0418 A()

The 103nd academic year course 0418

Calculus A(2) firstterm examination
date: Apr 9, 2015

Student ID No. Name

: :

Description:
(1)
Before answering questions, please check if the test papers and answer
sheets which you get are correct.

(2) 110 7
Testing time is 110 minutes. Test papers, answer sheets, and answer
cards are of 7 pages in total.

(3) , 100 , 20%

The test paper includes choices and fill-in-the-blanks, and there is a
total score of 100 points, accounting for 20% of the semester grade. The
examination result will not be considered for awarding the Calculus
prize.

(4) ,

Be sure to fill related personal information in answer sheets and answer
cards. When answering questions, please answer the question by its
question number, or, no score.

(5) hint of difficulty: easynormalhard

? ?? F
? ?? ?? ??

Questions start from the next page

Page 1 of 20
} (, , , )
Single-choice (10 questions, each worth 5 points, 50 points in
total, no penalty for wrong answers.)

1. Which series is convergent? ?

??

X ln n X 1 X (ln n)2 X 1
(A) . (B) . (C) . (D) .
n=2
n n=2
n ln n n=2
n n=2
n(ln n)2

Solution: By IT: all functions are positive, continuous, (ultimately)

decreasing.
Z Z n
ln x ln x (ln n)2
dx = lim dx = lim = , diverges.
1 x n 1 x n 2
Z Z n
1 1
dx = lim dx = lim ln ln n = , diverges.
e x ln x n e x ln x n
Z 2 Z n 2
(ln x) (ln x) (ln n)3
dx = lim dx = = , diverges.
1 x n 1 x 3
Z Z n
1 1 1
2
dx = lim 2
dx = lim = 0, converges.
e x(ln x) n e x(ln x) n ln n

an
2. Let a1 = 1, an+1 = . Find lim an =? ??
an + 2 n

(A) 0. (B) 1. (C) 2. (D) does not exist.

x
Solution: Solve x = , x = 0, 1.
x+2
For an > 0, an > an+1 > 0. a1 = 1, {an } & and 1 an > 0.
1
By MCT, {an } converges, so lim an = 0. (In fact, an = n .)
n 2 1

Page 2 of 20

X
3. For what value of p that the series (ln n)p converges? ?
n=2

(A) p > 1. (B) p 1. (C) every p. (D) no p.

Solution: For p 0, lim (ln n)p 6= 0, diverges by T4D.

n
(ln n)p
For p < 0, lim = (`H dpe times), diverges by LCT; or
n 1/n
1
(ln n)p = (p ln n1/p )p > (p)p (n1/p )p = (p)p , diverges by CT.
n

X (1)n1 1 1 1
4. Find the sum of the series =1 + + . ?
n=1
n 2 3 4
2
(A) ln 2. (B) . (C) . (D) e.
4 6

X xn  i
Solution: ln(1 + x) = (1)n1 for x 1, 1 ,
n=1
n

X (1)n1
= ln(1 + 1) = ln 2.
n=1
n

Page 3 of 20
5. Find the area of the region that lies inside the circle r = 1 and outside
the four-leaved rose r = cos 2. ??

(A) . (B) . (C) . (D) .
2 4 8

Solution:
r
r=1 r = cos 2
1

x
0 2

/2 Z
1
A = 4 [(1)2 (cos 2)2 ] d
0 2
Z /2
= 2 2 cos2 2 d
0
Z /2
= 1 cos 4 d
0
h 1 i/2
= sin 4 = .
4 0 2

1 ?
6. Let a1 = 1, an+1 = 1 + . Find lim an =? ??
an + 1 n

(A) 0. (B) 1. (C) 2. (D) does not exist.

1
Solution: Solve x = 1 + , x = 2.
x+
1
For 0 < an < 1, 2 > an+1 > 2, an < an+2 < 2, an+1 > an+3 > 2.

a1 = 1, {a2n1 } % and a2n1 < 2, {a2n } & and a2n > 2.

