The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Department of Building Services Engineering

Programme : MEng in Building Services Engineering (33082)

MSc/PgD in Building Services Engineering (04001)
MSc/PgD in Fire and Safety Engineering (04001)

Level : 5

Subject : Lighting Engineering (BSE511)

Session : 2011/2012 Semester 2

Date : 20 April 2012

Time : 7:00 pm 10:00 pm

Time Allowed : 3 hours

This question paper has 11 pages.

Instructions to Candidates:

1. This is an open book examination.

2. Answer any FOUR questions.
3. All questions carry equal marks.

Recommended list of materials allowed to be taken into the examination venue:

1. Electronic calculators, printed books, articles and class notes.

DO NOT TURN OVER THE PAGE UNTIL INSTRUCTED

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1. (a) State the two colour properties which are often considered when selecting lamps for
a space. Define these properties and explain why they have to be considered in the
selection of lamps for a space.
(5 marks)

(b) Explain the meaning of the following two loci in the CIE chromaticity chart:
(i) spectrum locus
(ii) Planckian (full-radiator) locus
(2 marks)

(c) A T5 fluorescent lamp has a spectral power distribution as given in Table Q1. The
CIE colour matching functions are also given in Table Q1. Find:
(i) the light output of the lamp
(ii) the CIE X, Y, Z tristimulus values with Y normalized to 100
(iii) the CIE x, y chromaticity coordinates
(iv) the CIE u, v chromaticity coordinates
(v) the correlated colour temperature of the lamp (given Figure Q1.1)
(vi) the dominant wavelength and the purity of the light emitted from the lamp
(given Figure Q1.2).
(18 marks)

Table Q1
Spectral power distribution S() of the T5 fluorescent lamp and
CIE colour matching functions in 30 nm intervals
Wavelength S() x () y () z ()
(nm) (mW nm-1)
400 13.34 0.014 0.000 0.068
430 21.75 0.284 0.012 1.386
460 6.67 0.291 0.060 1.669
490 15.95 0.032 0.208 0.465
520 4.64 0.063 0.710 0.078
550 64.09 0.433 0.995 0.009
580 32.19 0.916 0.870 0.002
610 77.72 1.003 0.503 0.000
640 19.14 0.448 0.175 0.000
670 6.67 0.087 0.032 0.000
700 9.57 0.011 0.004 0.000
730 2.03 0.001 0.001 0.000
760 1.16 0.000 0.000 0.000

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Figure Q1.1 CIE 1931 (x,y) chromaticity diagram showing isotemperature lines. Lines of
constant correlated colour temperature are given to every 10 reciprocal 106K.

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Figure Q1.2 CIE 1931 (x, y) chromaticity diagram showing the spectrum locus, the
full-radiator locus and the equi-energy source.

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2. A rectangular room of size 6 m 4 m and floor to ceiling height of 2.7 m is to be

illuminated by 6 symmetrical downlight luminaires (see Figure Q2). The intensity
distribution of the luminaire in any C plane is given in Table Q2.1. Each luminaire has a
flat light emitting surface of diameter 150 mm at ceiling level. It contains 2 lamps; each
lamp has an initial output of 1800 lm. The reflectances of the ceiling, walls and floor are
0.7, 0.5 and 0.2, respectively.

Calculate the UGR for a seated person (eye level at 1.2 m above floor) at the middle of
the longer (6 m) wall. Required data are given in Tables Q2.2, Q2.3 and Q2.4.
(25 marks)

6m

1m

1m 2m 2m 1m

4m 2m

observer view
1m
direction

Figure Q2 (not to scale)

Table Q2.1
Luminous intensity distribution in cd per 1000 lamp lm
Angle (degrees) Intensity (cd/klm)
0 510
5 502
10 414
15 309
20 293
25 275
30 255
35 231
40 200
45 164
50 125
55 87
60 57
65 28
70 19
75 10
80 7
85 2
90 0
All intensity values for angles from 90 to 180 inclusive are zero.

