International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838 848

www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

Heat transfer in a circular tube fitted with free-spacing

snail entry and conical-nozzle turbulators
P. Promvonge a,, S. Eiamsa-ard b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand

Available online 21 May 2007

Abstract

The paper presents the effect of a free-spacing snail entry together with conical-nozzle turbulators on turbulent heat transfer and
friction characteristics in a uniform heat-flux tube. The insertions of the conical or converging nozzle (C-nozzle) with different
pitch ratios (PR) in common with the free-space snail entry are examined in a Reynolds number range from 8000 to 18000. A
substantial augmentation of heat transfer for using the C-nozzles and snail entrance is expected by a strong influence from nozzle-
induced reverse/re-circulation motion and snail-produced vortex/swirl motion for high Reynolds number. The experimental result
shows a considerable increase in friction factor and heat transfer over the plain tube under the same operation conditions. Over the
range investigated, the Nusselt numbers for employing both the enhancement devices with PR = 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 are found to be
higher than that for the plain tube around 315%, 300% and 285% respectively. The results obtained are correlated in the form of
Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and pitch ratio. For performance comparison at equal pumping
power, both the enhancement devices with the smallest pitch ratio perform the best, especially at low Reynolds number. The
present results are also compared with correlations obtained from similar enhancement devices but without free-spacing entry.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Heat transfer augmentation; Swirl flow; Re-circulation/reverse flow; Turbulator; Snail entry; Enhancement device

1. Introduction

The development of high-performance thermal systems has still stimulated considerable interest in methods to improve
heat transfer. The conventional heat exchangers are improved by means of various augmentation techniques with emphasis
on many types of surface enhancements. Augmented surfaces can create one or more combinations of the following
conditions that are favorable for the increase in heat transfer rate with an undesirable rise of friction: 1) disruption of the
development of boundary layer and increase of the turbulence intensity, 2) increase in heat transfer area, and 3) generation
of swirling/rotating and/or secondary flows. For the effective performance evaluation of passive augmentation methods for
example twisted tape, wire coil, and extended surface which are used in force convection situations, both the heat transfer
and flow friction characteristics of the enhancement technique must be known [13]. The convection heat transfer along

Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kppongje@kmitl.ac.th (P. Promvonge).

0735-1933/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2007.03.020
 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848 839

Nomenclature

A Heat transfer surface area (m2)

Cp,a Specific heat of air (J/kg K)
D Inner diameter of tube (m)
Do Outer diameter of tube (m)
f Friction factor
h Average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
I Current (amp)
k Thermal conductivity of air, (W/m K)
L Length of test tube (m)
l Pitch length (m)
m Mass flow rate (kg/s)
Nu Nusselt number
P Pressure drop (Pa)
PR Pitch ratio, l/D = 1+S
Pr Prandtl number
Qa Heat transfer absorbed by air (W)
Qconv Convective heat transfer (W)
Re Reynolds number
Ret Reynolds number of turbulator
Rep Reynolds number of plain tube
s Space length (m)
S Space ratio, s/D
t Thickness of tube, m
Tb Bulk temperature (C)
Ti Inlet temperature (C)
To Outlet temperature (C)
Tw Wall temperature (C)
Tw Mean wall temperature (C)
U Average axial velocity (m/s)
V Voltage (volt)
V Volume flow rate (m3/s)

Greek symbols
e Enhancement efficiency
Density (kg/m3)
Dynamic viscosity (kg/s m)

