Pes eL\VEru R P
Lo v ltts-n
,\ : i"
cTER x
' {ciDoN.,\ ND T{RCE
$ NTRoDUCToRY
1C]I)oNA \,aS reno\\,ned anciently for its precious metals. ts
fame seems to lrave been de not so much to the actual tonnage
prrlcci as t tlre fact tlat it sppied Greece with gold at a time
llcn ticr Sorces, stch as those in Lydia, were exhausted or not
available; furtlrer, literary evidence of this period, either at first or
t second hanl, is allundant. Macedonian silver is stressed by
eroclotu vlcn lle rites of the sixth century' before Laurium
llecame importnt; later, it rvas eclipsed by the god'I Y tilogh
sLl_fcien.qanlit] 9 p-recios mels rvere bcing obtained in the
fifh centlry }.c. at l)1,sron and near Pangaeum to excite the
cu1lilit1,of lc Cjreci citics, anl thugh hilip of Macedon pro-
lced cntgll to ol[lil 'ersia in corrpting Greek politicians,
..
-. ,rollall]y mn1, of tle milres were most active in Hellenistic times,
)'{v/ i,]lcn-r'Ilzcz::l_stj]9!:!s!q l]si gr..ealgsig 3!d comP]g:(ity,
'\ c,lIl allslrl) 'c prccious metal. erseus, in preparnf_for
affipened many old workings and
carried ot mrc}r prspecting,2 and by r67 n.c. had amassed large
quantities of gold and siver;3 probaby Madenokhorio was largely
cx1lllied in thc sccond century' n 67 the Romans closed the
gold and siver mines,a partly to prever)t an one collecting re_
sotrces for a rcbclli-ln, partly becalse t'rey were warned by the
cnduc of te puhlici in Spain and desired to avoid unnecessary
oppression and conseqrent discontent among the natives, which
vorld be particuary dangerous in tlre new republics of Macedonia'
pparently in l58 the mines r,ere permitted to be reopened;5 but
tltcy vere abandnel after a timc, proballly olving to exhaustion
and to tlre nrnerous ars which a{l]icted this region in the late
rcplblic. or apparcnty did ugustus take much interest in
' '-he references will miny be found tnder the individul lcalities. Thse
which are to ge to scrillc to any prticulr district gre ethicus strics,
()osnog,83, nd Solinrs, ix. 3, derivcd frm gnous, the lost source written
perhaps in he first cenry .). ' Li, xxxir. z4.
I Livy, xlv.4o.
a Livy, rl. z9; Diodorus, xxxi. l3 (Beker). i. ( -.
! Cassiodoru, Chroticle ('igne, p. rzz3 c).
rir , a' 1
\, ,
\r5 i"1 EroP. Ov' igrsi}Y
D-, i es , o. . 1o*^'
( 195 5)
29 1-?'
P"er, . ox'c'
Mc)() ND TItC]
stt}tern Maceloni; rndcr hc empire it seems t have been one
of the more backrvard pats o[ the toman ord.
n Greek Maccdonia tlrc baser metals are uncommon; yet we
hear in ancient iterature o iron,t lcad,z caamine,] coer, and
malachite.a Theoplrrasuss shors t}at the last t\ryo came from near
Stobi, though thc mincs ha,e not been identified. The other
metals may havc bccn also derivcd from thc interior, -vlrere there
are many vorkings of uncertain date. robaby often civiized
merchants dic not kno the sorce of the metals that thcy were
buying in the market-to\ns from muntaineers.
$ iRr\ToVo AD oS()Go\
rtoo. on the borders of Serbia anl Bulgaria lies one of the
most important Saxon milting districts, that o (ratovo and
osogov.6 t the former argentiferous qaena and clracopyrite
occur, aS ell as ot}tcr minerals for rhich the ancients rvold have
hal no use. old vlrkings ae r)lrnerous, tllr:ugh mainly srnal and
scattcred. 'hey principally attackcd tllc glcna, and ratovo had
for a ong period mirt;but aci Fulf: mentions only copper,
and thc contrast vith (jutcnlil sgcsts, tlat no precios metals
vere bcing btainel in the scvcnteenth ccnturl'.
t )obre,o7 thc oll 'orkings are neat}1'ct vitlr a gad, therein
exhibiting thc llest traliti:ns of Greel and ]{oman st-vle. one adit
is about ln m. high an<l } nr. viclc, vell s1ared;another is larger, .
