Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DISEASES
Dr. Shirley I. Moningkey dr. Mkes
Department of Community and Family Medicine
FoM Pelita Harapan University
Objectives
Student
will be able Natural History of any diseases of Human
to Describe
and explain THE Level of Disease prevention
Communicable diseases
is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological) agent or its
toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted
from man to man, from animal to man, from animal to animal, or
from the environment (through air, water, food, etc..) to man.
Diseases for which biological agents or their products are the
cause and can be transmitted from an infected person, animal or
inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host
Horizontal Vertical
Host
Agent Environment
Biological agents Physical environment
Physical agents Biological environment
Chemical agents Social environment
Nutrient agents
Mechanical agents
Social agents
The epidemiologic triad of disease
Host
vector
Agent environment
TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Infection
levels of infection :
Colonization
Subclinical or inapparent
infection
Latent infection
Manifest or clinical infection
CONTAMINATION
on or in clothes,
beddings, toys, surgical
instruments or dressings,
a body surface,
or other articles or
substances including
water and food
Infestation
Examples
scabies,
STD
Diphteri
mycosis
Vector of infection
Transmission
An insect or any living
mechanism
carrier that transports
an infectious agent from biological
mechanical
an infected individual or
its wastes to a
susceptible individual or
its food or immediate
surroundings.
Reservoir
Portal of
Pathogen Portal of exit
entry
Establishment
reservoir Transmission of infection in
new host
Modes of transmission
Indirect
Airborne: Vehicleborne
contaminated materials
dissemination of Vectorborne : by living
or object serve as
organism like mosquito,
microbial aerosols vehicles, by which agents
fly, tick (biological
transferred to a
to a suitable susceptible host (toys,
tansmission:
development of disease
portal of entry handkerchiefs, bedding,
agent occur in vector
usually resp. surgical instruments,
before transmission occur
biological products :
tract). blood, serum, etc)
Direct transmission
Immediate transfer of disease agent by direct contact
Touching
Biting
Kissing
Sexual intercourse
Direct projection (droplet spray) onto conjuctiva or
mucous membranes of the eye, nose, mouth
during sneezing, coughing or talking
Noncommunicable diseases
genetic
Personality, beliefs,
behavioral choices
Environment,
healthcare
system,water
quality,air pollution
economic
Four level of intervention
Health promotion
Primary prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary prevention
Health promotion
primary level of intervention, it preserves and protects the
health of the population and it concerned with aspects of
environment that can enable human growth and development
includes:
environment
preservation of pure air and water
adequate shelter
food for healthy growth
Primary prevention
is the component of the health care system that seeks
to prevent disease by direct intervention
sanitation reform
nutrition
health education
immunization
control of infectious disease
Secondary prevention
most public and private resourcesof health care
system have been place at this third level of
intervention(curative medicine)
Tertiary prevention
is the level of intervention that although it cannot
prevent or cure disease, attempt to promote the
maximum function of people who are diseased
is concerned largely with chronic diseases with the
restoration and function of people who suffered