the tube wall can be improved significantly by introducing the reverse/re-circulation flow with a view to increasing the
effective axial Reynolds number, decreasing the cross-sectional area of flow, and increasing the mean velocity and
temperature gradient. This is because the reverse flow can induce the higher heat fluxes and momentum transfer due to the
large effective driving potential force but also higher pressure drop. The strength of reverse flow and the reattached position
are the main interest in many heat transfer applications such as heat exchangers, combustion chambers, gas turbine blades,
and electronic devices. Yakut and Sahin [4] experimentally studied the heat transfer and friction characteristics in a uniform
heat flux fitted with conical-ring turbulators used to provide reverse/turbulent flows in each module of the conical rings.
Therefore, significant improvement of heat transfer along the tube wall was reported. The enhancements of heat transfer in
a uniform heat-flux circular tube fitted with conical-nozzles and swirl generator were also experimentally investigated by
Promvonge and Eiamsa-ard [5]. In their research, the conical-nozzles were placed in a test tube with three different pitch
ratios of conical-nozzles, apart from the snail mounted at the tube inlet. The use of the conical-nozzle in conjunction with
840 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848

the snail entrance led to maximum heat transfer rate up to 316% over the plain tube besides a substantial increase in
pressure loss as well. Eiamsa-ard and Promvonge [6] again reported the influences of V-nozzle inserts on heat transfer, flow
friction, and enhancement efficiency characteristics in a uniform heat-flux tube with three pitch ratios. They found that the
use of V-nozzles led to a considerable increase in heat transfer rate and a maximum gain of 1.19 on enhancement efficiency
was obtained for the smallest pitch ratio used at low Reynolds number. This indicates the crucial effect of the reverse/re-
circulation flow can promote the heat transfer rate in tubes.
The snail/swirl flow generators have been known to be effective in increasing convection heat transfer coefficients
and also used in augmentative heat transfer in many engineering applications such as heat exchanger, drying process
and vortex combustor. The swirl flow devices can be classified into two types: the continuous swirl and the decaying
swirl flows. The former represents the swirling motion that persists over the entire length of the tube for example
twisted tape [7,8], coiled wires inserts [9,10] and helical grooves, while the latter means the swirl created at the entrance
of the tube and then decays along the flow path [1116] for example the radial guide vane swirl generator and the
tangential flow injection device. In the decaying one, the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop decrease along
with the axial distance, while in the continuous one, the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop keep constant
throughout. Apart from experimental work as mentioned above, Zhang et al. [17,18] numerically studied swirling
turbulent flows and heat transfer in an annular duct and in a novel vortex heat exchanger by considering the effect of
swirl number, inlet axial velocity, and ratio of inner to outer radius on the mean flow and turbulence properties, as well
as on enhancing heat transfer in the duct. Wei et al. [19] proposed a new algebraic turbulent mass flux model, which
properly accounts for swirl-turbulence interactions while Lee et al. [20] conducted the numerical work using a large
eddy simulation to investigate the effect of swirl on the heat and momentum transfer in an annular pipe flow with a
rotating inner wall. Simulation of three-dimensional incompressible turbulent flow inside tubes with helical fins was
also presented by Kim et al. [21].
The methods of generating swirl can be classified into three main categories [22]. The first is the tangential flow
injection to induce a swirling fluid motion down the tube [5,1115]. The second is the guide vanes swirl generators
[16,22,23] which can be grouped into two types: radial guide vane and axial guide vane. The last type is the direct
rotation of the tube. In the present work, the snail/swirl generator (tangential flow injection) is normally fitted at the
entrance of the tube. Therefore, the swirl is intense at the entrance and decays downstream of the flow. This technique
causes the rise in tangential flow velocity, prolonging residence time of the flow in the tube, thinning boundary layer
and enhancing the tangential and radial turbulent fluctuation and therefore results in a significant increase in heat
transfer rate inside the tube.
The above literature review indicates that the tube fitted with conical-nozzle turbulators and snail swirl generators are
among the most effective and practical methods for augmenting heat transfer in tubes. However, the common use of both
enhancement devices leads to a substantial increase in pressure drop across the tube [5]. Thus, the efficient utilization of
both enhancement devices can be compromised by arranging in a suitable configuration to obtain the optimum pressure
loss and heat transfer. To reduce the rise of pressure loss from utilizing the enhancement devices but still favorable the
heat transfer rate, a free-spacing snail entry is introduced. This concept comes from the fact that the local heat transfer is
much high in the developing flow region or at around 10D downstream of the tube inlet in the turbulent decaying swirl
flow as suggested by Ref. [16]. Therefore, this experimental investigation is to examine the heat transfer enhanced by the
multiplicative effect of C-nozzle turbulators and a free-spacing snail entry. In the experimental test, the first C-nozzle is
placed at 10D downstream of the tube inlet (with PR = 2.0, 4.0, and 7.0) while the snail is mounted at the test tube
entrance.

