VARIEDADES DE CONTACTO TORICAS

(Contact Toric Manifolds)

Milagros Anculli Llamoca

September 26, 2017

Thesis advisor: Ph.D. Jaime Cuadros Valle

Thesis-Preliminary version

PUCP
Contents

1 Almost complex structures and symplectic manifolds 4

1.1 Symplectic manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.1 Symplectic vector spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.2 Compatible complex structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 Symplectic vector bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Kahler manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2 Contact structures and Symplectic cones 20

2.1 Symplectic cones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 Contact manifolds and contact transformations . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.1 Examples of contact manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 The link between Symplectic cones and Contact manifolds . . 34

3 Contact reduction and Contact Toric Manifolds 42

3.1 Symplectic moment maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2 The Marsden-Weinstein-Meyer Reduction Theorem . . . . . . 48
3.3 Contact moment maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.1 Construction of a universal moment map . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 The contact reduction theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5 Examples of contact toric reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

2
Introduction

El proposito de esta tesis es estudiar el grupo de automorfismos de ciertas

variedades de contacto. Para conseguir ello revisamos previamente los con-
ceptos basicos de las variedades simplecticas, y de las variedades de contacto,
ademas de sus distintas encarnaciones en el mundo riemanniano. Esto nos
permitira describir en detalle la relacion entre las variedades de contacto y
su cono simplectico.
Seguidamente, estudiaremos la reduccion simplectica, y ponemos enfasis
en la reduccion en el espacio proyectivo complejo. Esto ultimo sera de mucha
utilidad cuando extendemos esta tecnica al caso de interes, reduccion so-
bre variedades de contacto. Damos una prueba detallada del teorema de
reduccion de contacto (originalmente dada por Geiges en [8]) y de su apli-
cacion va ejemplos para el caso de acciones S 1 sobre ciertas variedades. En
su mayora, en los ejemplos que exhibimos, la variedades de contacto 2n + 1
dimensionales admiten acciones de toros de dimension (n + 1) que preservan
la forma de contacto, variedades con esta cualidad son llamadas variedades
de contacto toricas. En los ultimos anos, el estudio de este tipo de variedades
de contacto llevo a resultados de gran importancia en el area (ver por ejem-
plo [4] , [6], [7] y [13]), donde el campo vectorial de Reeb asociado a la forma
de contacto pertenece al algebra de Lie del toro actuando en la variedad, o
inclusive, donde el campo de Reeb genera la accion del toro.

3
Chapter 1

Almost complex structures and

symplectic manifolds

In this chapter we will give a general picture of a symplectic manifold as a way

to understand contact geometry, which can be viewed as the odd dimensional
analog of symplectic geometry.

1.1 Symplectic manifolds

1.1.1 Symplectic vector spaces

Let V be a real vector space of dimension n. We will denote by V its

dual space, and for k N, let k V be the space of antisymmetric (i.e.,

| {z
alternating) multilinear mappings from V V} to R. Certainly, for
k times
k > n, we have
k V = 0 (1.1.1)

We get easily that

0 V = R, 1 V = V , dim n V = 1. (1.1.2)

4
A nonvanishing element of n V defines an orientation of V . By taking
antisymmetric multiplication, V = nk=0 k V becomes an algebra with its
Z- grading induced by its degree.
We say that a bilinear form : V V R is nondegenerate if , for v V ,
(v, ) = 0 implies that v = 0.
We say that a bilinear form g : V V R is a scalar product (or
Euclidean metric) on V if g is symmetric and positive, i.e., for any u, v V ,

symmetric : g(u, v) = g(v, u),

positive : g(u, u) > 0 if u 6= 0.

Definition 1.1. The vector space (V, ) is called symplectic if V is a fi-

nite dimensional real vector space and : V V R is a nondegenerate
antisymmetric bilinear form. In this case, we call a symplectic form on V .

Definition 1.2. Let (V1 , 1 ), (V2 , 2 ) be two symplectic vector spaces. A

linear map : V1 V2 is called symplectic if

1 = 2 . (1.1.3)

If the linear map : V1 V2 is symplectic then, as 1 is nondegenerate,

is injective. If is also an isomorphism, we call that is a symplectic
isomorphism.

Proposition 1.3. If (V, ) is a symplectic vector space of dimension n, then

n is even and n/2 n V is nonvanishing which defines an orientation of
V . Moreover, the map
v V (v, ) V (1.1.4)

is an isomorphism.

5
Proof. Let h , i be a scalar product on V . Then there exists an antisym-
metric invertible endomorphism A End(V ) such that

( , ) = h , A i . (1.1.5)

Since
det A = det At = (1)n det A


(1.1.6)

thus n is even. If h , i0 is another scalar product on V , and A0 is the corre-

sponding antisymmetric invertible endomorphism, then there is P GL(V )
such that P AP t = A0 . Thus det A and det A0 have the same signature.
This means that V has a canonical orientation. In fact, this is equivalent to
n/2 n V and n/2 6= 0.
As is nondegenerate, the map v V (v, ) V is injective. As
dimR V = dimR V , (1.1.4) is an isomorphism.

The basic example is the following.

Example 1.4. Let L be a vector space. Then L L is a symplectic vector

space with a symplectic form LL defined by:

LL ((l1 , l1 ) , (l2 , l2 )) = hl1 , l2 i hl2 , l1 i . (1.1.7)

for every (l1 , l1 ), (l2 , l2 ) L L .

In particular, if we identify Rn with Rn by the canonical scalar product of
Rn :
n
X
hx, yi = xi y i (1.1.8)
i=1

for every x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) , y = (y1 , . . . , yn ) in Rn , we call

n n

R2n , 0 := Rn Rn , R R

6
the standard symplectic space.
Furthermore, since R2n ' Cn , by replacing z = x + iy in (1.1.7) and (1.1.8),
we obtain
n
iX
st = dzk dz k (1.1.9)
2 k=1
as the standard symplectic form for Cn .

Let (V, ) be a symplectic vector space. For W V a linear subspace,

set
W = {v V : (v, w) = 0, for all w W }. (1.1.10)

Definition 1.5. For W a subspace of a symplectic vector space (V, ), we

call

1. W is symplectic if W W = {0};

2. W is isotropic if W W ;

3. W is coisotropic if W W ;

4. W is Lagrangian if W = W .

Proposition 1.6. For W a subspace of (V, ), we have

dim W + dim W = dim V, W = W. (1.1.11)

If W is symplectic, then W is also symplectic and we have the direct de-

composition of symplectic vector spaces

(V, ) = (W, |W ) W , |W .