.
alld at the nllh of th shaft to hich it- lcals it videns out into
a small chamber. TIre shaft is rectangular and about 3 m. across;
Ilver down it tvists on its axis. ''lere arc other orkings lrelow,
als carefuly squared. 'illas o or or(: vere ieft to support the
roof, and abandoncci Stoes ere packed itlr vaste mterial.
ncient vorking can be proved on grounls of stye, though 1 ]
'1.
clirect evidencc for tlte presence of the {omans in tris district is _
'The apcryp}rl stry hat erseus'8on \0s a mih (nminn. xi. r.3)
-
;
my inlicc ull ir<rn inlstry in tgccd:ni irr th ecnd cenltry n.c. Cp. lro .l..,',i
ihlogi l'o!lino, ix' 55z. ' ''oius orbis Dtriio, 3l'' :']:l-'
] Diiscorides, . 74i cP, on Lippmann, nlslchung und usbreiung dcr ' ' '
clenie,p. 5gz.
a Vitrvis,ii.g.6;Pliny,..xxxiii.4.89;Dioscorides,v.89. Livy'xv1
s .a?.z6.
z9 slrws that cop1rer nnd iron vcre ex1rloie in 67 ,}'c.
6 Cijic, Geoogie lo cedoim nd !sabien1]onc, sBl',1
xix (l9zo), \
p. l; both give detailed lists of tlre plces wbcre ore occurs. lo Jireek,
- : l;
eoU' x' p. 75.
? should 1ike t thank tlre Zlet'o ines Co. for thcir kindness in entertin'
i "i ;o/l'i ing mc anl slrowing me rornd th:ir cncession . .
-t
r.i
 'z\CjDoN .,\ND TRC MclDo I)'1'ICll
l \\'S'ERN cEDoNA Dysoron, ".o.t.t,,.' .p", lclt l )}s(lrlll. r,lriclt
ncicnt athos, loIgh tcy ilac muc to say robably Stirllysa ncnr tlc solrce ' tlr: (irlllilln; t-lc nritcs
. about mines near r6ui_e at 'an:lrli,'illornkr, all 1lg1'|11119 'a1lrat.2 n tIte
thc coast, cspcciay in thc Panacum rcgion,
aic singuariy
formative abt trc intcrior' '.,i, i. p.rty ".l"_
r.g.y ;;; ,;_;i;
tcndcncy t copy rathcr to rescarh; .lro ut.,:r.1,, ."r;.; ;;; l Lotgod a day;tris figre Sggcsts tlat eilrr:r pl:rcers at tle lreads of
.than
scanyor r'l 1lcrills rvhcn inncr N,Iaccdonia '-.-f6c vallcys or concentriltirn-zrncs at thc rlt:rrll]s wcre first tnpped.
.lc
to thc editcrancan rld, trc cary clcnistic
rvas bcst kno.,a, ,.r{"d . ''h"
Roman cnrlirc. L;rom'l.c latter'"vjlavc stray
gc and ,r" l.,.. l'" ancicnt ork consists f stopcs clnectellrv n:lrrow gaieries,3
l11.
rmarls, especialy Most vcin laterial lras been remo.ed, an Irer: lrrs leen fornd
abut gold-nililrg. )l.ing tlrc lrrrcr th" rc"oni";
pcrha1ls cvclpci the l.csl.ccs.l. t]cir
ki;;r' ony some earthl, lin-ltite, llriclr n annlgalatiln yieldci a little
posscssioIls,,p-;r;;; gid' ;inds at ilirlir srlv tlut tle .c$Lln l'as c.xpIred i pre.
as vcli as:llorlg tllc crast, llrt thcir ht on
thc upi'lc \/arlar vas historic tincs; tllis regin lny lrl,c llccrl tle sotrce f le galena
shattccd lly thc Galic ilrvasill, ancl al mincs
dcscrtcd. ''hephr;sts2 lras a nticc ui'"o.l i,,s*
ir.r" rr-bnri, *,#,,
spffin frorn Var1:rofts: clntnining o.6o7 per cent. siver.
