INDEX CRIME ANALYSIS IN METRO ANGELES

MABALACAT: A COMPARATIVE
STUDY

An Undergraduate Research Study

Presented to
The Faculty of the Institute of Criminal
Justice and Law Enforcement
Jose C. Feliciano College Foundation

In Partial Fulfillment
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE
CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

By

Raymond P. Gopez
Louie John G. Ibbay

October 2017
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

The Crime is defined in Bouviers Law Dictionary, Rawles

Third Revision, 729, as an act committed or omitted in violation

of a public law forbidding or commanding it.

On one reference, the Oxford dictionary defines crime as an action

or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by

the state and is punishable by law. The word crime may be

synonymous to illegal activities or actions that are deemed evil,

shameful or wrong.

However, there are various concept of crime on how it is defined

and made to apply by the different countries.

In the paper entitled Is Poverty the Main Cause of Crime? written

by Susan Thomas, a criminologist at Oxford University argues that

an actual definition of the concept of crime is still somewhat

contested and ambiguous as diversities in paradigms affected by

culture, tradition and religion set different sets of standards.

She illustrates the point in the case of moral transgressions such

as kissing in public are punishable by incarceration or

imprisonment in Dubai; but is accepted in a somehow more liberal

society towards public display of love and affection like the

Philippines.

The United Nations published paper in 2009 entitled, Urban Safety

and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific, crime is said to be often

defined as a breach of the law.

In that very same study, it is pointed out that threats to safety

and human security have a growing impact in the Asia-Pacific region

ranging in scale and scope such as terrorist attacks, public

disturbances and riots driven by ideological tensions, violence in

the community and households, forms of abuse, physical and armed

assaults, gang activity and the likes. Although crime and safety

have universal tendencies that go beyond geographical, social and

cultural borders, there still remain local characteristics

indigenous to one.

As regards these various crimes, the PNP has taken strict focus on

suppressing these Index crimes since these are the serious offenses

which may be done by the lawless persons.

In the Philippines, the Revised Penal Code (Republic Act No. 3815)

serves as the basic law that defines criminal offenses and provides

the penalties for the commission of such. For statistical purposes

and to create a standardized definition of crime classification,

crime is further divided into index and non-index crimes.

As explained in the case of People v. Santiago, 43 Phil. 120, 124,

the state has the authority, under its police power, to define and

punish crimes and to lay down the rules of criminal procedure.

States, as a part of their police power, have a large measure of

discretion in creating and defining criminal offenses.

In the case of U.S v. Pablo, 35 Phil. 94, 100, the right of

prosecution and punishment for a crime is one of the attributes

that by a natural law belongs to the sovereign power instinctively

charged by the common will of the members of society to look after,

guard and defend the interests of the community, the individual

and social rights and the liberties of every citizen and the

guaranty of the exercise of his rights.

Index crimes, as defined by the Philippine National Police (PNP),

these are crimes which are serious in nature and which occur with

sufficient frequency and regularity such that they can serve as an

index to the crime situation. It involves crimes against persons

and property, such as: Murder, homicide, Physical Injury, Rape,

Robbery, Theft, Carnapping, and Cattle Rustling.

Non-index crimes, on the other hand, are violations of special

laws such as illegal logging or local ordinances. However, the

study only aims to make comparisons of the recorded index crime

that transpired specifically within the boundaries of Metro

Angeles - Mabalacat.
Basically, this research study is proposed to make comparisons in

the recorded Index Crimes between the Metro Angeles - Mabalacat.

To give information which between the Angeles City and Mabalalcat

City transpired the most number of index crimes. Also, to give

percentage rate of all Index crimes committed in Angeles City and

Mabalacat City from January to May 2017. And to give

recommendations, in order to improve crime prevention programs in

Angeles and Mabalacat City.

In view of this study, the researchers find it essential to define

the index crimes as mentioned, to wit:

Murder, as explained in Art. 248, book two of the Revised Penal

Code, is the unlawful killing of any person which is not parricide

or infanticide, provided that any of the following circumstances

is present:

a. With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with

the aid of armed men, or employing means to weaken the

defense, or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity;

b. In consideration of a price, reward or promise;

c. By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck,

stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a railroad,

fall of an airship, by means of motor vehicles, or with the

use of any other means involving great waste and ruin;

 d. On occasion of any calamities enumerated in the preceding

paragraph, or of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano,

destructive cyclone, epidemic, or any other public calamity;

e. With evident premeditation;

f. With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the

suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his

person or corpse.