(1.1.12)

Proof. Let h, i be a scalar product of V . Let A End(V ) as in (1.1.5).

Then W = (AW ) .
Hence,

dim W = dim (AW ) = dim V dim (AW ) . (1.1.13)

7
As A is invertible, by (1.1.13), we get the first equation of (1.1.11), in par-


ticular we have dim W = dim W . But by definition of W , we have


W W . This means the second equation of (1.1.11) holds.


If W is symplectic, then W W = W W = {0}, thus W is
symplectic. Now we get (1.1.12) by the first equation of (1.1.11)

1.1.2 Compatible complex structures

Definition 1.7. Let V be a real vector space. If J End(V ) such that

J 2 = IdV , we call J a complex structure on V . Moreover, if is a symplectic
form on V , such that
g(, ) = (, J) (1.1.14)

defines a scalar product on V , we call J a compatible complex structure on

(V, ). We denote by J (V, ) the space of compatible complex structures
on (V, ).

Proposition 1.8. If J is a compatible complex structure on a symplectic

vector space (V, ), then is J- invariant, i.e.,

(J, J) = (, ) (1.1.15)

Proof. By (1.1.14), we have

(, ) = g (, J) ,

(J, J) = g (J, ) = g , J t .


(1.1.16)

As is antisymmetric, J is antisymmetric with respect to g. Then

g , J t = g (, J) = , J 2 = (, ) .



(1.1.17)

From (1.1.16), (1.1.17), we get (1.1.15).

8
1.1.3 Symplectic vector bundles

Let M be a differentiable manifold, and K = R or C.

Definition 1.9. Let E be a manifold, : E M be a smooth surjective

map. We call that E is a K-vector bundle on M of rank m if there exists an
open covering {Ui } of M , diffeomorphism

i : 1 (Ui ) Ui Km , i (v) = ( (v) , i (v)) , (1.1.18)

such that if Ui Uj 6= , then

ji := j 1 m m
i : Ui Uj K Ui Uj K , ji (x, w) = (x, ji (x, w)) ,

where ji (x, w) is K-linear on w Km , i.e., ji (x, w) = ji (x) w, and

ji () C (Ui Uj , GL (m, K)). We denote by m := rk(E). If m = 1, we
call that E is a K-line bundle.

Let : E M be a K-vector bundle on M , we will denote E|U := 1 (U )

the restriction of E on a set U M . For x M , Ex := 1 (x) is the fiber
of E at x and by the compatibility condition, the K-vector space structure
on Ex induced by (1.1.18) does not depend on the trivialization (i , Ui ).
If F is another K-vector bundle on M , then we define the dual of E :
E = {Ex }, the direct sum of E and F : E F =
S S
{Ex Fx },
xM S xM
the tensor product of E and F : E F = {Ex Fx }. We denote also
xM
Hom (E, F ) = E F .
A C -map : E F is a morphism of K-vector bundles if for any
x M , is a K-linear map from Ex to Fx , i.e., C (Hom (E, F )). If
for any x M , x is an isomorphism from Ex to Fx , then we say that is
an isomorphism of K-vector bundles.

9
Definition 1.10. Let V be a real vector bundle on M , we say that (V, ) is
a symplectic vector bundle on M if C (M, 2 V ) and for any x M ,
(Vx , x ) is a symplectic vector space.

Definition 1.11. Let (V1 , 1 ), (V2 , 2 ) be symplectic vector bundles on M ,

C (M, Hom (V1 , V2 )). If for any x M , x : (V1,x , 1,x ) (V2,x , 2,x ) is
a symplectic linear map, then we call a symplectic morphism of symplectic
vector bundles. If moreover x is an isomorphism for any x M , then we
call a symplectic isomorphism of symplectic vector bundles.

Definition 1.12. If J C (M, End (V )) such that for any x M , Jx2 =

IdVx , we call J an almost complex structure on V . Moreover, if (V, ) is
a symplectic vector bundle on M , and for any x M , Jx is a compatible
complex structure on (Vx , x ), we call J a compatible complex structure on
(V, ).

Remark 1.13. Let V be an n dimensional vector space and B End(V ).

Then

: End(V ) T11 (V ) = { : V V R}

B (B) : V V R

is an isomorphism of algebras, where (B) (v, v ) = hBv, v i for each (v, v )

V V .

Definition 1.14. For a manifold M , if J C (M, End (T M )) and for any

x M , Jx2 = IdTx M , we call that J is an almost complex structure on
T M and (M, J) is an almost complex manifold.

Definition 1.15. A 2-form on a manifold M is called a symplectic form

on M , if is real and closed, and if for any x M , x 2 (Tx M ) is
nondegenerate. In this case, (M, ) is called a symplectic manifold.

10
 For a submanifold W of a symplectic manifold (M, ), we call W a
symplectic (resp. isotropic, coisotropic, Lagrangian) submanifold if for any
x M , Tx W is a symplectic (resp. isotropic, coisotropic, Lagrangian) sub-
space of (Tx M, x ).
A diffeomorphism : M N is called a symplectic diffeomorphism
or symplectomorphism) for two symplectic manifolds (M, ), (N, 1 ) if
1 = .
Let J C (M, End(T M )) be an almost complex structure on a symplec-
tic manifold (M, ), then we say J is a compatible almost complex structure
if (, J) defines a J-invariant Riemannian metric on T M .
Let (M, ) be a symplectic manifold. By Proposition 1.3, M has even
dimension. Let dim M = 2n. Then n 6= 0 2n (T M ) induces a canonical
orientation on M .

