Calculating the statistics using Excel

Spreadsheet programs (like Microsoft Excel) can calculate statistics easily. Once you have the data in Excel, you can use the built-in statistics
package to calculate the average and the standard deviation.

To calculate the average of cells

A4 through A8:

Select the cell you want

the average to appear in
(D1 in this example)
Type "=average(a4:a8)"

Press the Enter key

To calculate the standard

deviation of the five numbers, use
Excel's built-in STDEV function.
Excel doesn't have a standard
error function, so you need to use
the formula for standard error:

where N is the number of

observations