Homicide, as explained in Art. 249, book two of the Revised Penal

Code, is the unlawful killing of any person, which is neither

parricide, murder, nor infanticide provided that any of the

following circumstances is present:

a. That a person was killed;

b. That the accused killed him without any justifying

circumstance;

c. That the accused had the intention to kill, which is presumed;

d. That the killing was not attended by any of the qualifying

circumstances of murder, or by that of parricide or

infanticide

In the crime of Physical injuries, it is a generic term among the

following crimes: Mutilation (Art. 262 of the Revised Penal Code),

Serious Physical Injuries (Art. 263 of the Revised Penal Code),

administering injurious substance or beverages (Art. 264 of the

Revised Penal Code), less serious physical injuries (Art. 265 of

the Revised Penal Code), slight physical injuries and

maltreatment. (Art. 266 of the Revised Penal Code)

Mutilation is defined as the lopping or the clipping off of some

parts of the body. However the law provides for the two kinds of

Mutilation, to wit:

a. By intentionally mutilating another by depriving him, either

totally or partially, of some essential organ for

reproduction.

b. By intentionally making other mutilation, that is, by lopping

or clipping off any part of the body of the offended party

other than the essential organ for reproduction, to deprive

him of that part of his body.

Administering Injurious Substances or Beverages is committed by

inflicting upon another any serious physical injury that was done

by knowingly administering any injurious substance, and that he

had no intent to kill.

Less Serious Physical Injuries is committed by any person who shall

inflict upon another physical injuries which shall incapacitate

the offended party for labor for ten days or more, or shall require

medical attendance for the same period.

Slight Physical Injuries and Maltreatment is committed by

inflicting upon another physical injuries which shall incapacitate

the offended party for labor from one to nine days, or require

medical attendance during the same period. Moreover, it is also

applicable for physical injuries which did not prevent the offended

party from engaging in his habitual work or which did not require

medical attendance. Further still, this crime is applicable for

the ill-treatment of another by deed without causing an injury.

In the crime of Rape, as provided for under Art. 266 of the Revised

Penal Code, it is committed by a man who shall have carnal

knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances:

a. Through force, threat or intimidation;

b. When the offended party is deprived of reason or is otherwise

unconscious;

c. By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of

authority;

d. When the offended party is under twelve years of age or is

demented, even though none of the circumstances mentioned

above be present.
Furthermore, it is also committed by any person, under any of the

circumstances mentioned above, through sexual assault by inserting

his penis into another persons mouth or anal orifice, or any

instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another

person.

As explained under Republic Act No. 8353 or the The Anti-Rape Law

of 1997, the crime of rape can now be committed by a male or a

female. Before its amendment, rape could only be committed by a

male person.

The crime of Robbery is committed by any person, who with intent

to gain, shall take any personal property belonging to another, by

means of violence against or intimidation of any person, or using

force upon anything.

Theft, on the other hand, is committed by any person who, with

intent to gain but without violence or intimidation of persons nor

force upon things, shall take personal property of another without

the latters consent.

Theft is likewise committed by:

a. Any person who, having found lost property, shall fail to

deliver the same to the local authorities or to its owner;

 b. Any person who, after having maliciously damaged the property

of another, shall remove or make use of the fruits or object

of the damage caused by him; and

c. Any person who shall enter an inclosed estate or a field where

trespass is forbidden or which belongs to another and without

the consent of its owner, shall hunt or fish upon the same or

shall gather cereals, or other forest or farm products.

Carnapping, on the other hand, is the taking, with intent to gain,

of a motor vehicle belonging to another without the latters

consent, or by means of violence against or intimidation of

persons, or by using force upon things.

Motor Vehicle as defined by Republic Act No. 6539 or otherwise

known as Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972, is any vehicle propelled

by any power other than muscular power using the public highways,

but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers,

sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts,

amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public highways,

vehicles, which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers

and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural

purposes.

Cattle Rustling, as provided for under Presidential Decree No. 533

or otherwise known as THE ANTI-CATTLE RUSTLING LAW OF 1974, is

defined as the taking of any large cattle whether for gain or not

by any means, schemes or methods and without the owner's consent.

It may be committed with or without violence or intimidation or

force upon things. Killing of large cattle, taking of their meat

or hides, are also considered violations of PD 533 if done without

the owner's consent.