Example 1.16. Let L be a manifold of dimension n, and : T L L be

the natural projection. The Liouville form 1 (T L) is defined as follows:
for x L, p Tx L, X T(x,p) T L,


h, Xi(x,p) := p, d(x,p) X x . (1.1.19)

Set
L
T = d. (1.1.20)
L
Then T is a closed 2-form on T L. Let : U L V Rn ,
q (x1 = 1 (q), , xn = n (q)) be a local coordinate, then { x j } is a local
frame of T L, and {dxj } is a local frame of T L which gives the trivialization
of T L on U . Thus
!
X
T L V Rn , q, pi (dxi ) (x1 , xn , p1 , , pn ) (1.1.21)
i

11
is the induced local coordinate of T L|U , and { x j , p j } is a local frame of
T (T L).
Xi x i + Pi p i , we have
P
For X =
i
n
* n +
X X
h, Xi(x,p) = pi X i = pi dxi , X . (1.1.22)
i=1 i=1

From (1.1.20) and (1.1.22), we get

n n
T L
X X
= pi dxi , = pi dxi dpi . (1.1.23)
i=1 i=1
L L
is nondegenerate, and T L, T


Hence, T is a symplectic manifold.

The next definition will be of importance in understanding the geometry

of symplectic cone associated to a contact manifold.

Definition 1.17. Let (M, ) be a symplectic manifold. A Liouville vector

field is a vector field which satisfies that L = .

Notice that the flow t corresponding to the Liouville vector field is such
that t = et , that is along the flow the symplectic form is rescaled expo-
nentially.

1.2 Kahler manifolds

Let M be a complex manifold with an almost complex structure J. The
almost complex structure J induces a splitting

T M C := T M R C = T (1,0) M T (0,1) M, (1.2.1)

where T (1,0) M and T (0,1) M are the eigenbundles of J corresponding to the

eigenvalues i and i, respectively. Let T (1,0) M and T (0,1) M be the corre-
sponding dual bundles. Let

r,q (M ) := C M, r T (1,0) M q T (0,1) M

(1.2.2)

12
be the spaces of smooth (r, q)-forms on M .
On local holomorphic coordinates (z1 , , zn ) with zj = xj + iyj , we denote
   
1 1
= i , = +i , (1.2.3)
zj 2 xj yj z j 2 xj yj
dzj = dxj + idyj , dz j = dxj idyj .

Then, on holomorphic coordinates (z1 , , zn ) the , -operators on func-

tions are defined by
X X
f = dzj f, f = dz j f for f C (M ) . (1.2.4)
j
zj j
z j

They extend naturally to

: , (M ) +1, (M ), : , (M ) ,+1 (M ) , (1.2.5)

which verify the Leibniz rule for and . Besides, we have the decomposition

2
d = + , 2 = = + = 0. (1.2.6)

The operator is called the Dolbeault operator.

Definition 1.18. A Kahler structure on a Riemannian manifold (M n , g)

is given by a 2-form and a field of endomorphisms of the tangent bundle
J satisfying the following conditions:

J is an almost complex structure.

g is an Hermitian metric( also known as J-invariant metric), that is,

g(X, Y ) = g(JX, JY ), for every X, Y T M .

(X, Y ) = g(JX, Y ).

is a closed 2-form.

13
 J is integrable, that is J is a complex structure.

Certainly, any Kahler manifold is a symplectic manifold. Kahler mani-

folds represent an important class of symplectic manifolds.

Example 1.19. (Projective space) For x, y Cn+1 \ {0}, we say x y if

there is C such that x = y. Then the complex projective space CPn
is defined as the quotient space (Cn+1 \ {0}) / . Let : Cn+1 \ {0} CPn
be the standard projection map. For every z Cn+1 , we denote [z] = [z0 :
z1 : . . . : zn ] = (z) which is known as the homogeneous coordinate on CPn .
Let Ui = {[z] CPn : zi 6= 0}, then

i : Ui Cn
 
z0 zi zi+1 zn
[z] ,..., , ,...
zi zi zi zi
defines an holomorphic local coordinate of CPn .
eF S,z a real 2-form in Cn+1 \ {0} defined by
Let

1
log kzk2 .



eF S,z =
2
Equivalently,

1
log |z0 |2 . . . + |zn |2

eF S,z =
2
1
= log (z0 z 0 + . . . + zn z n )
2
 n 
1 X
= dz j log (z0 z 0 + . . . + zn z n )
2 j=0
z j

1 h i
= dz 0 log (z0 z 0 + . . . + zn z n ) + . . . + dz n log (z0 z 0 + . . . + zn z n )
2 z 0 z n

1 h z0 zn i
= dz 0 + . . . + dz n
2 z0 z 0 + . . . + zn z n z0 z 0 + . . . + zn z n
 n  
1 X z0 zn
= dzk dz 0 + . . . + dz n
2 k=0 zk z0 z 0 + . . . + zn z n z0 z 0 + . . . + zn z n
Pn Pn Pn
z dz j=0 zj dz j

1 k=0 dz k dz k k=0 k k
= . (1.2.7)
2 kzk2 kzk4

14
Let U be an open set in CPn and : U Cn+1 \ {0} an holomorphic section,
that is, is an holomorphic map with = idU .

Claim 1.19.1.
eF S does not depend on the section .

Proof. Let 1 : U Cn+1 \ {0} be another holomorphic section , then for

every [z] U , there exists an holomorphic function

f : U C with 1 ([z]) = f ([z])([z]).

Thus,

1
eF S,[z] =
eF S,1 ([z])

1
k1 ([z]) k2


= log
2
1
kf ([z]) ([z]) k2


= log
2
1 2 1
log k ([z]) k2



= log |f ([z]) | +
2 2
1
|f ([z]) |2 +


= log eF S,[z] . (1.2.8)
2

15
Besides,
 
2



log |f | = dz log f f
z
 
1

= dz ff
f f z
  
1 f f
= dz .f + f.
f f z z
 
1 f
= dz f.
f f z
 
1 f
= dz .
f z
 
1 f
= . dz dz
z f z
    
1 f 1 f
= . + . dz dz
z f z f z z
= 0, (1.2.9)

since f is an holomorphic function and it is nonzero for every [z] in U . Conse-

quently, by replacing (1.2.9) in (1.2.8), we obtain that the claim is proved.

Therefore, by denoting F S :=
eF S , the previous claim implies that
F S independient of the election of the section , and since these sections
exist locally, F S is a global differential form in CPn .

Let us choose the following coordinate map

0 : U0 Cn

[z] (w1 , . . . , wn ) := w

zi
with wi = z0
. Thus, for the section

: U0 Cn+1 \ {0}

[z] (1, w)

16
we obtain the following expression for F S respect to the coordinate 0 :

1
log 1 + kwk2 .


