Comparison of three methods used for second order effects analysis for slender columns are

indicated as follows.

1. Simplified method- based on nominal stiffness.

This is required for the moment magnification factor method. In this method, the design
moment including Second-order effects is obtained by multiplying the first-order moment by
a factor.
1.1. Analysis procedures of slender column based on nominal stiffness

1. The creep coefficient can be obtained from clause 3.1.4 in EN 1992-1-1

2. This provides a simplification for some situations where creep is unlikely to have any
Significant effect on the behavior.
3. The assumption is made that Creep dominantly occurs under the quasi-permanent load and that
the effect on Creep Of the additional load above the quasi-permanent load is relatively short-
term. It may be noted that, in internal columns in frames with uniform spans, the quasi-
permanent load is unlikely to produce significant moment, and hence M Will be close to zero,
resulting in close to zero.
4. This permits a Simplification in the calculation of the effective stiffness where the reinforcement
percentage exceeds Ac reasonable approach may he to assume that the reinforcement
percentage will exceed 1% and use the simplified route generally, with a check at the end of the
design procedure that this is actually the case.
5. K1 and k2 indirectly take account of cracking as well as other factors.
6. El is the effective stiffness of the column section.
7. This formula is identical to that in BS 8110. It aims to give an estimate of the mo ment around
mid-height of the column where the additional moment due to deflection will be a maximum,
M02 and MO1. In evaluating the formula, the moments should be given their correct algebraic
sign.
8. The factor 8 in the denominator of the expression is correct for columns in double Curvature.
Different values are given in clause 5.8.7.3 of EN 1992-1-1 for other shapes or bending moment
diagram. The final requirement that MEd should not be less than the Numeric-ally larger first-
order moment is not included in the code, but it would seem Nonsense if the design ultimate
moment for a slender column was smaller than the moment that would be used if the column
was short. Another way of considering this is that if the column was, say, stiffer than had been
assumed and the deflection did not occur, then it would be the moment at the end which would
be critical and not the moment near mid-height.

Ac, area of the concrete section

As, total area of the reinforcement
E, nominal modulus of elasticity of the column
Ecd, design modulus of elasticity of the concrete
Es, modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
I, nominal second moment of the area of the section about the axis of bending
Considered
Ic, second moment of the area of the concrete cross-section
Is, second moment of the area of reinforcement about the centroid of the concrete
 Section
k1, concrete strength factor
k2, axial force and slenderness factor
Kc, creep effect factor
Ks, reinforcement contribution factor
L0 Effective length of the column
Mo1 Numerically smaller end moment from first-order analysis
M02 Numerically larger end moment from first-order analysis
M0Ed Design first-order moment at about mid-height of the column
MoEqp Design first-order moment under the quasi-permanent load combination (a so at
About mid-height of the column)
MEd Design ultimate moment
NB Buckling load based on the nominal stiffness
NEd Design ultimate axial force
n Relative axial force (= )
(,to) Final Creep coefficient Of concrete loaded at time to
eff Effective creep coefficient
Slenderness ratio
p Reinforcement ratio (= As/Ac)
 1.2. Example of analysis of slender column based on nominal stiffness:

2. Simplified method- based on nominal curvature.

The nominal curvature method. In this method, an estimate is made of the ultimate
deflection, and, from this, an estimate of the second-order moment which is added to the
first-order moment.
2.1. Analysis procedures of slender column based on nominal curvature.
2.2. Example of analysis of slender column based on nominal stiffness:

3. Iterative p- analysis for slender columns.

3.1. Analysis procedures of slender column based on Iterative p- analysis for
slender columns.
3.2. Example of analysis of slender column based on Iterative p- analysis for
slender columns:

4. Comparison of analysis methods of slender columns

Nominal stiffness methods
1. The difficulty with this method of establishing the moments in a slender
column is that, though considerable efforts have gone into calibrating the
method to give similar results as other methods, it provides no clear picture
of the actual behavior. In this respect, the nominal Curvature method is
considerably superior.
2. Second-order effects is obtained by multiplying the first-order moment
by a factor.
3. May be used for both isolated members and whole structures, if
nominal stiffness values are estimated appropriately.

Nominal curvature methods

is mainly suitable for isolated members. However, with realistic

assumptions concerning the distribution of curvature, the method (b) can
also be used for structures.

Simplified methods (nominal curvatures and nominal stiffness)

The simplified method based on nominal curvature produces a quite high value
of the second order moment and very slender member (columns) is not possible
to design with using this method.

Iterative p- analysis for slender columns.

Allows the engineer to calculate very slender members (columns) and using this
method leads to more economical design.