PD 533, the Cattle Rustling law, is not considered a special law.

Rather, it is a modified version of malicious mischief. As such,

the penalties for its violation are governed by the Revised Penal

Code; that was the intent of its maker (Canta vs. People, GR

140937, February 28, 2001.)

As explained in the book entitled Fundamentals of Criminology by

Dr. Rommel K. Manwong, index crime is considered as violent crimes

which defined as a crimes of threat or actual or physical harm by

an offender to a victim. It presents not only index offenses that

everyone recognizes as violent. (Murder, Rape, Robbery) or other

acts involving force and intimidation but also violent crimes

that are commonly categorized as social problem such as domestic

violence, child abuse, elder abuse, etc.

The list of index crimes as herein provided by the Philippine

National Police (PNP) will be the factors to use in making

comparisons by gathering the numbers on how many times they were

committed at a specific span of time between Metro Angeles-

Mabalacat. Each of the index crimes that happened in both cities

will be gathered by the researchers, and will be presented on the

following chapters using the graphs.

Both cities may differ in number and in many aspects pertaining to

its achievement in preventing and eliminating crimes, but their

differences is not a hindrance in identifying on how to prevent a

certain index crime by making comparisons also on how they prevent

it on their own ways.

The over view on both cities are as follows:

Angeles City is a highly urbanized city located geographically

within the province of Pampanga in the Philippines. It is bordered

by Mabalacat to the north; Mexico to the east; San Fernando to the

southeast; Bacolor to the south; and Porac to the southwest and

west. The city administers itself autonomously from Pampanga and,

as of the 2015 census, it has a population of 411,634.

Mabalacat City, on the other hand, is a component city in the

northern part of the province of Pampanga in Central Luzon,

Philippines. The former municipality was officially converted into

a city following a referendum on July 21, 2012 and became the third

in Pampanga after Angeles City and San Fernando. According to the

2010 census, it has a population of 215,610 people.

The safety of ones person and security of ones property are

widely viewed as basic human rights and are essential to the

communitys overall quality of life (Plant and Scott, 2009). The

City of Angeles and Mabalacat have not been spared from the daily

occurrence of crimes.

In view of this, the researchers find it essential to give the

specific data of the recorded index crimes that occurred from

January May 2016.

In Angeles City, based on the report as provided by the PNP Camp

Olivas, in the City of san Fernando, Pampanga, there is a specific

number of Four Hundred eighty and four (484) commission of Index

Crime from January May 2016.

The breakdown are as follows:

a. Murder- 5

b. Homicide 5

c. Physical Injury 36

d. Rape 22

e. Robbery 136

f. Theft - 231

g. Carnapping 49

h. Cattle Rustling 0
In Mabalacat City, based on the report as provided by the PNP

Mabalacat, there is a specific number of Two Hundred sixty and

eight (268) commission of Index Crime from January May 2016.

The breakdown are as follows:

a. Murder- 1

b. Homicide 9

c. Physical Injury 184

d. Rape 12

e. Robbery 15

f. Theft - 34

g. Carnapping 13

h. Cattle Rustling 0

The Philippine National Police (PNP) has enacted a set of

interventions to address this problem. This research study aims to

give insights of the interventions which are possibly effective in

its execution between the two cities.

In the book entitled Fundamentals of Criminology, authored by

Rommel K. Manwong, it provides that one way for enhancing the

prevention for the commission of a crime is by conducting Police

visibility, which can be done in three ways: Physical presence by

being visible as police and easy to locate police units; Patrolling

scheme through mobile, integrated, and widespread, supportive, and

redundant coverage; and Response which should be proper, adequate

and timely (ideal is 5 minutes response time).

Increasing the police population should also mean producing more

quality graduates from the police academy who shall maintain peace

and order and ensure public safety and internal security. The

police are the first line of defense against crime. It has been

concluded that crime will be reduced if the number of police will

be increased. The PNP has targeted a 1:700 police-to-population

ratio in 2010; 1:600 in 2020; and 1:500 in 2030. The actual police-

to-population ratio for 2010 was registered at 1:662, better than

the target. With the hiring of additional police officers, the

ratio has further improved to 1:620 as of March 2013.