F S = (1.2.10)
2

Additionally, F S is a real closed (1-1) form in CPn , indeed, since (1.2.10),

the properties of and stated in (1.2.6) and equation (1.2.7):

1
log 1 + kwk2


F S =
2
1
log 1 + kwk2


=
2
= F S , (1.2.11)

and dF S = d (
eF S ) = de
F S = 0.

Finally, we only need to show that F S is nondegenerate, (moreover,

positive definite) to see that (CPn , F S ) is a symplectic manifold. In fact, let

: Un+1 Cn+1 \ 0 Cn+1 \ 0, 0 : Un+1 CPn CPn

(A, z) Az (A, [z]) [Az]

be Un+1 actions on Cn+1 \ 0 and CPn , respectively. It is easy to see that

A = 0A . (1.2.12)

First of all, we observe that Un+1 acts transitively on CPn since CPn
=
S 2n+1 /S 1 and Un+1 acts transitively on S 2n+1 , which follows from the fact
that every unit vector can be extended to an orthonormal basis in R2n+2 '
Cn+1 and consequently, given two orthonormal bases in Cn+1 , the linear
transformation which carries one basis to another corresponds to a unitary
matrix.

Claim 1.19.2. A
eF S =
eF S

17
Proof.

A
eF S,z =
eF S,A (z)

1
log kA (z)k2


=
2
1
log kAzk2


=
2
1
log kzk2


=
2
=
eF S,z ,

where the fourth equality follows from the fact that A is a unitary matrix.

Claim 1.19.3. F S =
eF S

Proof. Since F S does not depend on the election of the section, we can use
the section 0 related to the chart 0 defined in the coordinate open set U0
as we did in (1.2.10) to obtain:

F S,z = F S,(z)
   
1 z1 zn
= log 1 + k ,..., k2
2 z0 z0

kzk2
 
1
= log
2 |z0 |2

1 2 1
= log kzk log |z0 |2
2 2
=
eF S,z ,

where the last equality follows from (1.2.9), since z0 is an holomorphic func-
tion defined in U0 and take values in C .

Then F S is positive definite in every element of CPn if it is positive

definite in just one point.
Thus, by working on the coordinate patch U0 , it follows from (1.2.7) at
z 0 = [1 : 0 : . . . : 0] that

18
 n
1 X
F S,z0 = dzk dz k (1.2.13)
2 k=1

which is positive definite, since F S = 1 st , where st is the standard sym-

plectic form of Cn (cf. (1.1.9)).

Claim 1.19.4. 0
A F S = F S

Proof. We have that

0 0
A F S,[z] = A (0
eF S ),[z] =
eF S,(0 0 )([z])
A

=
eF S,(0 0 )(z) .
A

From (1.2.12),

0 eF S,(0 A )(z) = 0
A F S,[z] = eF S,(A )(z)

= F S,(A )(z)

= F S,A (z)

=
eF S,A (z)

= A
eF S,z .

Thus, from claims 1.19.2 and 1.19.3,

0
A F S,[z] =
eF S,z

= F S,z

= F S,[z] .

19
Chapter 2

Contact structures and

Symplectic cones

In [1], Lerman defines the notion of a symplectic cone and its relationship
with a given contact structure as a base space. It is stated as follows.

2.1 Symplectic cones

Definition 2.1. A symplectic manifold (M, ) is a symplectic cone if

M is a principal R - bundle over some manifold B which is called the

base of the cone, and

the action of the real line R expands the symplectic form exponentially.
That is, = e , where denotes the diffeomorphism defined by
R.

Definition 2.2. An action of a Lie group G on a manifold M is proper if

the map

GM M M

20
 (g, m) 7 (g m, m)

is proper.

It follows that if a symplectic manifold (M, ) has a complete vector field

X , that is, the flow of X is globally defined on M R, with the following
two properties:

1. the action of R induced by the flow of X is proper, and

2. the Lie derivative of the symplectic form with respect to the vector
field X is again : LX = ,

then (M, ) is a symplectic cone relative to the induced action of R.

This give us an equivalent definition of a symplectic cone.

Definition 2.3. A symplectic cone is a triple (M, , X) where M is a

manifold, is a symplectic form on M , X is a vector field on M generating
a proper action of R such that LX = .

Remark 2.4. From Definition 1.17, we note that X is a Liouville vector field
for the symplectic cone (M, , X).

Example 2.5. Let (V, V ) be a symplectic vector space. The manifold M =

V \ {0} is a symplectic cone with the action of R given by (v) = e v.
Clearly V = e V . The base is a sphere.

Example 2.6. Let Q be a manifold. Denote the cotangent bundle of Q with

the zero section deleted by T Q \ 0. There is a natural free action of R on
the manifold M := T Q \ 0 given by dilations (q, p) = (q, e p). It expands
the standard symplectic form on the cotangent bundle exponentially. Thus
T Q \ 0 is naturally a symplectic cone. The base is the co-sphere bundle
S Q.

21
2.2 Contact manifolds and contact transfor-
mations
Definition 2.7. A 1-form on a manifold B is a contact form if the following
two conditions hold:

1. b 6= 0 for all points b B, where b Tb B. Hence D := ker =

{(b, v) T B | b (v) = 0} is a vector subbundle of the tangent bundle
T B.

2. d|D is a symplectic structure on the vector bundle D B( i.e. d|D

is nondegenerate).

Remark 2.8. 1. If D B is a symplectic vector bundle, then the dimen-

sion of its fibers is necessarily even. Hence if a manifold B has a contact
form then B is odd-dimensional.

2. A 1-form on 2n + 1 dimensional manifold B is contact if and only if

the form (d)n is never zero, i.e. it is a volume form.

Example 2.9. The 1-form = dz + xdy on R3 is a contact form: d =

dz dx dy.

Example 2.10. Let B = R T2 . Denote the coordinates by t, 1 and 2

respectively. The 1-form = cos t d1 + sin t d2 is contact.

Lemma 2.11. Suppose is a contact form on a manifold B. Then for any

positive function f on B the 1-form f is also contact.

Proof. Note first that since f is positive then in particular nowhere zero,
kerf = ker. Thus to show that f is contact, it is enough to check that
d(f )|D is nondegenerate, where D = ker = kerf . Now d(f ) = df +f d

22
and |D = 0. Therefore d(f )|D = f d|D . But f is nowhere zero and d|D is
nondegenerate because is a contact form by assumption. Thus d(f )|D is
nondegenerate.

