
by gypsum boards for the present.
In upper floors wooden structures work very well
alone.
New kind of concepts are coming, pilot projects
still under work.

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