2. Experimental investigation

The experiments were carried out to examine the effect of free-space snail entry and C-nozzle inserts on heat transfer
and fluid flow characteristics of air flow in a tube. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is illustrated in Fig. 1.
The flow system consisted of a 2.2 kW blower, orifice meter to measure the flow rate, and the heat transfer test section.
The test-tube section made of copper having a 47.5 mm inner diameter (D) and 50.5 mm outer diameter (Do), was
1250 mm long (L) and 1.5 mm thick (t) as depicted in Fig. 2. The tube was heated by continually winding flexible
electrical wire provided a uniform heat flux boundary condition. The electrical output power was controlled by a variac
transformer to obtain a constant heat flux along the entire length of the test section and by keeping the current less than
3 amps. The outer surface of the test tube was well insulated to minimize convection and radiation heat losses to
 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848 841

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental heat transfer set-up.

surroundings, and necessary precautions were taken to prevent leakages from the system. The inner and outer
temperatures of the bulk air were measured at certain points with a multi-channel temperature measurement unit in
conjunction with the type-K thermocouples. Fifteen thermocouples were tapped on the local wall of the tube and the
thermocouples were placed round the tube to measure the variation of circumferential temperature, which was found to
be negligible. The mean local wall temperature was determined by means of calculations based on the reading of type-
K thermocouples. Fig. 2 represents the C-nozzle arrangement together with free-spacing snail entry used in the present
experiment. The C-nozzle was made of Aluminum with 95 mm (2.0D) in length and its end and throat diameters were
46 mm and 26 mm, respectively. The Converging nozzles or C-nozzles were placed with three different pitch lengths, l
of arrangements, having l = 95 mm (s = 47.5 mm, PR = 2.0), l = 190 mm (s = 142.5 mm, PR = 4.0), and l = 332.5 mm
(s = 285 mm, PR = 7.0), for each run of experiments. In addition, a snail type swirl generator was mounted at the
entrance of the test tube as shown in Fig. 2. In the experiment, the combination of the two phenomena, (1) the re-
circulating flow between the two adjacent C-nozzles and (2) the swirling flow generated by the snail, are supposed to be
effective in the vicinity of the tube wall, where thermal resistance is high. The combined techniques are expected to
provide the better and fast mixing and rotating of fluid in this region as well as causing the increased viscous
dissipation, thereby enhancing the heat transfer rate.

Fig. 2. Test tube fitted with C-nozzle turbulators and snail with free-spacing entry.
842 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848