By MCT, {a2n1 }, {a2n } and hence {an } converges, a2n1 2 and

a2n 2 as n , so lim an = 2.
n

Page 4 of 20
7. Find the number of the points where the tangent line is horizontal or
vertical in the curve of the polar equation r = 1 + sin , 0 3. ?
??
(A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6.

Solution:

(2, )
2

3 5 3
( , ) ( , )
2 6 2 6
x
r = 1 + sin (only 3 solutions.)
dy 7 3 11
y = r sin , = cos (1 + 2 sin ) = 0 when = , , , .
d 2 6 2 6
dx 5 3
x = r cos , = (1 2 sin )(1 + sin ) = 0 when = , , .
d 6 6 2

X xn X (1)n
8. Find the interval of convergence of + xn . ??
n=1
n n=1
n

(A) (1, 1). (B) (1, 1]. (C) [1, 1). (D) [1, 1].

xn (1)n
 
X X
n
 1 
Solution: + x = ln ln(1 + x)
n=1
n n=1
n 1x
2 3 4 2
x3 x 4
   
x x x x
= x+ + + + + x + + +
2 3 4 2 3 4

x2n X x2n 
 
X 1
=2 = = ln 2
, |x| < 1.
n=1
2n n=1
n 1 x

X 1
When x = 1, diverges.
n=1
n
h   i  
Or: 1, 1 1, 1 = 1, 1 . (, .)

Page 5 of 20

X (1)n1 1 1 1
9. Find the sum of the series =1 + + . ?
n=1
2n 1 3 5 7
2
(A) ln 2. (B) . (C) . (D) e.
4 6

1
X
n1 x2n1 h i
Solution: tan x= (1) for x 1, 1 ,
n=1
2n 1

X (1)n1
= tan1 1 = .
n=1
2n 1 4

2
10. Let a1 = 1, an+1 = . Find lim an . ?
an n

(A) 0. (B) 1. (C) 2. (D) does not exist.

Solution: {an } = {1, 2, 1, 2, . . .}, lim an @.

n

Page 6 of 20
} (, ,
, , )
Multiple-choice (5 questions, each worth 5 points, 25 points in
total. One wrong option deducts 2 points, more than one wrong
option gets no points, and no penalty for wrong answers.)

11. Which series is conditionally convergent? ?

X (1)n1 X (1)n1
(A) . (B) .
n=1
n2 n=1
n

X (1)n1 X (1)n1
(C) . (D) .
n=1
2n n=1
n
2


 (1)n1  X

X 1
Solution:  n2  =
  converges by p-series (2 > 1), so
n=1 n=1
n2
absolutely converges.

 (1)n1  X

X
 1 1 1
= diverges by p-series ( 1), and & 0
n=1
 n  n
n=1
2 n
converges by AST, so conditionally converges.

 (1)n1  X
  
X
= 1 1

 2n  n
converges by geometric series (  < 1), so
n=1 n=1
2 2
absolutely converges.
(1)n1
lim
n
@, so diverges by T4D.
n 2

Page 7 of 20
12. Which series is divergent? ?

X 1 X ln n
(A) (1)n . (B) (1)n .
n=1
n n=1
n
   
X
n 1 X
n
1
(C) (1) sin . (D) (1) cos .
n=1
n n=1
n

1
Solution: & 0 converges by AST.
n
ln n
& 0 converges by AST.
n
 
1
sin & 0 converges by AST.
n
 
n 1
lim (1) cos @, diverges by T4D.
n n

Page 8 of 20
13. Assume an 0, which of the following statement is always true? ?

X
X
(A) If an converges, then a2n converges.
n=1 n=1

X X
(B) If an converges, then an converges.
n=1 n=1
X
X
(C) If an diverges, then a2n diverges.
n=1 n=1

X X
(D) If an diverges, then an diverges.
n=1 n=1

X
Solution: True. an converges = lim an = 0
n
n=1
= an < 1 as n = a2n < an , converges by CT.