f"; ;";;;;''';l North-cast o[ )-rnrglu or tlrc tp f tllc rilgc rc cist-graves
maachitc ncar Stobi, rvhcre mlct sla llas lreen
fuIr'c' ." ;ll; vhich pcrhaps bclong to tlrc early rrl ge. 'IJt tlrcrc are no
excavations. l]inc, lv1losc sitc is rn]lto,u,i, .".,.,
to tavc p.o,uc"J prehistoric scttlcments in the hill-cr)nty lhc (r }alkan,
sor1c sot o lliullrcn anl lt nrctl.:t
an crootls'rvorls SIgcst lllt tlc lllincs 'crc op:red in thc
1itll ccntlry ll.:. 'l'!g2r}Urj.stl i,g_.ils .!,!'l 'Lq!'as
\ t(Rjs }l,lt;\ Gllrarnana ''vas inhahitcd in llolrran illlcs.

$ c,c)cD
c1iosi rs n '[alenlklrio arc nany ntinerni dcpnsits, cs1lccilly galelra
nn1 lrsc'rical nn 1lvriic ()res! nll cllliling prc:ils metnls;
t)cy outcro on bllr sides .,f 4t. Stratolili, cspclilry at co-
kllliolr, svlro' all ,ipsln (olylnl'is). ''lc sllg-llcaps cxtcnl
as rr solItll as lcvcnik alll to i-lalhIa lt lc lrtlr <r[ -, Voivi ;a
ore wS probal1y 1ransportcd frr as tlrc lclrl spIics l fcl faied.
probablv ,iclc llucll ql1, ]lll lc otijc ;i' :,,,;:';;";;;i
1
L'lrc nrcients ttackcd thc orc-blies vith lany sll:s nnl galeries ;
S ln 1o \xy cr)nl)aralc to tia in tll: ).rlllltll lnincs thcir vorings nre ond es1lecially at tlt: ricllest deplsi, at the
of nlrth-
lvcstcrn S1lil.
il.rsccing ,I tllc vcils, ,1cre tlc re :tnsal'r ) t() per ccnt.
l Sec allr.e, 'nf . z(.
n. :.1 l. , 'lrc<rphrsts La|'.
, 2' '
sil'cr and l5 [r,t. goll 1lcr ol.!
']'hcsc sjrt:s sllrlul,l llc r:gltl-li
.a. s , ,,.,u,,', ,,.nl,,,l 1r,,rrlr,ri""':i,..',"j.l.
('/ 'Iic|r rcmaincl il le 1lar .iIl tll:,n,,t, p,,.1l",,t:..eltl lnrerin 2 ;reisc, 7.lll,.\cfr,\,I (lo7), p. 99.
\. )rIrts l;.c ll:cIl cl1l1.qssg| :rs t,1 ]11'111"1 siI ndhcrinq. ' . 7.
J ,ck,Goirl,i()rrrrtncnrllrrlin. nkeitthntll)erercthemines
it *,,,,l,l l4 lle:c:lsarr'rl lrrcJt the
l .|,] atc' rvashing' atl q,r.i'rltt s.lls. |lr Eip1,c111" (De )itla, i. zo dcscritled lly lim as llnvin1 lleer cxploeJ in R7.
- (iihn,i'044)si\'s]lill1llIt ''lrl::rs,,..,rl,a,,,l .',,.l,,l'"lr.;l111| ,,'11thnl,',.r"I- 1 (-]). the Iocnlities gi'en :y (]lerq}endiq' ; (ol.s), n. 88.