In the apparatus setting above, the inlet bulk air at 25 C from a 2.2 kW blower was directed through the orifice
meter and passed to the heat transfer test section. The air flow rate was measured by a calibrated orifice meter, built
according to ASME standard [24]. Manometric fluid was used in U-tube manometers with specific gravity (SG) of
0.826 to ensure reasonably accurate measurement of the low pressure drop encountered at low Reynolds numbers.
Also, the pressure drop of the heat transfer test tube and the snail were measured with inclined U-tube manometers. The
volumetric air flow rates from the blower were adjusted by varying speed of the blower-motor through the inverter,
situated before the inlet of test tube. During the experiments, the bulk air was heated by an adjustable electrical heater
wrapping along the test section. Both the inlet and outlet temperatures of the bulk air from the tube were measured by
multi-channel type-K thermocouples, calibrated within 0.2 C deviation by thermostat before being used. It was
necessary to measure the temperature at 15 stations altogether on the outer surface of the heat transfer test pipe for
finding out the average Nusselt number. The data of temperature, volumetric flow rate and pressure drop of the bulk air
were recorded for each run at steady state conditions in which the inlet air temperature was maintained at 25 C. The
Reynolds number of the bulk air was varied from 8000 to 18000. The various characteristics of the flow, the Nusselt
number, and the Reynolds numbers were based on the average of tube wall temperature, inlet and outlet air
temperatures. The local wall temperature, inlet and outlet air temperature, the pressure drop across the test section and
air flow velocity were measured for heat transfer of the heated tube with combined C-nozzle inserts and the snail
entrance. The average Nusselt numbers were calculated and discussed where all fluid properties were determined at the
overall bulk mean temperature. To quantify the uncertainties of measurements, the reduced data obtained
experimentally were estimated. The uncertainty in the data calculation was based on Ref. [25]. The maximum
uncertainties of non-dimensional parameters are 5%, 10% and 15% for Reynolds number, Nusselt number and
friction factor, respectively. The uncertainty in the axial velocity measurement was estimated to be less than 7%, and
pressure has a corresponding estimated uncertainty of 5%, whereas the uncertainty in temperature measurement at the
tube wall was about 0.5%. The experimental results were reproducible within these uncertainty ranges.

3. Data reduction and performance criteria

In the present work, the air is used as the test fluid and flowed through a uniform heat flux and insulation tube. The
steady state of the heat transfer rate is assumed to be equal to the heat loss from the test section which can be expressed
as:
Qa Qconv 1

where

Qa mCp;a To  Ti VI 2

The heat supplied by electrical winding in the test tube is found to be 58% higher than the heat absorbed by the
fluid for thermal equilibrium test due to convection and radiation heat losses from the test section to surroundings.
Thus, only the heat transfer rate absorbed by the fluid is taken into account for internal convective heat transfer
coefficient calculation. The convection heat transfer from the test section can be written by
Qconv hAT w  Tb 3

in which,
Tb To Ti =2 4
and
T w RTw =15 5
where Tw is the local wall temperature and evaluated at the outer wall surface of the inner tube. The average wall
temperatures are calculated from 15 points, lined between the inlet and the exit of the test pipe. The average heat
transfer coefficient, h and the average Nusselt number, Nu are estimated as follows:

h mCp;a To  Ti =AT w  Tb 6
 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848 843

Nu hD=k 7

The Reynolds number is given by

Re UD=v 8

Friction factor, f can be written as:

DP
f 9
L=DqU 2 =2

in which U is mean velocity of the tube. All of thermo-physical properties of the air are determined at the overall bulk
air temperature from Eq. (4).
A fruitful comparison between heat transfer coefficients of reverse/swirl and straight flows at equal pumping power
can be made, since this is relevant to the operation expense. For a constant pumping power,
 
V DPp V DPt 10

and the relationship between friction factor and Reynolds number can be expressed as:
f Re3 p f Re3 t 11

The enhancement efficiency (e) at constant pumping power is the ratio of the convective heat transfer coefficient of
the tube with either enhancement devices to the plain tube which can be written as follows:

ge
ht
hp pp j 12

4. Results and discussion

Verification of the heat transfer and friction of the plain tube was performed before by comparing with the previous correlations under
a similar condition as can be seen in Ref. [5]. The present plain tube data was found to be in good agreement with previous correlations of
Dittus-Boelter and Petukhov from the open literature [26] for both the Nusselt number and the friction factor within 10% error limits.
Thus, it will not be repeated here.