X 1 X 1
False. converges, but diverges.
n=1
n2 n=1
n

X 1 X 1
False. diverges, but converges.
n=1
n n=1
n2

X X
True. Suppose an converges = an converges, .
n=1 n=1

Page 9 of 20
14. Which series is NOT convergent? ??

X ln n X n2 5n
(A) . (B) .
n=1
n2 n=1
n3 + n + 1
 
X 1 X 1
(C) sin . (D) .
n=1
n n=1
n1+1/n

Solution:

ln n 2 n 2
2
< 2 = 3/2 , converges by CT.
n n n
2
n 5n 1
lim = 1, diverges by LCT.
n n3 + n + 1 n
1 1 1
lim 1+1/n = lim = 1, diverges by LCT.
n n n n n n

 
1 1
lim sin = 1, diverges by LCT.
n n n

15. Which representation of function as a power series is correct? ??

??

X (1)n
(A) cos(x) = 1 + x2n .
n=1
(2n)!

X (1)n
(B) cos(x2 ) = 1 + x4n .
n=1
(2n)!

X (1)n 22n
(C) cos(2x) = 1 + x2n .
n=1
(2n)!

X (1)n 22n1
(D) cos2 (x) = 1 + x2n .
n=1
(2n)!

Solution:

!
1 1 1 1 X (1)n
cos2 x = + cos(2x) = + 1+ (2x)2n .
2 2 2 2 n=1
(2n)!

Page 10 of 20
} (, , , )
Fill-in-the-blank (5 questions, each worth 5 points, 25 points in
total, no penalty for wrong answers.)

X n1
16. Find the sum of the series . (Hint: Use lim sn .) ?
n=1
n! n

Solution: 1.
...................................................................
n! 1
sn = by Mathematical Induction on n:
n!
1! 1
For n = 1, s1 = 0 = , suppose true for n > 1, sn+1 = sn +
1!
n n! 1 n (n + 1)! (n + 1) + n (n + 1)! 1
= + = = .
(n + 1)! n! (n + 1)! (n + 1)! (n + 1)!

X n1 n! 1
= lim sn = lim = 1.
n=1
n! n n n!

X 1 X 1
Or: & both converge by Ratio Test.
n=0
n! n=1
n!

X n1 X 1 X 1 1
= = = 1.
n=1
n! n=0
n! n=1 n! 0!

Page 11 of 20
17. Find the 3rd-degree Taylor polynomial of (1 x)2/3 at 0. ?
??

2 1 4
Solution: 1 x x2 x3 .
3 9 81
...................................................................
f (0) = (1 0)2/3 = 1,
2 2 2
f 0 (x) = (1 x)1/3 , f 0 (0) = (1 0)1/3 = ,
3 3 3
2 1 2 1 2
f 00 (x) = (1 x)4/3 , f 00 (0) = (1 0)4/3 = ,
3 3 3 3 9
000 2 1 4 7/3 000 2 1 4 8
f (x) = (1x) , f (0) = (10)7/3 = .
3 3 3 3 3 3 27
0 f 00 (0) 2 f 000 (0) 3 2 1 2 4 3
T3 (x) = f (0) + f (0)x + x + x = 1 x x x .
2! 3! 3 9 81
X 2
2/3 3 (x)n
Or: (1 x) =
n=0
n
2 2 2 2
= 3 + 3 (x) + 3 (x) + 3 (x)3 +
2
0 1 2 3
2
2 2 1 (x) 2 1 4 (x)3
= 1 + (x) + + +
3 3 3 2! 3 3 3 3!
2 1 4
= 1 x x2 x3 + .
3 9 81

Page 12 of 20
18. Find the first three nonzero terms in the Maclaurin series of sec x. ??

