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PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF

DISEASES
Dr. Shirley I. Moningkey dr. Mkes
Department of Community and Family Medicine
FoM Pelita Harapan University
Objectives

communicable and multicausation disease


modelsr

Student
will be able Natural History of any diseases of Human

to Describe
and explain THE Level of Disease prevention

List and Discuss important measures for


preventing and controlling of communicable
diseases in a community communicable and
multicausation disease modelsr
Classification of Diseases

Communicable diseases
is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological) agent or its
toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted
from man to man, from animal to man, from animal to animal, or
from the environment (through air, water, food, etc..) to man.
Diseases for which biological agents or their products are the
cause and can be transmitted from an infected person, animal or
inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host

Non Communicable diseases


a disease that can NOT be transmitted from one person to
another
Infectious diseases are caused by transmissible agents that
replicate in the affected host.

Infection occurs when a susceptible host is exposed to and


acquires the agent.

Agents can be acquired from environmental sites or from


other hosts that harbor the infectious agent.

Many agents can be transmitted from one host to another,


leading to chains of transmission through a population
Modes of transmission

Horizontal Vertical

Common vehicle Breast feeding


Single exposure Trans placentae
Multiple exposure
Continouos exposure
Contact (person-
person)
Vector
The epidemiologic triad of disease
Demographic characteristics
Biological characteristics
Socioeconomic characteristics

Host

Agent Environment
Biological agents Physical environment
Physical agents Biological environment
Chemical agents Social environment
Nutrient agents
Mechanical agents
Social agents
The epidemiologic triad of disease

Host

vector

Agent environment
TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Infection

Infection is the entry and


development or
An infection does not
multiplication of an
always cause illness.
infectious agent in the
body of man or animals.

levels of infection :
Colonization
Subclinical or inapparent
infection
Latent infection
Manifest or clinical infection
CONTAMINATION

The presence of an infectious agent on

on or in clothes,
beddings, toys, surgical
instruments or dressings,
a body surface,
or other articles or
substances including
water and food
Infestation

It is the lodgment, This term could be


development and also used to describe
reproduction of the invasion of the
arthropods on the gut by parasitic
surface of the body worms, e.g.
or in the clothing. ascariasis.
Contagious disease

A contagious disease is the one that is


transmitted through contact.

Examples

scabies,
STD
Diphteri
mycosis
Vector of infection

Transmission
An insect or any living
mechanism
carrier that transports
an infectious agent from biological
mechanical
an infected individual or
its wastes to a
susceptible individual or
its food or immediate
surroundings.
Reservoir

Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance, or a


combination of these, in which an infectious agent normally
lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily for
survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner
that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.

It is the natural habitat of the infectious agent.


carrier

A person or animal that harbors


a specific communicable agents
in the absence 0f discernible
clinical diseases and serve as a
potential source of infections to
others
Chain of infection

Portal of
Pathogen Portal of exit
entry
Establishment
reservoir Transmission of infection in
new host
Modes of transmission

Indirect
Airborne: Vehicleborne
contaminated materials
dissemination of Vectorborne : by living
or object serve as
organism like mosquito,
microbial aerosols vehicles, by which agents
fly, tick (biological
transferred to a
to a suitable susceptible host (toys,
tansmission:
development of disease
portal of entry handkerchiefs, bedding,
agent occur in vector
usually resp. surgical instruments,
before transmission occur
biological products :
tract). blood, serum, etc)
Direct transmission
Immediate transfer of disease agent by direct contact
Touching
Biting
Kissing
Sexual intercourse
Direct projection (droplet spray) onto conjuctiva or
mucous membranes of the eye, nose, mouth
during sneezing, coughing or talking
Noncommunicable diseases
genetic

Personality, beliefs,
behavioral choices
Environment,
healthcare
system,water
quality,air pollution
economic
Four level of intervention
Health promotion
Primary prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary prevention
Health promotion
primary level of intervention, it preserves and protects the
health of the population and it concerned with aspects of
environment that can enable human growth and development
includes:
environment
preservation of pure air and water
adequate shelter
food for healthy growth
Primary prevention
is the component of the health care system that seeks
to prevent disease by direct intervention
sanitation reform
nutrition
health education
immunization
control of infectious disease
Secondary prevention
most public and private resourcesof health care
system have been place at this third level of
intervention(curative medicine)
Tertiary prevention
is the level of intervention that although it cannot
prevent or cure disease, attempt to promote the
maximum function of people who are diseased
is concerned largely with chronic diseases with the
restoration and function of people who suffered

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