Definition 2.12. We define the conformal class of a 1-form on a manifold

B to be the set [] = {eh | h C (B)}, that is, the set of all 1-forms
obtained from by multiplying it by a positive function.

Thus if a 1-form on a manifold B is a contact form, then its conformal

class consists of contact forms all defining the same subbundle D of the
tangent bundle of B.

Definition 2.13. M is coorientable if D is an orientable bundle.

Definition 2.14. A (co-orientable) contact structure D on a manifold B

is a subbundle of the tangent bundle T B of the form D = ker for some
contact form . The pair (B, D) is called a contact manifold.
A co-orientation of a contact structure D is a choice of a conformal class
of contact forms defining the contact structure.

Remark 2.15. More generally a contact structure on a manifold B is a sub-

bundle D of the tangent bundle T B such that for every point x B there
is a contact 1-form defined in a neighborhood of x with ker = D. There
exist contact structures which are not co-orientable. For such structures D
a 1-form with ker exists only locally.

Theorem 2.16. (Darboux) About each point of a contact manifold (B 2n+1 , ),

there exist local coordinates (x1 , ..., xn , y 1 , ..., y n , z) with respect to which
n
X
= dz y i dxi
i=1

Proof. See [3], page 26.

23
 Under the same conditions of the previous theorem, there is a 1-form
0 = dz ni=1 y i dxi which is the standard contact form in R2n+1 where
P

U : U B 7 (R2n+1 , 0 ) is the local chart of B in the coordinate open U

of B.
Thus
U = U 0 (2.2.1)

where U is the 1-form defined in U . Then (X) = 0 ((U ) X) , where X is

a vector field in U and (U ) : T U 7 T R2n+1 .

Remark 2.17. By (2.2.1), it follows that U 6= 0 in U .

Remark 2.18.

U (dU )n = U 0 (d(U 0 ))n

= U 0 (U d0 )n

= U 0 U (d0 )n

6= 0.

That is, U is a contact 1-form in U .

Definition 2.19. A diffeomorphism of a 2n + 1-dimensional smooth man-

ifold B, with the contact structure of the Darboux form of theorem 2.16, is
called a contact transformation if there is a nowhere vanishing smooth
function f such that
0 = f 0

If f 1 on U , then is called a strict contact transformation.

The collection Con of all such contact transformations forms a pseu-

dogroup, called the contact pseudogroup. Besides, the subset of strict

24
contact transformations forms a subpseudogroup denoted by sCon .
Therefore, we can expose a more general definition of a contact manifold in
terms of contact transformations. .

Definition 2.20. A 2n + 1 dimensional manifold B with a Con -structure

is called a contact manifold. If B has a sCon -structure, then it is called
a strict contact manifold. This structure is usually called the contact
structure in the wider sense.

Definition 2.21. An infinitesimal contact transformation is a local

vector field X defined on an open set U R2n+1 that satisfies

LX 0 = f 0

where f is a smooth function on U .

If f vanishes on U , then X is called an infinitesimal strict contact trans-
formation. Let scon(U ) and con(U ) denote the subsets of all vector fields on
U consisting of infinitesimal strict contact transformations and infinitesimal
contact transformations, respectively.

Definition 2.22. Let (B1 , D1 = ker1 ) and (B2 , D2 = ker2 ) be two co-
orientable contact manifolds. A diffeomorphism : B1 B2 is a con-
tactomorphism if the differential d maps D1 to D2 preserving the co-
orientations. That is, 2 = f 1 for some positive function f .

Definition 2.23. An action of a Lie group G on a manifold B preserves a

contact structure D and its co-orientation if for every element a G the
corresponding diffeomorphism aB : B B is a contactomorphism. We will
also say that the action of G on (B, D) is a contact action.

Definition 2.24. A vector field X on a contact manifold (B, = ker) is

called a contact vector field if its flow t consits of contactomorphisms.

25
Remark 2.25.
G
Dp = D = ker
pM

is not integrable. Indeed, the Frobenius integrability condition states that if

X, Y D then [X, Y ] D. Besides, we have

d(X, Y ) = (X)Y (Y )X [X, Y ].

Thus d(X, Y ) = [X, Y ].

However, we have that (d)n 6= 0 which implies that d 6= 0. We
conclude that [X, Y ] can not be zero, i,e. D = ker is not integrable.

Proposition 2.26. Let B be a 2n + 1-dimensional contact manifold with

D = ker as its contact bundle . Then

1. If n is odd, then B is orientable.

2. If n is even, then B is co-orientable. Thus, in this case B has a strict

contact structure if and only if B is orientable.

Proof. Let Ui , i in U1 U2 , then i = fij j . Thus

di = d(fij j )

= dfij j + fij dj .

Therefore

(di )n |D = (dfij j + fij dj )n |D (2.2.2)

= (fij )n (dj )n |D

On the other hand, we have

i (di )n = fijn+1 (j (dj )n ). (2.2.3)

26
Consequently, if n is odd , we obtain from (2.2.3) that the sign of the volume
form depends only on D but not on the choice of , so the contact structure
D induces a natural orientation on B.
And in case n is even, from (2.2.2) we will have that D is orientable, which
means that B is co-orientable. In this case, B has a strict contact structure
if and only if we can choose the fij all positive, that is, B is orientable.

Lemma 2.27. Let (B 2n+1 , ) be a strict contact manifold. Then, there is a

unique vector field , called the Reeb vector field, satisfying the following
conditions

1. () = 1

2. y d = 0.

Proof. As we have that (d)n 6= 0, then (d)n is a volume form. And

this gives the following isomorphism of C (B) modules

(d)n : X (B) 2n (B)

X X y ( (d)n ).

Therefore, by choosing (d)n 2n (B), we have that there is a unique vector

field b defined in B such that

b y ( (d)n ) = (d)n . (2.2.4)

Consequently, b y b y ( (d)n ) = b y (d)n and we obtain that

b y (d)n = 0. (2.2.5)

By 2.2.4 and 2.2.5,

(b y ) (d)n (b y (d)n ) = (d)n

n
()(d)
b = (d)n .