Police beats ensure that the policing needs of local areas are met

with a service customized to each individual locality. PNP defines

a beat patrol as one or two police officers (usually 2 or buddy

system) moving about on foot within the designated beat in order

to maintain order, prevent crimes and enforce laws and local

ordinances. The number of beat patrol operations shall be based on

the given number of beats per 8 or 12-hour shift. Beat policing

is a strategy designed to make individual police officers

responsible for the communitys policing needs in a defined

geographical area (Queensland Police, 2014). Beat patrols are also

commonly known as foot patrols.

The theoretical expectation of an increased police presence would

be crime reductions as a result of an increase in perceived risk

by offenders (Andresen and Malleson, 2014).

In the book entitled Industrial Security Management Manual,

authored by W.M Corpuz and D.B.S Delizo, it points out that one

way of maintaining peace and order is through conducting Police

Checkpoints. It is a location where the search is conducted which

is duly authorized by the PNP to deter the commission of the

crimes, enforce the law, and for other legitimate purposes.

Checkpoints are important in maintaining public safety and

reducing criminality in the streets. PNP describes checkpoints as

the conduct of at least 2 hours police check of vehicular and/or

pedestrian traffic by at least 8-man complement in a place normally

considered chokepoint or crime hotspot in order to enforce control

measures, laws, ordinances and other regulations; police stations

shall be required to organize a minimum of 3 teams and conduct

simultaneous checkpoints within 8 or 12-hour shift.

Moreover, checkpoints must not cause inconvenience nor intimidate

citizens. Instead, they should provide a real sense of safety and

security (PNP, 2013). Fell et al. (2008) and Lacey et al. (1999)

assert that sobriety checkpoints not only result in arrests for

the driving-while-intoxicated (DWI), but also yield apprehensions

for stolen vehicles, illegal firearms, outstanding warrants, and

drug violations (Fell, 2013). The strategy of using high-

visibility traffic enforcement not only raises perceived

probability of apprehension, but may also raise the perceived risk

of being arrested for other criminal activities (Fell, 2013).

According to the analysis of Marvell and Moody (1996), it affirms

the hypothesis that the prevention benefits of hiring more police

officers are greater in higher-crime cities than in places where

crimes are less prevalent. One major theory about the crime

prevention benefits of hiring more officers is that it reduces

police response time. The initial studies of the response time

hypothesis produce strong evidence suggesting that a decrease in

police response time could lead to the arrest of many more

offenders. Another major theory about the benefits of a larger

police force is that it enables police officers to conduct more

random patrols. The analysis of Koper (1995) of the Minneapolis

Hot Spots Patrol data found a very strong relationship between the

length of each police patrol presence and the amount of time the

hot spot was free of crime after the police left the scene.

In a research study entitled Assessing CCTV as an effective safety

and management tool for crime-solving, prevention and reduction,

authored by Vivien Carli in 2008, CCTV technology is deemed as an

efficient and successful tool for reducing crime rates within

targeted areas. There have been, and continue to be, countless

studies devoted to proving this stance and asserting the claim

that CCTV systems are useful and at times the best solution. Such

studies suggest that CCTV systems have preventative and reactive

measures, revive business in desolate or poor areas, increase the

efficiency of the police force, build social cohesion, protect the

private environment of citizens and assure confidence and ensure

feelings of safety and security, thus leading to a more ordered

and stable society.

Video surveillance is a technology system of surveillance by

cameras, which can be set up and used by public authorities on

public places for crime prevention and/or crime prosecution. It is

a multifunctional technology, initially used to manage risk in

cases of traffic jams, fire, accidents and crime (Hempel & Tpfer

2002). The system consists of video cameras connected in a closed

circuit television. Images are sent to a central television monitor

or recorded in a control room (European Commission for Democracy

Through Law 2007).

CCTV systems can provide warning signs of potential criminal

offences and act as a reactive tool. CCTV monitors crowds and

individuals, responds to threats and thus notifies the operator(s)

of harmful behaviour and actions before, during and after the

occurrence of an event (McCahill & Norris 2002a). For example,

video surveillance cameras have been extremely useful in

identifying the offenders of the 1994 Bishopsgate bombing and the

July 7, 2005 London bombings (Switzerland Federal Department of

Police and Justice, 2007). In Barcelona, video surveillance

cameras allowed authorities to find a young Spanish man who

aggressively attacked a LatinoAmerican man in the metro (Cambon

2007). Such events have spread awareness on the effectiveness of

the system as a safety tool, which has enticed countries, like

Germany, to install CCTV systems in public transit systems in the

case of preventing and recognizing similar events. CCTV systems

offer constant surveillance in places where humans cannot see,

i.e. tunnel of a train. In the case of an incident (fire), this

technology can inform and conduct both helpers and others on the

situation and possible exits for escape (Muller and Boos 2004).