4.1. Influence of pitch ratio

The present experimental results on heat and fluid flow characteristics in a uniform heat flux tube with C-nozzle inserts in
common with free-space snail entry of various pitch ratios (PR) are presented in the form of Nusselt number, Nu and friction factor, f.
In the experiment, the snail was placed at the entrance of test tube for generating swirl flow in the tube, apart from C-nozzle inserts.
The results obtained under turbulent flow conditions for three pitch ratios are presented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3A shows the variation of the average Nusselt number with Reynolds number for three pitch ratios (PR = 2.0, 4.0, and 7.0)
of using the C-nozzle turbulators and the snail. In the figure, the heat transfer rate increases considerably with the rise of
Reynolds number. A close examination reveals that the heat transfer rate at the lower pitch ratio is greater than that at the higher
ones over the Reynolds number range studied. This is because the turbulence intensity and the flow path obtained from the lower pitch
ratio are greater and longer than that at the higher one. Due to the swirl/reverse flow and lower flow cross-sectional area, the better
mixing of fluid between the core and the wall regions induced by the generated centrifugal force has a significant capability to enhance
the heat transfer rate. For the lowest pitch ratio (PR = 2.0), the increase in heat transfer rate is in the range of 255 to 315% over the plain
tube for the Reynolds number ranging from 8000 to 18,000. Though, similar trends are found for other pitch ratios and the improvement
using PR = 2.0 is seen to be about 3-8% and 1015% better than using PR = 4.0 and PR = 7.0, respectively.
The variation of friction factor with Reynolds number for various pitch ratios is shown in Fig. 3B. In the figure, the friction factor
tends to decrease with the rise of Reynolds number and pitch ratio values. It is interesting to note that there is a favorable reduction in
the friction factor with PR = 4.0 and 7.0, in comparison with PR = 2.0. The increase in friction factor with the reverse/swirl turbulent
flow, however, is much higher than that with the axial flow. This can be attributed to the dissipation of dynamic pressure of the fluid
due to higher surface area and the act caused by the reverse flow. As expected, the friction factor obtained from the smallest pitch
ratio is substantially higher than those from the higher pitch ratios. The average increases in pressure losses of using the C-nozzle
with free-spacing snail entry for PR = 2.0, 4.0, and 7.0 are around 87, 75, 43 times the plain tube, respectively.
844 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848

Fig. 3. Variation of (A) Nusselt number and (B) Friction factor with Reynolds number for various PR.

4.2. Influence of free-space snail entry

The present results are compared with earlier published correlations for the C-nozzle turbulators and snail entry [5]. The
previous correlations of the Nusselt number, friction factor, and enhancement efficiency for using the C-nozzle turbulators
alone with three pitch ratios deduced from [5] were expressed as:
Nu 0:174Re0:71 Pr0:4 PR0:18 13
0:29 0:4
f 59Re PR 14
ge 2:8Re0:13
t PR0:055 where Rep 6:1Re0:99
t PR0:147 15

For using C-nozzles and snail entrance, they were correlated as follows:
Nu 0:143Re0:736 Pr1=3 PR0:12 16
0:197 0:22
f 29Re PR 17
ge 2:84Re0:139
t PR0:052 where Rep 4:7Re1:03
t PR0:08 18

Comparisons of heat transfer in 1) tube with C-nozzle turbulator alone, 2) tube with C-nozzle turbulator and snail entrance, and 3)
tube with C-nozzle turbulator and snail with free-space entry are depicted in Fig. 4 for PR = 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 respectively. It is visible
 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848 845

Fig. 4. Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for various enhancement devices.

in the figure that the tube with a combination of C-nozzles and snail entrance proposed as a means of enhancing heat transfer by both
of reverse and swirl flows provides higher heat transfer rate than the tube fitted with C-nozzles alone, Eq. (13). In addition, a close
inspection reveals that the heat transfer augmentations from the C-nozzle with free-space snail entry and the C-nozzle with snail
entry, Eq. (16), are nearly the same, as expected. The heat transfer obtained from the C-nozzle with free space snail entry is around 2
5% more or less, depending on the Reynolds number interval.

Fig. 5. Friction factor against Reynolds number for various enhancement devices.
846 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848

Fig. 6. (A) Nusselt numbers and (B) friction factors obtained by the present correlations and measurement.