27
Thus ()
b = 1.

On the other hand,

b y (d)n = b y (d (d)n1 ) (2.2.6)

= (b y d) (d)n1 + d (b y (d)n1 )

= n(b y d) (d)n1

where the last equation is obtained by iterating n1 times in the parentheses

of the second term of the second line like we have done it in the first line,
and d is a 2-form.
Finally, by (2.2.5), (2.2.6) and the fact that n is the rank of the 2-form d, it
follows that b y d.

Remark 2.28. The Reeb vector field uniquely determines a 1-dimensional

foliation F on (B, ) called the characteristic foliation. Let L be the trivial
line bundle consisting of tangent vectors that are tangent to the leaves of F ,
then
T B = D L .

2.2.1 Examples of contact manifolds

Example 2.29. (Rn+1 RPn )

Let us consider B = Rn+1 RPn , Rn+1 with coordinates (x0 , . . . , xn ) and
the real projective space RPn with homogeneous coordinates, (t0 , . . . , tn ). If
we set Ui Rn+1 RPn as the affine neighbourhood defined by ti 6= 0. We
have that {Ui }ni=0 cover B. We define the contact structure by a sequence of

28
1-forms i defined in Ui by
X tj
i = dxi + dxj
j=06=j
t i
X tj
= dxj .
j
ti

In Ui Uj , we have that
ti
j = i ,
tj
and this defines the contact line bundle L which is non-trivial since it is
induced by the tautological line bundle on RPn . Hence, there is no globally
defined contact 1-form on M which defines the contact structure, that is, the
contact structure is not strict. We can obtain that
 n+1
n ti
j (dj ) = i (di )n ,
tj

so M is orientable if and only if n is odd, and in this case M is not co-

orientable.

Example 2.30. If we consider M = S 2n+1 , the unit (2n+1)-sphere and the 1-

form on R2n+2 defined in the standard cartesian coordinates (x0 , . . . , xn , y0 , . . . , yn )
by ni=0 (xi dyi yi dxi ). Let denote its restriction to the unit sphere. We
P

claim that (d)n 6= 0 everywhere on S 2n+1 . A straightforward computation

shows that
n
X
n n
(d) = 2 n! xi dx0 dy0 . . . dx
ci dyi . . . dxn dyn
i=0
n
X 
yi dx0 dy0 . . . dxi dy
ci . . . dxn dyn |S 2n+1 ,
i=0

where dx
c means the dx is omitted.

Now the 1-form = ni=0 (xi dxi + yi dyi ) is normal to the sphere S 2n+1 and
P

29
we get that
n
X
(d)n = 2n n! (xi )2 + (yi )2 dx0 dy0 . . . dxn dyn .


i=0

Thus, (d)n vanishes nowhere on S 2n+1 .

Definition 2.31. Let B be a strict contact manifold, and let Con(B, D) de-
note the group of global contact transformations, that is, the subgroup of the
group Diff (B) of diffeomorphisms of B that leaves the contact distribution
D invariant. Alternatively fixing a contact form such that D = ker, then
Con(B, D) can be characterized as

Con (B, D) = { Diff (B) | = f for f C (B) nowhere vanishing}

With the 1-form fixed we are also interested in the subgroup Con(B, ) of
global strict contact transformations defined by the condition = .

The Lie algebras of Con(B, D) and Con(B, ) denoted by con(B, D) and

con(B, ), respectively, can be characterized as follows:

con(B, D) = {X X (B)|LX = g for some g C (B)}

con(B, ) = {X X (B)|LX = 0},

where X (B) denotes the Lie algebra of smooth vector fields on B.

Those Lie algebras are associated with the corresponding pseudogroups Con ,
not groups of global transformations.
Moreover, according to Definition 2.24, we can characterize con(B, D) as the
Lie algebra which consits of contact vector fields in B.

Lemma 2.32. If X con(B, ) then LX = [X, ] = 0.

30
Proof. We have that

LX (()) = (LX ) () + ([X, ])

0 = 0 + ([X, ]) . (2.2.7)

Then

L[X,] ([X, ]) = L[X,] + ([X, ], [X, ])

0 = L[X,] + 0. (2.2.8)

Thus, since (2.2.7), (2.2.8) and Cartans formula:

L[X,] = d ([X, ] y ) + [X, ] y d

0 = 0 + [X, ] y d. (2.2.9)

Then, by using the nondegeneracy of d in ker , (2.2.7) and (2.2.9) imply

that:
[X, ] = 0 for every X con(B, ).

Proposition 2.33. Let (B, D = ker) be a contact manifold. The linear map
from contact vector fields to smooth functions given by X f X := (X) is
one-to-one and onto.

Proof. Let us observe that, by taking the Reeb vector field :

() = 1.

Thus, (X (X)) = 0, which means that X (X) D for every vector

field X in B.
As d|D is nondegenerate, X (X) is uniquely determined by

(X (X)) y d|D (2.2.10)

31
 For every section v of D B and every vector field X in B,

0 = LX 0 = LX ((v))

= (LX ) (v) + ([X, v]) .

Now, let X be a contact vector field, then ([X, v]) = 0 which, according to
the previous equation, it leads to

(LX ) (v) = 0

(X y d + d (X y )) (v) = 0

d(X, v) + d ((X)) (v) = 0.

Let us define the linear map from contact vector fields to smooth functions
by
X f X := (X).

Thus, for every section v of D and for every contact vector field X in B,

d(X, v) = d ((X)) (v)

= df X (v). (2.2.11)

Moreover,

X X fX y d = f X y d

= 0, (2.2.12)

as is the corresponding Reeb vector field.

Thus, in particular, from (2.2.11) and (2.2.12):

(X (X)) y d|D = X y d|D

= df X |D , (2.2.13)

32
for every contact vector field X in B. Consequently, if we assume that
f X = f Y for every contact vector fields X, Y in B, it follows from what we
observed in (2.2.10) and (2.2.13) that X = Y in D, and, as T B = D R
where X = X (X) + (X) with (X) R, we obtain that the linear
map is 1-1.
We are going to see that the linear map is onto. Indeed, for every f C (B)
and from (2.2.13), there exists a unique section Xf0 of D, such that:

Xf0 y d|D = df |D . (2.2.14)

Let us define the following vector field in B,

Xf := Xf0 + f ;

we observe that

(Xf ) = (Xf0 + f ) = (Xf0 ) + f ()

= (Xf0 ) + f = f. (2.2.15)

It is only left to prove that Xf is a contact vector field.