Furthermore, they can be an effective tool for surveying

sensitive areas when other security forces are not available

(Switzerland Federal Department of Police and Justice, 2007).

CCTV surveillance is grounded in the criminology theory that

suggests potential offenders are less likely to commit crime if

they believe they are being watched or have a greater risk of being

apprehended. This is also known as the rational choice theory (La

Vigne et al. 2011). CCTV is also grounded in situational crime

prevention strategy, which argues that opportunities to offend can

be reduced by altering a variety of mechanisms such as increasing

the risk of an offender being apprehended, increasing the effort

to commit the crime, decreasing rewards from crime commission, and

reducing provocations that give rise to criminal opportunities (La

Vigne et al. 2011). This means that the offender must be aware of

the added surveillance for it to achieve its desired effect.

Further, proponents of public surveillance systems also believe

that such systems have the ability to increase perceptions of

safety among citizens, as well as encourage citizens to use public

spaces they know are guarded by surveillance (La Vigne et al.

2011). Through increasing the number of citizens using public

spaces, more individuals can potentially serve as witnesses to

crimes, presenting the possibility of greater crime reduction.

As described by Cornish and Clarke (2003), CCTV is a form of

formal surveillance, meaning that not only does CCTV have the

ability to take the place of police or security officers but CCTV

can also enhance officers capabilities (Welsh and Farrington

2008). In addition to functioning as a deterrent, cameras can alert

police of crimes as they happen, which can enable officers to

respond quickly and efficiently (La Vigne et al. 2011). On a

larger scale, the use of CCTV also presents the possibility of

aiding in the criminal justice system, as video footage of a crime

may help in investigations and prosecutions (La Vigne et al. 2011).

In the book entitled Industrial Security Management Manual,

authored by W.M Corpuz and D.B.S Delizo, it states that one way of

improving the crime prevention is by way of improving the lightings

along dark streets. Protective lighting provides a means of

continuing illumination during hours of darkness, a degree of

protection that is maintained during daylight hours. This

safeguard also has considerable value as deterrent to thieves and

vandals. It is an essential element of an integrated physical

security program.

Moreover, according to this study, when the protective lightings

are properly employed, it offers reduction to the need for security

forces. And for personal protection for forces by reducing the

advantage of concealment and surprise for a determined truder.

Also, the relieved security forces could be used to better

advantage elsewhere.

As Filipinos who have been brought up in the Philippines, members

of this team share the same sentiments about the state of personal

safety and security we experience. Accounts from friends and family

who have had experiences being victimized by theft, robbery,

assault and the likes cause a sense of eeriness in the land we

call our home. Wandering mendicants, snatchers, pickpockets and

hold-uppers are just a few of the entities that threaten our sense
of safety and securities, thus making us feel vulnerable to

criminality.

This research study will give insights of the several ways of

preventing various crimes through the state implemented measures

in protecting its people.

Basically, this research study is proposed to make comparisons in

the recorded Index Crimes between the Metro Angeles- Mabalacat.

The researchers will provide information which between the Angeles

City and Mabalalcat City transpired the most number of index

crimes. Also, to give percentage rate of all Index crimes committed

in Angeles City and Mabalacat City from January to May 2017. And

to give recommendations, in order to improve crime prevention

programs in Angeles and Mabalacat City.

THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

When dealing with Social School of Criminological Theories,

there are three main categories of theory developed on the subject.

The American society we live in is filled with social strata,

caused by the imbalanced distribution of wealth and power in a

capitalist system (Siegel, 2010). These theories are comprised of

Social Structure Theories, which asserts that the main cause of

crime is belonging to the underprivileged poor class of society,

Social Process Theories, which claim that the main cause of crime
is because of interactions that people have with associations,

institutions of society, and various procedures within that

society. The last theory is the Social Control Theory, which

maintains that crime is caused; by peoples ties that bind, those

to societal rules become weakened.

Social Structure, Social Process, and Social Control were the

theories used by the researchers in this study. These give details

and idea in what the researchers were trying to find out.

Social Structure Theories

The main tenet of social structure theories maintains that

crime is committed because they are poor (Siegel, 2008). These

theories consist of the Social Disorganization Theories, the

Strain Theories, and the Cultural Deviance Theories. While all of

the theories contained under the heading of social structure

theories maintain that crime is committed because they belong to

the poverty-stricken poor classes they all differ on some

principles. The socioeconomic structure of American society is

the root cause of crime for all of the theories in this section.