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Table Q2.2 Zonal multipliers

Zone
Zone factor Zonal multiplier
(degrees)
0-10 0.0955 1.000
10-20 0.2835 1.000
20-30 0.4629 1.000
30-40 0.6282 0.836
40-50 0.7744 0.573
50-60 0.8972 0.489
60-70 0.9926 0.285
70-80 1.0579 0.033
80-90 1.0911 0.000

Table Q2.3 Transfer factors TF(x,W) (RI = 1.6 & reflectances = 0.7, 0.5, 0.2):
TF(F,W) = 0.166 TF(W,W) = 1.310 TF(C,W) = 0.463

Table Q2.4 - Guth position index

H/R
T/R 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90
0.00 1.00 1.26 1.53 1.90 2.35 2.86 3.50 4.20 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.10 9.25 10.35 11.70 13.15 14.70 16.20 - -
0.10 1.05 1.22 1.46 1.80 2.20 2.75 3.40 4.10 4.80 5.80 6.80 8.00 9.10 10.30 11.60 13.00 14.60 16.10 - -
0.20 1.12 1.30 1.50 1.80 2.20 2.66 3.18 3.88 4.60 5.50 6.50 7.60 8.75 9.85 11.20 12.70 14.00 15.70 - -
0.30 1.22 1.38 1.60 1.87 2.25 2.70 3.25 3.90 4.60 5.45 6.45 7.40 8.40 9.50 10.85 12.10 13.70 15.00 - -
0.40 1.32 1.47 1.70 1.96 2.35 2.80 3.30 3.90 4.60 5.40 6.40 7.30 8.30 9.40 10.60 11.90 13.20 14.60 16.00 -
0.50 1.43 1.60 1.82 2.10 2.48 2.91 3.40 3.98 4.70 5.50 6.40 7.30 8.30 9.40 10.50 11.75 13.00 14.40 15.70 -
0.60 1.55 1.72 1.98 2.30 2.65 3.10 3.60 4.10 4.80 5.50 6.40 7.35 8.40 9.40 10.50 11.70 13.00 14.10 15.40 -
0.70 1.70 1.88 2.12 2.48 2.87 3.30 3.78 4.30 4.88 5.60 6.50 7.40 8.50 9.50 10.50 11.70 12.85 14.00 15.20 -
0.80 1.82 2.00 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.50 3.92 4.50 5.10 5.75 6.60 7.50 8.60 9.50 10.60 11.75 12.80 14.00 15.10 -
0.90 1.95 2.20 2.54 2.90 3.30 3.70 4.20 4.75 5.30 6.00 6.75 7.70 8.70 9.65 10.75 11.80 12.90 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.00 2.11 2.40 2.75 3.10 3.50 3.91 4.40 5.00 5.60 6.20 7.00 7.90 8.80 9.75 10.80 11.90 12.95 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.10 2.30 2.55 2.92 3.30 3.72 4.20 4.70 5.25 5.80 6.55 7.20 8.15 9.00 9.90 10.95 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.20 2.40 2.75 3.12 3.50 3.90 4.35 4.85 5.50 6.05 6.70 7.50 8.30 9.20 10.00 11.02 12.10 13.10 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.30 2.55 2.90 3.30 3.70 4.20 4.65 5.20 5.70 6.30 7.00 7.70 8.55 9.35 10.20 11.20 12.25 13.20 14.00 15.00 16.00
1.40 2.70 3.10 3.50 3.90 4.35 4.85 5.35 5.85 6.50 7.25 8.00 8.70 9.50 10.40 11.40 12.40 13.25 14.05 15.00 16.00
1.50 2.85 3.15 3.65 4.10 4.55 5.00 5.50 6.20 6.80 7.50 8.20 8.85 9.70 10.55 11.50 12.50 13.30 14.05 15.02 16.00
1.60 2.95 3.40 3.80 4.25 4.75 5.20 5.75 6.30 7.00 7.65 8.40 9.00 9.80 10.80 11.75 12.60 13.40 14.20 15.10 16.00
1.70 3.10 3.55 4.00 4.50 4.90 5.40 5.95 6.50 7.20 7.80 8.50 9.20 10.00 10.85 11.85 12.75 13.45 14.20 15.10 16.00
1.80 3.25 3.70 4.20 4.65 5.10 5.60 6.10 6.75 7.40 8.00 8.65 9.35 10.10 11.00 11.90 12.80 13.50 14.20 15.10 16.00
1.90 3.43 3.86 4.30 4.75 5.20 5.70 6.30 6.90 7.50 8.17 8.80 9.50 10.20 11.00 12.00 12.82 13.55 14.20 15.10 16.00
2.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 4.90 5.35 5.80 6.40 7.10 7.70 8.30 8.90 9.60 10.40 11.10 12.00 12.85 13.60 14.30 15.10 16.00
2.10 3.60 4.17 4.65 5.05 5.50 6.00 6.60 7.20 7.82 8.45 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.20 12.10 12.90 13.70 14.35 15.10 16.00
2.20 3.75 4.25 4.72 5.20 5.60 6.10 6.70 7.35 8.00 8.55 9.15 9.85 10.60 11.30 12.10 12.90 13.70 14.40 15.15 16.00
2.30 3.85 4.35 4.80 5.25 5.70 6.22 6.80 7.40 8.10 8.65 9.30 9.90 10.70 11.40 12.20 12.95 13.70 14.40 15.20 16.00
2.40 3.95 4.40 4.90 5.35 5.80 6.30 6.90 7.50 8.20 8.80 9.40 10.00 10.80 11.50 12.25 13.00 13.75 14.45 15.20 16.00
2.50 4.00 4.50 4.95 5.40 5.85 6.40 6.95 7.55 8.25 8.85 9.50 10.05 10.85 11.55 12.30 13.00 13.80 14.50 15.25 16.00
2.60 4.07 4.55 5.05 5.47 5.95 6.45 7.00 7.65 8.35 8.95 9.55 10.10 10.90 11.60 12.32 13.00 13.80 14.50 15.25 16.00
2.70 4.10 4.60 5.10 5.53 6.00 6.50 7.05 7.70 8.40 9.00 9.60 10.16 10.92 11.63 12.35 13.00 13.80 14.50 15.25 16.00
2.80 4.15 4.62 5.15 5.56 6.05 6.55 7.08 7.73 8.45 9.05 9.65 10.20 10.95 11.65 12.35 13.00 13.80 14.50 15.25 16.00
2.90 4.20 4.65 5.17 5.60 6.07 6.57 7.12 7.75 8.50 9.10 9.70 10.23 10.95 11.65 12.35 13.00 13.80 14.50 15.25 16.00
3.00 4.22 4.67 5.20 5.65 6.12 6.60 7.15 7.80 8.55 9.12 9.70 10.23 10.95 11.65 12.35 13.00 13.80 14.50 15.25 16.00