In fact, for every w = w1 + w2 T B = D R :

LXf (w) = (d(Xf y ) + Xf y d) (w)

= d ((Xf )) (w1 ) + d ((Xf )) (w2 ) + (Xf y d)(w1 ) + (Xf y d)(w2 ).

From (2.2.14), (2.2.15) and the definition of the Reeb vector field :


LXf (w) = d(f )(w1 ) + d(f )(w2 ) d(f )(w1 ) + (Xf y d)(w2 )

= df (w2 ) + (Xf y d)(w2 )

= d((Xf ))(w2 ) + (Xf y d)(w2 )

= LXf (w2 ). (2.2.16)

33
Now, as w2 R, we can write w2 = t for some t R, then:



LXf (w) = LXf (w2 ) = LXf ((w2 )) ([Xf , w2 ])

= ([Xf , w2 ]) . (2.2.17)

If t was zero, we would obtain immediately that Xf is a contact vector field.

Otherwise, we can write:


LXf (w) = g.(w) (2.2.18)

([Xf ,w2 ])
where g = t
C (B) and (w) = t, which implies that Xf is a
contact vector field in B.

2.3 The link between Symplectic cones and

Contact manifolds
The following propositions in this section are going to show how a contact
manifold B and its symplectic cone M are intimately related.

Proposition 2.34. Any principal R-bundle R M
B is trivial.

Proof. Note first that if s : B M is a (local) section of M
B and

f C (B) is a function, then s f is again a (local) section of M
B.
To prove that a principal bundle is trivial it is enough to construct a global
section. To this end choose an open cover {U } of B such that for each U
there is a section s : U M . Choose a partition of unity subordinate
to the cover {U }. Two sections of a principal R-bundle differ by real-valued
function. Thus by abuse of notation on an intersection U U , s s is a
real-valued function. Now define for each index
X
s0 = s (s s )
6=

34
Then on an intersection U U
! !
X X
s0 s0 = s (s s ) s (s s )
6= 6=
!
X
= s s (s s ) + (s s ) (s s )
6=,
X
= s s ( )(s s )

= 0.

Therefore, the collection of local sections {s0 } defines a global section of

: M B. Consequently the bundle is trivial.

Thus any symplectic cone is of the form B R where B = M/R is an

odd-dimensional manifold.

Proposition 2.35. Let (M, , X) be a symplectic cone, let B be its base and
let : M B denote the projection. Pick a trivialization : B R M .
Then = d(et ) where t is a coordinate on R and is a contact form

on B. Conversely, if is a contact form on B then (B R, d(et ), t ) is a
symplectic cone.

Proof. By Proposition 2.34, the principal R-bundle : M B is trivial.

Let us choose a trivialization

:BRM

(p, t) (p, t) := t (s(p)) (2.3.1)

where t is the flow generated by the Liouville vector field X according to

Definition 2.3 and s : B M is a global section of : M B.

Under this identification the vector field X becomes t
.

35
As d = 0 and LX = , then

= LX = d(X y ). (2.3.2)

Let us call := X y in M . Then X y = X y (X y ) = 0 and

LX = d(X y ) + X y d = X y d

= . (2.3.3)

As (X) = 0 and X =
t
, we obtain that = t (1-forms in B R) does
not depend on dt. So we can set

(t )(p,0) := (p) (2.3.4)

as a 1-form in B, for every p B.

Let Y T M , then, in local coordinates:

Y = (a11,2,...,2n+2 ) 2n+1
+ ... + (a1,2,...,2n+2 ) 2n+2
+ (a1,2,...,2n+2 ) , (2.3.5)
x1 x2n+1 t

where a11,2,...,2n+2 , ,a2n+2

1,2,...,2n+2 are C

functions in M .
From (2.3.3), we obtain that:

( (Y ))s(p) ((Y ))s(p)

((Y ))s(p) = lim
0
( ( (Y )))(s(p)) ((Y ))s(p)
= lim
0

 
d1 Y1 (s(p)) ((Y ))s(p)

(s(p))
= lim . (2.3.6)
0

Thus, from (2.3.5) and the fact that we are identifying X with t
, we can ap-
ply LHopitals rule in (2.3.6) to obtain that, due to a solution of a differential
equation,
( )(p,t) = (t )s(p) = et (t )(p,0) . (2.3.7)

36
Consequently, by taking the exterior derivative in (2.3.7) and in view of the
identification made above of in B:

( )(p,t) = d(et )p , (2.3.8)

for every p B.
1
Let us prove that is a contact form in B. By setting n = 2
dim M 1,
we know that n+1 6= 0 in M , and since (2.3.8) and the fact that is a
trivialization, we obtain :

n+1
d(et ) 6= 0. (2.3.9)

On the other hand,

n+1
d(et ) = et(n+1) (dt + d)n+1

= et(n+1) (n + 1)dt (d)n + (d)n+1

= (n + 1)et(n+1) (dt (d)n ) 6= 0

But in B, we know that there is no depency on the variable t, so (d)n 6= 0.

Conversely, let us suppose that is a contact 1-form on B. Let = d(et )

and let X = t
. Then

LX = d( y d(et )) = d( y (et dt + et d)) = d(et + 0) = ,
t t

that is, X is a Liouville vector field on M .

It remains to check that is nondegenerate. For any (b, t) B R, the
tangent space T(b,t) (B R) decomposes as T(b,t) (B R) = ker b R(b) R
where is the Reeb vector field of (cf. Remark 2.28).
Since is contact, then db |ker b is nondegenerate. The restriction dt b to
R(b)R is nondegenerate as well. Hence = et (dt+d) is nondegenerate.

This proves that (B R, d(et ), t ) is a symplectic cone.

37
 Let (B, ) be a strict manifold of dimension 2n + 1 with Reeb vector field
, and M its symplectic cone. On M we define S(M, ) as the group of
symplectomorphisms of (M, ), and S0 (M, ) the subgroup of S(M, ) that
commutes with homotheties, which are the ones that satisfy = e with
Diff(M ) and R.