Today, more than 37 million Americans live in destitution,

populating the lower class neighborhoods. These neighborhoods are

filled, with insufficient housing, poor quality health care,

dysfunctional family life, more depression, less employment, less

desire to achieve, and more prone to producing people more inclined

to immediate gratification. These values are given from older

members of the neighborhood, down to the youngest, which in turn,

does the same. (Siegel, 2010)

Social Process Theories

These theories reflect that people having negative

relationships with people and institutions they are around daily

cause crime. Family relationships play a critical role in

determining criminality. If the relationships are positive then

people can succeed within the boundaries of the law. It is when

these relationships are not positive that the criminal element is

formed. Since they cannot realistically succeed in the

conventional way, criminal measures may be the only practical way

to achieve success. This subgroup of theories include, social

learning, differential association theory, neutralization theory,

and social reaction theory. (Siegel, 2008)

Social Control Theory

Social control theorists believe that any person has the

tendency to commit crime. The theory goes on further to state

that crime is attractive and profitable. Criminologists ask the

question when using this theory why not commit crime. The answer

that they have come up with is that some people obey the rules

because of a sense of morality, while others conform to the

socialization of society, and obey the rules out of a sense of

commitment to that conformity. Earlier versions of social control

theory claim that people with weak egos, low self-esteem, and no

self-control commit crimes. (Siegel, 2008)

Definition of terms

The purpose of this is to clarify all the terms stated in

this research to be able give a common frame of reference for the

study:

Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which the

Philippine government (via mechanisms such as legal system) can

ultimately prescribe a conviction. While every crime violates the

law, not every violation of law counts as a crime; for example:

breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as offenses

or as infractions.

Crime prevention refers to strategies and measures that

seek to reduce the risk of crimes occurring, and their potential

harmful effects on individuals and society, including fear of

crime, by intervening the influence their multiple causes.

Homicide refers to the act of a human killing a human being.

A common form of homicide, for example, would be murder. It can

also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this
issue is rare in modern English. Homicide is not always an illegal

act, so although homicide is often used as a synonym for

murder, this is not formally correct.

Index crimes refer to those violations of the penal code

considered to have socioeconomic significance, and occur with

sufficient regularity to be meaningful. These include crime

against person (murder, homicide, physical injury and rape), and

crimes against property (robbery and theft).

Murder refers to the act of human killing if committed with

any of the following attendant circumstances: (1) with treachery,

taking advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed men,

or employing means to weaken the defense or of means or persons to

insure of afford impunity; (2) In considering of a price, reward,

or promise; (3) By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion,

shipwreck, stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a

street car or locomotive, fall of an airship, by means of motor

vehicles, or with the use of any other means involving great waste

and ruin; (4) On occasion of any of the calamities, or of an

earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic

or other public calamity; (5) with evident premeditation; (6) with

cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of

the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse.

 Rape is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse

with another person without that persons consent.

Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence

or intimidation, as opposed to stealth or fraud (which is theft).

At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of

another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that

property, by means of force or fear. Robbery differs from simple

theft in its use of violence and intimidation.

Serious physical injuries refer to the act of a human

wounding, beating, or assaulting another, shall be guilty of the

crime of serious physical injuries.

Theft refers to unauthorized taking, keeping or using of

anothers property which must be accompanied by a mens rea of

dishonesty and/or the intent to permanently deprive the owner or

the person with rightful possession of that property or its use.

Research Paradigm

Input-process-output was the structural framework used for the

study as shown in figure 1. The input is Index crime analysis in

metro Angeles to Mabalacat: A comparative study. The process to be

utilized is through conducting a survey by using set of

questionnaires which will be answering by the Police force in both

Angeles and Mabalacat City Police Stations. Finally, using this

process the output of the study will be helpful for the researchers

to suggest a responsive recommendation which may lessen the Index

crime rate in both Angeles and Mabalacat City.

Research Paradigm

Figure 1

INPUT
INDEX CRIME ANALYSIS IN METRO ANGELES-MABALACAT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

PROCESS
Conducting interviews in both Angeles
Survey Questionnaire
and Mabalacat City

OUTPUT
The result of the survey will be the It may lessen the commission of the
basis for the recommendations will be Index crimes through the
given by the researchers recommendations and suggestion given
Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses

This research study is conducted to focus only on the Index

Crimes Analysis in Metro Angeles-Mabalacat: A Comparative Study.