1 5
Solution: 1 + x2 + x4 .
2 24
...................................................................

1 1
sec x = = 2 4
cos x x x x6
1 + + ...
2! 4! 6!
1 2 5 4
 1 + 2x + 24
x +
1 4
1 12 x2 + 24 x 1
) 1 12 x2 + 1 4
24
x +
1 2 1 4
2
x 24
x +
1 2 1 4
) 2
x 4
x +
5 4
24
x +

1 5
sec x = 1 + x2 + x4 + .
2 24

Or: f (x) = sec x, f (0) = 1,

f 0 (x) = sec x tan x, f 0 (0) = 0,
f 00 (x) = 2 sec3 x sec x, f 00 (0) = 1,
f 000 (x) = (6 sec3 x sec x) tan x, f 000 (0) = 0,
f (4) (x) = 24 sec5 x 20 sec3 x + sec x, f (4) (0) = 5.

X f (n) (0) 1 5
sec x = xn = 1 + x2 + x 4 + .
n=0
n! 2 24

Page 13 of 20
   ?
1+x X
19. Represent the function ln as a power series. (Hint: ?x? .) ??
1x n=?

X 1 + (1)n1
X 2 X 2
Solution: x2n1 or x2n+1 or xn .
n=1
2n 1 n=0
2n + 1 n=1
n
...................................................................

   
1+x 1
ln = ln(1 + x) + ln
1x 1x
n
X
n1 x
X xn X 1 + (1)n1 n
= (1) + = x
n=1
n n=1
n n
 n=1
x2 x3 x4

= x + +
2 3 4
x2 x3 x4
 
+ x+ + + +
2 3 4
2x3 x3
 
= 2x + + = 2 x + +
3 3

X 2 X 2
= x2n1 = x2n+1 .
n=1
2n 1 n=0
2n + 1

Page 14 of 20

X (2x 1)n ??
20. Let f (x) = . Find the domain of f (x) + f 0 (x). ??
n=1
n2

h 
Solution: 0, 1 (or 0x<1).
...................................................................
2
 (2x 1)n+1 (2x 1)n 
  
n
lim   n n + 1 |2x 1| = |2x 1|.
 = lim
n  (n + 1)2 n2
By Ratio Test, converges for |2x 1| < 1 0 < x < 1.
X (1)n
When x = 0, 2
converges;
X 1n
when x = 1, converges.
n2 h i
The domain of f (x) is 0, 1 .

X 2(2x 1)n1
f 0 (x) = , converges for 0 < x < 1.
n=1
n
X 2(1)n1
When x = 0, converges;
X2 n h 
when x = 1, diverges. The domain of f 0 (x) is 0, 1 .
n
h i h  h 
So the domain of f (x) + f 0 (x) is 0, 1 0, 1 = 0, 1 .

Page 15 of 20
 ( 100 100 )
Bonus (20 points in total. The total score more than 100 points
will only get 100 points.)
(). Match functions with power series. (1 point for each blank.) ? ??

X
X X 1
n
(A) x (H) (1)n xn (O) 2 xn

n=0 n=0 n=0

n
1
X xn X xn X
(B) (I) (1)n1 (P) (1) n 2
xn
n=1
n n=1
n n=0
n
 1
X xn X xn X 2 n
(C) (J) (1)n (Q) x
n=0
n! n=0
n! n=0
n
 1
X x2n X x2n X
n 2
(D) (K) (1)n1 (R) (1) xn
n=1
2n n=1
2n n=0
n

X x2n X x2nn
X (1)n x2n
(E) (L) (1) (S)
n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n)! n=0
22n (n!)2

X x2n+1 X x2n+1 X (2n)!
(F) (M) (1)n (T) xn
n=0
2n + 1 n=0
2n + 1 n=0
22n (n!)2
2n+1 2n+1
X x X x n
X (1)n (2n)! n
(G) (N) (1) (U) x
n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
22n (n!)2

(Hint: Fill uppercase alphabet as A, B, .)