Variations of friction factor with Reynolds number for using both enhancement devices with PR= 2.0, 4.0, and 7.0 are displayed in
Fig. 5. In the figure, it is worth noting that a significant effect of the C-nozzle with free-spacing snail entry on the reduction of friction factor
is apparent. The friction factor tends to decrease with increasing Reynolds number and PR values for all device arrangements. The friction
factor value for the C-nozzle with free-spacing snail entry is around 1020% less than that for the C-nozzle and snail, Eq. (17), but still
higher than that for the C-nozzle alone, Eq. (14), at all pitch ratios used. The reduction of friction factor for the C-nozzle with free spacing
snail entry can be attributed to the decrease in surface area from using less C-nozzle number, leading to lower friction loss in the tube.

4.3. Enhancement efficiency

The present results of the Nusselt number, friction factor, enhancement efficiency for using the C-nozzle and snail with free-
spacing entry are correlated as follows:

Nu 0:162Re0:73 Pr0:4 PR0:18 19

f 18:3Re0:166 PR0:2 20

ht
ge j 3:71Re0:154 PR0:118 ; in which Rep 3:98Re1:04 PR0:073 21
hp pp t t
 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848 847

Fig. 7. Variation of enhancement efficiency with Reynolds number for various enhancement devices.

Comparisons between the Nusselt number and the friction factor obtained from the present measurement and the present
correlations, Eqs. (19) and (20) are portrayed in Fig. 6A and B, respectively. In the figures, the majority of the data falls within 15%
and 15% for the present correlations of the Nusselt number and friction factor.
The enhancement efficiencies of enhancement devices, Eq. (21) including those obtained from Eqs. (15) and (18) along with
Reynolds number values are depicted in Fig. 7. In the figure, it is interesting to note that the enhancement efficiency shows a
rapid decrease with the rise of Reynolds number for all pitch ratios. At the same Reynolds number, the small pitch ratio value
provides higher enhancement efficiency than the larger one. The enhancement efficiency is peak at the lowest Reynolds number
and pitch ratio values. The C-nozzle with free-spacing snail entry at the lowest pitch ratio (PR = 2.0) yields the maximum
enhancement efficiency of about 0.93, better than that without free-space entry around 9%. Again, the use of PR = 2.0 leads to
better enhancement efficiency than that of PR = 4.0 at some 9% and of PR = 7.0 at about 15%. This suggests that the use of free-
spacing snail entry provides heat transfer rate better than that of no free-space entry in terms of pumping power apart from
nozzle material savings.

5. Conclusions

Experimental investigations have been conducted to examine the effect of a combination of C-nozzle
turbulators and a snail with free-spacing entry on heat transfer rate and flow friction characteristics in a uniform
heat flux tube using air as the test fluid. The application of the C-nozzles and free-spacing snail entry results in a
considerable increase in heat transfer rate and friction loss, especially at smaller pitch ratio. This study indicates
that instead of the snail with no entry length, the free-spacing snail entry should be introduced to lower friction
loss associated but still favorable the heat transfer rate. Depending on the flow conditions and pitch ratio, the
maximum improvements of heat transfer rate over the corresponding plain tube are found to be about 315%, 300%
and 285%, for PR = 2.0, 4.0, and 7.0, respectively. The variations of the enhancement efficiency for Reynolds
number ranging from 5000 to 18000 are between 0.76 and 0.93; 0.7 and 0.85; and 0.67 and 0.8 for PR = 2.0, 4.0
and 7.0, respectively. This means that the C-nozzle turbulators and snail with free-space entry are not feasible in
terms of energy saving. Though, the devices of C-nozzle turbulators and a snail with free-spacing entry can be
employed effectively at low Reynolds number or in places where pumping power is not important but compact
sizes and ease of manufacture are needed.
848 P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34 (2007) 838848

Acknowledgement

The author would like to gratefully acknowledge Prof. Kulthorn Silapabanleng for valuable discussion and the
Thailand Research Fund (TRF) for the financial support of this research.

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