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3. (a) (i) Define daylight factor and name the 3 components of daylight factor.

(ii) Write down the formula used to calculate the average daylight factor of a shallow
room defining each symbol in the formula. What is the shallow room criterion for
the validity of this average daylight factor formula?
(7 marks)

(b) An open-plan office for 12 people operates 5 days a week with a core period of 09:00
17:00 for 50 weeks of the year and is contained in a room 12 m by 8 m with a floor
to ceiling height of 2.8 m. The room has windows in the 12 m side that face east with
no obstructions. There is little direct sun penetration during the work period so that
blinds are not necessary. All the windows are above a sill height of 0.85 m, with a
glass area of 18 m2 and are distributed evenly over the window wall. The windows are
double glazed with a transmittance of 0.7 and a negligible reflectance. The room
surfaces reflectance values are: Ceiling 70%, Walls 50% and Floor 20%. The work
requires a maintained illuminance of 500 lux on the desk surface. The room is to be lit
by a regular array of ceiling recessed fluorescent lamp luminaires with white louvre
attachments which provides a reasonably wide distribution of light. Each luminaire is
equipped with two 1.5 m, 58 W, triphosphor lamps (colour 840) with a lamp light
output of 5200 lumens when new. The total luminaire load including the lamps and
control gear is 118 W per luminaire. The Utilization Factor of the luminaire in the
room is 0.67. The room is a clean environment and the lighting equipment will be
regularly cleaned and a maintenance factor of 0.8 is assumed.

(i) Calculate the average daylight factor when the windows and room surfaces are
clean. Does the room satisfy the shallow room criterion for the average daylight
factor calculation?
(ii) Calculate the number of luminaires required using the lumen method. Calculate
the installed lighting power density and the total energy (kWh) consumed per
year without any daylighting contributions.
(iii) Suggest a daylight linking switching off luminaire strategy and estimate how
much electric energy (kWh) savings can be realized using the data given in
Tables Q3.1 and Q3.2.
(18 marks)
Table Q3.1
Unobstructed outdoor horizontal illuminance Eo Fraction of offices hours
Eo 13000 lux 30%
8000 lux Eo < 13000 lux 30%
Eo < 8000 lux 40%

Table Q3.2
Room depth from window wall Daylight factor
1/3 of room depth nearest window 1.6 Average daylight
i.e. from window wall to 2.67 m from window factor
Middle 1/3 of room depth 1.0 Average daylight
i.e. 2.67 m from window to 5.33 m from window factor
Rear 1/3 of room (furthest from window) 0.4 Average daylight
i.e. 5.33 m from window to 8 m from window factor

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4. (a) Describe, with sketches, the CIE B- coordinate systems used in the measurement and
presentation of the intensity distribution of floodlight luminaires. Which angle, B or ,
corresponds to the vertical angle and which corresponds to the horizontal angle in
Figure Q4.2?
(5 marks)

(b) A tennis court for tournament of 22 m 11 m is illuminated using floodlights on six

lamp posts with layout sketch as shown in Figure Q4.1. The lamp posts are 10 m high
and set back 3 m from the side lines of the court. Each lamp post holds two floodlights
with floodlight data and isocandela/zonal flux diagram shown in Figure Q4.2. Using
the assumptions given below:

(i) calculate the average maintained illuminance on the court;

(ii) estimate the glare rating for a tennis player standing at the centre of the bottom
line (point P in Figure Q4.1) viewing towards the centre of the court.