1 1
(i) = A . (vi) = H .
1x 1+x

(ii) sin x = N . (vii) cos x = L .

(iii) ex = C . (viii) tan1 x = M .

 
1
(iv) ln(1 + x) = I . (ix) ln = B .
1x
1
(v) 1+x = O . (x) = R&T .
1x

Page 16 of 20
(). Sketch the polar curves. (2 points for each graph.) ?
??

(xi) r = 1 sin (xii) r = 2 sin 2 (xiii) r = 2 cos 2

x x x

(xiv) r = 2 sin 3 (xv) r = 2 cos 3

x x

Page 17 of 20
~ ( 100 100 )
Challenge (10 points in total. The total score more than 100
points will only get 100 points.)
(a). The sequence {an } is defined by the recurrence relation()
an1 + an2
a1 = 0, a2 = 1, an = for n 3.
2

2
Find lim an = . (5 points) F
n 3

Solution:
2 a3 = a2 + a1
2 a4 = a3 + a2
..
.
2 an1 = an2 + an3
2 an = an1 + an2
2 an = 2a2 + a1 an1 .

2
If {an } converges with lim an = a, then 2a = 2 1 + 0 a, a = .
n 3
Question: Does {an } converge?
2 2
a2n1 % & a2n & MCT .
3 3

Page 18 of 20
Solution: (Method of Power Series)

X
Let f (x) = an+1 xn .
n=0

f (x) = a1 + a2 x + a3 x2 + a4 x3 +
x a1 a2 a3
) f (x) = x + x2 + x3 +
2 2 2 2
x2 a1 2 a2 3
) f (x) = x + x +
2 2 2

x x2 a1 X an1 + an2 n1
(1 )f (x) = a1 + (a2 )x + (an )x = x,
2 2 2 n3
2

x 2/3 2/3
f (x) = =
(1 x)(1 + x/2) 1 x 1 + x/2
 
2 X
n 2 X 1 n n X2 1 n n
= x ( ) x = 1 ( ) x ,
3 n=0 3 n=0 2 n=0
3 2
 
2 1 2
an = 1 ( )n1 , lim an = .
3 2 n 3

Solution: (Method of Character Polynomial)

xn1 + xn2 2 x + 1
Assume an = xn , x 6= 0, xn = ,x = .
2 2
x+1 1
Solve character polynomial x2 = = x = 1, .
2 2
n 1 n
= general solution an = a 1 + b ( ) .
( 2
n = 0, a + b = a0 = 0,
Solve boundary condition: 1
n = 1, a b = a1 = 1,
 2
a = 2/3, 2 2 1 n 2
= = an = ( ) , lim an = .
b = 2/3, 3 3 2 n 3

Page 19 of 20
(b). The sequence {bn } is defined by the recurrence relation()
p
b1 = 1, b2 = 2, bn = bn1 bn2 for n 3.

Find lim bn = 22/3 . (5 points) ??

n
??

Solution:
b23 = b2 b1
b24 = b3 b2
..
.
b2n1 = bn2 bn3
b2n = bn1 bn2
b2n bn1 = b22 b1 .
If {bn } converges with lim bn = b, then b3 = 22 , b = 22/3 .
n
Question: Does {bn } converge?
b2n1 % 22/3 & b2n & 22/3 MCT .

Solution: b1 = 1 = 20 = 2a1 , b2 = 2 = 21 = 2a2 ,

p an1 +an2
bn = bn1 bn2 = 2an1 2an2 = 2 2 for n 3.
lim an
So lim bn = lim 2an = 2n = 22/3 . (By the continuity of 2x .)
n n

b2

b4 b6 b8 b9 b10
b5 b7
22/3 b3

b1

2 a2

a4 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10
3 a5
a3
n
0 a1

Questions End

Page 20 of 20