l' rvhicll forlns a rtt|ltl at a Jrv tctl1)cr:ll.c. 'r't,;'.,'ii,l" ..,";^',^'.:':-'l,':'',':::::' r Sngi, lieotic (}alo.', xxiii (l9z8), 1r. 67; xxv (l().]o). l:' (l' Clron
( [lut tlle llshin,.:lttd lrc:lillq l,.,,,,.=.", (jl[cedonia,7'lrre, 1 ///-l,ria) crncueq frln lt: ntlte SiJek1lisi or Sidcro-
/ crates' vrds pro,: hnt tlc 11rlil vns f.gcl ^.".i,,';i,''. ';; ;;,';:;l,;l',^.:::: ];;:
1r l]lakc cps, rvhich 'ns the nrninistrtie centre in ''rrl<isll tiltles, thnt ircn wa:
' and rot to p:rifv ir j'nl si'cr;rll coppcr, lr,ic' i" wlla}c 1tte grlrils c:gtlte exploited. Jlt this vord llrlllnlllv cntnins he 'l'rkisll ht, n even if hc
\' l\tharcideg (z6-tt),Icscri:e. t",,, l;i.-l.:r]il rJ
' l (i]orlls,'(J fir8t pnrt i dricd [161 .Joc, 'rrlr_Iirt', slllv il le ilIlrl I)ernir_iar,
i,,i,9 i',,\: i f,,lT),i. is n cnmon designtior in the }lknns n dleq ]}t l)r()\'c irrn-srrelting in thc
'' '|'ir.llsc' '15. vlcnty'
. to I
 234 {C,DoA ND TRc'
,$.i*
:'.''' 'hc mincs can lrarly lla,c becn opened llcforc thc mil<llc of
,j'i! the fourth ccntry .c., tlgh coinS of rhilip and lexandcr
the Grcat frm tc ccpest vorkings and one of Cassaner li.om
: lloarl at ,ipsad slt'"l that tllcy ,ere lnolvn not mlc ater;
fbr tlre absecc of any ref'erence to them in hc scccl of the
r\cntlians at SPrt irl tl: ealy frth centry, rvherein the gocl
f ang:cln ilnd ohc rcsorces the contry lre ncntio;ed,
outwe;g)s rgltments lrasel on the hilr trillte o cities irr this
eion in the fith centry, and proes tlat NadenolIlorio \as not
yct discovercd. Stagira rSe to prosperity nder Philip o.cedon,
anl ristotlc rray havc inormed lrim hc mincs. l)ring the
cllc',istic pcrill tllcy vcrc activcly expoitcd, :lld the tnetal_
lrgical site lt Neolltlrion may late frm tl-is time. 'ley ere
p:csmably among tllose closcd by the Senate in t(ry .c.' Tlrc
silniarity to l{omln tcchnical metho-ls may slow that they were
repened in l58 .c.,3 tlougl advanced mining techniqle \,as not
indigenous to taly, republican managers in Spain being content
t use lnskillcd native methods; nor dicl the repblic of Salonica
issc mcll silvcr cinge at tlris period'a t is not l<nown rvhen
{alenokhril finally cllsel dovn, brt there is no evidence for an
imperi:l date, an thc tlrvn of Stagira vas deserted in Strabo,s
tilnc.s
'he castle at Stagins and the Bvzantine site at Lipsada Suggest
that thc mincs cre again l)cing levelped. n the sixteenth cin-
trry trc ''rls cxpite them vigorously; they are mentioned by
[aci lal in tllc scvcntccr]th ccntly and by dc la Rochette at thl
cn[ o tllc ciglltc:ntll, vrile CoIsiniry6 says that Larihova vas
sil vorking s1lrralicl[y in r83l. t is lncertain when the older
slg vas resmcltl. }dln apparcnty Sarv sofne, and yct knows
ony of lninin{;llt it lnay havc mostly been removed before his
ine, as tltere is sill a little on tIre hils.
$ ,.GAEU DSTRICT
or ancicnt altlroritics mention tlre gold- and si:,er-mines
Pr,'t
to their laving-becl-!pcl.at an earlv date at-Eap!3FlL
t cno1rlron, !ell., . 2. |+-lo'
J Cassidorls, C}ronicle (,lign, ' zz1 c).
;'4i
a Gebler, ZeischrilJ:r uisnik, xxiii (9oz), p. l4I.
9\; !
5 Sral:o, vii, fr.
35; c1r. l)i Clrryssonr, xlvii. 9- .
u L'oj'ge s l |'lclloie.