Assumptions:
The floodlights are aimed at 2/3 of the court width.
Initial lumen output of lamp = 60,000 lm
Maintenance factor MF = 0.7
Eye level of observer is 1.7 m above ground.
Reflectance of the court is 0.3.
(20 marks)

22m

11m View direction

P

3m

11m 11m
Figure Q4.1 Sketch of tennis court area with lamp posts (not to scale)
( indicate positions of lamp posts.)

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Figure Q4.2
Floodlight data and diagram. (Values in isocandela diagram are in 1000 candela units per
1000 lamp lumens. Zonal flux values are in lumens per 1000 lamp lumens.)

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5. A prestige hotel complex has an atrium which is cylindrical with a diameter of 16 m and
a ceiling to floor height of 20 m. The ceiling consists of a centrally located glazed roof
light of perfectly diffusing translucent material of diameter 8 m and a circular ring of
luminous ceiling of inner diameter 8 m and outer diameter 16 m as shown in Figure Q5.
The hotel is located in a low-density sub-urban area so that there is no obstruction
surrounding the atrium.

Circular luminous ceiling with inner Glazed roof light,

diameter 8 m and outer diameter diameter 8 m
16 m 1 Diameter=8 m
2

Note:
The numbers 1,2,3,4 are used to label the Height=20 m
3
interior surfaces of the atrium.
1: Glazed roof light
2: Luminous ceiling
3: Wall
4 Circular floor
4: Floor
Diameter=16 m

Figure Q5 (not to scale)

The glazed roof light consists of a perfectly diffusing translucent material with
transmittance of 0.5. The circular luminous ceiling has a perfectly diffusing light
emitting property. During the day, when there is daylight transmitting through the roof
light, the circular luminous ceiling ring is also turned on giving a luminance of
2,500 cd/m2 in order to make the atrium visually more pleasing. Suppose the daylight
illuminance incident on the top of the roof-light is 20,000 lux:

(a) Calculate the direct illuminance at the centre and at the edge of the floor due to
both daylight and the luminous ceiling.
(9 marks)

(b) Write down a set of equations in terms of the luminous exitances of the surfaces M1,
M2, M3 and M4, the reflectances 1, 2, 3 and 4 and the flux transfer form factors
fij (i,j = 1 to 4). (You do not have to give the numerical values of fij and i (i,j = 1 to
4) in this part of the question.)
(4 marks)

(c) The set of flux transfer form factors fij and the reflectances i are given in Table Q5.
Using the inverse matrix given in Table Q5, or otherwise, solve the equations and
determine the average illuminance on the floor and the wall.
(12 marks)

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Table Q5. Flux transfer form factors, reflectances and inverse matrix.
Flux transfer form factors:
f11 = 0 f12 = 0 f13 = 0.8661 f14 = 0.1339
f21 = 0 f22 = 0 f23 = 0.8806 f24 = 0.1194
f31 = 0.0433 f32 = 0.1321 f33 = 0.6492 f34 = 0.1754
f41 = 0.0335 f42 = 0.0896 f43 = 0.8769 f44 = 0

Reflectances:
Roof light 1 = 0.2
Luminous ceiling 2 = 0.5
Wall 3 = 0.5
Floor 4 = 0.3

The following inverse of a matrix may help in solving the equations:

1
1 0 0.1732 0.0268 1.0069 0.0208 0.2928 0.0539

0 1 0.4403 0.0597 0.0173 1.0524 0.7404 0.1282
0.0217 0.0661 0.6754 0.0877 0.0366 0.1111 1.6207 0.1497

0.0101 0.0269 0.2631 0.0202 0.0577 0.4492 1.0434
1

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6. (a) The following are three different methods of providing artificial lighting for an
interior:
general lighting
local lighting
localized lighting

(i) Explain the differences in the design techniques and discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of the above lighting systems for a large open-plan office.

(ii) Are all the above lighting systems suitable for a classroom for lectures and
tutorials? Discuss.
(16 marks)

(b) Explain the power quality factors that are required to be considered in choosing the
light source and luminaires for a printing company having many rotating machines
running at multiples of 50 Hz.
(9 marks)

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