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following problems.

1. What are the Index crimes recorded by the police force in

Angeles City from January to May 2017?

2. What are the Index crimes recorded by the police force in

Mabalacat City from January to May 2017?

3. Which between the Angeles City and Mabalacat City transpired

the most number of Index crimes.

4. What is the percentage rate of all Index crimes committed in

Angeles City and Mabalacat City from January to May 2017?

5. Which of the index crime is recorded as the most prevalent to

happen in your area of jurisdiction?

6. What recommendations may be developed in order to improve

crime prevention programs in Angeles and Mabalacat City?

Hypotheses

There is a significant difference in terms of the Index crime rate

in both Angeles city and Mabalacat city.

 CHAPTER 2

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

The researchers presented the research tool used in gathering
the data. This chapter contains the research design, research
locale, data gathering tool/s, data gathering procedure, treatment
of the data.

Research Design

The researchers used descriptive method that includes

quantitative type of data gathering. Quantitative data gathering

includes the survey form wherein the questions were asked to

determine the main problem and includes interviews. These

questions were formulated based on the different factors

considered in the questionnaire. The questionnaires were

distributed to the respondents; afterwards the findings from the

survey were tabulated and examined to test if the data would be

relevant to study. The researchers also used internet and borrowed

references at the library.

Population of the study

The population of the study is preferably the members of the

Philippine National Police (PNP) whose area of duty is within the

cities of Angeles and mabalacat. The total population of the

respondents both from the Cities of Angeles and Mabalacat consists

of four hundred and three (403). Three hundred (300) from them

come from Angeles City, and the other one hundred three (103) come

from Mabalacat City. However, the researchers used the slovins

formula to determine the specific number of the respondents to be

given the questionnaire. With that, the result came up to a total

population of two hundred fifty and two (252). The population

comprises of one hundred seventy one (171) from Angeles City, and

eighty one (81) from Mabalacat City. However, some of the police

officers, although present at the time of the giving of

questionnaires, deliberately refused to answer for the reason that

they were busy. With that, we only came up to a total respondent

of one hundred thirty and five (135. Ninety one (91) of each came

from Angeles Station, and forty four (44) of which came from

mabalacat City Station.

Data Gathering Tool/s

This research used the form of survey by way of giving

questionnaires among Philippine National Police (PNP) in both

Angeles and Mabalacat city. The researchers provide one hundred

and fifty (150) sets of questionnaires to be given among Police in

both cities. The method used by the researchers is quantitative

method. Several data gathering method have also taken place such

as library research, internet research and visit the Detective

Bureau (DB) record that led the researchers to the essential data

needed.

Data Gathering Procedures

After the questionnaire has been approved, the first step

made by the researchers was to direct to the Police Station of

both the Cities of Angeles and Mabalacat to get the data of the

total number of population of the Philippine National Police (PNP)

within vicinity of both Municipalities. Then, the survey has been

conducted among the said Police officers. On September 18 and 19,

2017, the researchers started to distribute the survey among the

police officers in Mabalacat Station. On the other hand, the

distribution of survey among the police officers in Angeles Station

was conducted on September 20 and 21, 2017. Finally, after

completing all the survey forms, the researchers started to

tabulate the data.

Statistical Treatment

In order to obtain the specific number of respondents for

this study, the researchers directed to the Police stations in the

Cities of Angeles and Mabalacat. Then, we are immediately given

the copy of the total number of Police officer. However, to

determine the certain number of police officers to be given the

questionnaire as the respondent, the slovins formula is applied.

Formula:

Total no. of Police officers in Angeles City and Mabalacat City

(403)

Angeles City (Slovins Formula)

n = N / (1+Ne2)

n = 300 / (1+300x0.05^2)

n = 300 / 1.75

n = 171.43

Mabalacat City (Slovins Formula)

n = N / (1+Ne2)

n = 103 / (1+103x0.05^2)

n = 103 / 1.26

n = 81.74

252 = total number of respondents 62.53% of the Police

officers in Both Cities of Angeles and Mabalacat.

The questionnaires were distributed strictly only to the

Police officers assign in the Cities of Angeles and Mabalacat.

With the 403 total population, there were only 252 Police Officers

who must be given the survey questionnaire as per provided by the

slovins formula.