'Cjl.])ON )' RC
t n_ u35
itcrlry crvcrti; tIrc act 1uantity o ancient slag scems in no
\iy (:oII11)lrlllc itlr lltt rtll ttc largcr (oan incs. Some
infirln,,nis lrc liscrcetly vftc,' smc rcfer cllry to placers,'
vhilc mcntins l'silvcr sliluld imply vcin-mining'3 The place-
n.lllcs tiven ll:llcietrt athrs clrllllc ls t distinlisl three or
tilrl'listricts. l)rllcs:rls is prlIllllly idcltical witl the
1r:r'1ls
)ravcscs lf tllc )cilgcr ''[:le; it rs siutcd ncar ngista,
Irlcss a Stxge ()tl tllc nr:p lras llccn rlnlittel and it is realy Drama.a
lt appcrs not tl ltave lleclr clsc to alry nline, but to have been a
settlcrrelrt intenlc to control the 1istrict.5 ,Tle placers were at
Cellilcs, l:rer naIncI 'lili1lpi ;6 it vrs lr,cre tt 'hiip obtained
1is grc:t callr.7 this district vcre ls.l tlrc mincs of Asyla, at
a plcc ltcr culled )iolyss' -ill ;8they v:re probalrly also pacers,
n sya seems t() bc tlrc isoted mond near hilippi, caled by
-euzey9 Macar T'epe and by 'Iertsidis'' la, vhcrc there vas
smeting in Roman timcs; for there is no dircct evidence of mining
or of ore ner )inar Ragi.'' Scapteshyle, which prodced gold and
siver,'2 is perlups tlre modern ski (avala, so the orkings would
,ucin, ci o[v, ' oi ,, z4 ('ieubner, i, p, zz7, iii, p. z96), speak of
gld und sitver mincl in 1'lrrcc, vhich might lle l{hodope, but probbly refcr
toangaeum.SoJusin,iii.3.lz,rrian,lna.vii.9.3,Strabo,33,tht
tlrere ,erc silcr-mincs in ''hrucc t the time of Plrilip of lacedn; also onnul,
Dio. xliii. 46-7, on tlre sil'er rcks of th Strym.ln. enophn, }ll.,z. 7,
peks oI gld frm 'ngueum. Strbo, ii, fr. 34, tlrat there vere mines on cch
side o[ the Strynon s far as )ncni; pcrhps he hs confusc the Strymon rith
tlre ngigs, in hich casc tle llrin's ny be in he ercketli puin; othcrrri
tlley cluld be Jlz )a( nd )nqeul, r plncers on the Sryron for_l,hich
tlerc is no e,idcnce, rr )nlgacltr vih igrit or l)ysoron. Strlr,68o,?tiny,
,//. ii..56. I97, lIld lygilrus, ;bul,274, sny hc c'lmus discovered god_
lniles r l)ungaeulrt; )amigeron, a.3, spcaks f god froln l'hilippi.
t Strbo, 33 l , thn t g lll as 1r llulled p i 'e rnia ; Aristotle, }Lt ir. usc. 15'
that aftcr rin pre gll is frulrl in thc 'aeonin 1llacers; 'liny, N.y', xxrvii.
4. 57, peaks of n forrn rlf 'liallronl', 1lerlps qurz, from the 'hilippi plcer. ,
''he lrines of I'ieri ill ristote, iLlir. uc.47, are prboby on the lalicmon, \
cp.Jtll, lxii (,r3z),1t. 45. \
J -erodotus, ii. tlz, lrlentions gold nd silver, Strbo,33l, siler from \'
angaculn, cp. uripidcs, Rles. 17o' iv 6.os fis ia'jo ooe.
o-f
' Cp. ilcr, ierri Ro' p.585; )erdrizet,.i/lo (t9ro), rr. .
'6 {erodotus, ix.75, lhucydidcs, i.Arisole, loo. 3.
VIir. usc.42' s0ys ht gold w
Ferodtus' ix.75, Strbo,33.
found on tlre old i1ls, wing loubless o concntruion fer ruin.
Livy, xlv. z9, 7 Dirdorus, xi. 8. t r\ppin, lJ,C. iv. lo6.
9 :l/isslo rcliolotlique de |[cirie. e ritel it 1adjiar 'cpe.
| oi i,o. " tefaari, See below, p. u36.
' Lucretiu, vi. 8o8_rr; rcellinus, V.'hucydidis, t9; llcrodotr, i.46,
vho ony rrentirrs gld.