Their correspondings Lie algebras are denoted by s(M, ) and s0 (M, ),

which can be characterized respectively as:

s(M, ) = {X X (M )|LX = 0} (2.3.10)

s0 (M, ) = {X X (M )|[X, ] = 0}, (2.3.11)

where is the Liouville vector field which generates the flow of the homoth-
eties.
According to the definitions given in Definition 2.31,

Proposition 2.36. There exists an isomorphism S0 (M, ) ' Con(B, ) of

topological groups, which is induced by the natural inclusion B M ' BR.

Proof. cf. [12], page 314.

Proposition 2.37. Infinitesimally, there are Lie algebra isomorphisms

s0 (M, ) ' con(B, ) ' C (B) ,

where

C (B) = {f C (B)|t f = f where t is the flow generated by the Reeb vector field }.

Moreover, is in the center of con(B, ).

Proof. con(B, ) ' C (B) : In fact, we observe that we can use the
same linear map X (X), in this case, for every X con(B, ), cf.

38
 Proposition 2.33 . Consequently, we have that the linear map is 1-1.
From Proposition 2.33, we obtain that con(B, D) ' C (B).
Then, there exists X con(B, D), that is, LX = h for some h
C (B), such that f = (X). Let us prove that our map is onto.
Let f C (B) , that is,

L ((X)) = 0

(L ) (X) + ([, X]) = 0

0 + ([, X]) = 0

On the other hand,

(LX ) () = (h) ()

LX (()) ([X, ]) = h

0 = h,

which implies that X con(B, ).

s0 (M, ) ' con(B, ): Let us define a map

s0 (M, ) con(B, )

X XB

Since X s0 (M, ), [X, ] = 0 where is the Liouville vector field

in M . This allow us to choose XB as X. Indeed, let X be in local
2n+2
coordinates as (a11,...,2n+2 ) x 1 + + (a1,...,2n+2
) t and :=
t
. Since
[X, ] = 0, in local coordinates this means:
j j
 
i W i V
V i
W i
=0 (2.3.12)
x x xj

39
where the V i s and W j s are the coefficients for X and , respectively.
By calculating we obtain that:
!
2n+2
a11,...,2n+2
 2
a1,...,2n+2 a1,...,2n+2
  

1
=0
t x t x2 t t
2n+2
a11,...,2n+2 a1,...,2n+2
= 0 = = , (2.3.13)
t t

which means that our vector field X has no any coefficient in the t
coordinate. So we can set XB := X.
It only remains to prove that our map is well defined. In fact, let t be
the flow generated by X, the trivialization taken in Proposition 2.35
and t the flow generated by the Liouville vector field .
Since t = ,

(t ) =

(t ) = d(e )

t ( ) = d(e )

t d(e ) = d(e )

d t e = d(e ).


(2.3.14)

This implies that:

d t e e = 0,


(2.3.15)

and if we we had that there exists a smooth function f in B such that

t e e = df (2.3.16)

for every and t in R, it would imply that df = 0, so we conclude in

particular that t = , and LX = 0, obtaining the well definition of
our map and the isomorphism follows immediately.

40
 is in the center of con(B, ): This is exactly what we proved in Lemma
2.32.

41
Chapter 3

Contact reduction and Contact

Toric Manifolds

The notion of contact reduction arises from the natural interplay between the
symplectic cones and contact manifolds. As expected, the notion of symplec-
tic reduction plays a key role in understanding the concept of reduction at
the level of contact structures. We begin this chapter explaining symplectic
reduction performed on the complex projective space CPn . This example will
be very useful, at the level of contact reduction, especially for contact toric
manifolds. First some preliminaries.

3.1 Symplectic moment maps

Now, let (M, ) be a symplectic manifold, G a Lie group acting in M , g
its Lie algebra and : G Sympl(M, ) be a symplectic action, that is,
= .

Definition 3.1. is a Hamiltonian action if there is a map : M g

such that

42
 1. For every X g, let

X : M R

X (p) := h(p), Xi

be the component of along X.

Let X # be the vector field in M generated by the one-parameter

subgroup {exp tX | t R} G

Then
dX = X # y .

That is, X is a Hamiltonian function for the vector field X # .

2. is equivariant with respect to the action of G in M and the coadjoint

action Ad of G in g , that is,

Adg = g .

(M, , G, ) is called a G- Hamiltonian space and is called the moment

map.

Theorem 3.2. Let be a symplectic action of G in (M, ) with moment map

. Suppose H : M R is invariant under the action . (H(x) = H(g (x))
for every x M, g G), then is an integral for XH (that is, if Ft is the
flow of XH then (Ft (p)) = (p) for every p, t where Ft is defined).

Proof. Let us recall that , due to the nondegeneracy of , for every 1-form
, there is a unique vector field such that

y = .

As H is invariant,


H exp(tX) (p) = H(p)

43
for every X g. Besides, as is a moment map for , it follows that
dX = X # , so by differentiating over t = 0 we have

0 = dH(p) X # (p)

= LX # H

= {H, X }

= (dH , X # )

= (X # , dH )

= dX (p) dH (p)

where XH = dH and the last equality follows from the fact that is a
moment map of . This implies that (Ft (p)) = (p) for every p M and
Ft flow of dH .

Theorem 3.3. Let be a symplectic action of a Lie group G in a symplectic

manifold (M, ). Suppose that = d and the action leaves invariant ,
that is
g =

for every g G. Then : M g ,defined by

h(p), i = # y (p),

is an Ad equivariant map for .

Proof. By invariance of , we have

d
0= |t=0 exp(t) () = L# .
dt
Thus, by Cartans formula,

0 = # y d + d( # y )

= # y + d( # y ).

44
That is,
d( # y ) = # y

which proves that = # y is a moment map for .

is Ad - equivariant:
We want to prove that

h(g (p)), i = Adg ((p), )



which is equivalent to prove

(g (p)) = h(p)), Adg1 i

(g (p)) = Adg1 (p)

 
# y (g (p)) = (Adg1 )# y (p)

Additionally, we have the following property:

(Adg1 )# = g ( # )

which proof is as follows:

d
(Adg )#
p = exp tAdg (p)|t=0
dt
d
= g(exp t)g1 (p)|t=0
dt
d
(g exp t ) g 1 p


=
dt
(g )g1 p # g1 p


=

g1 # p .



=

45
 Consequently, we obtain that
 
(Adg1 )# y (p) = g ( # ) y (p)

g ( # ) y g (p)


=

g # y (p)



=

# y (g (p))


=

for every p M , and g G.

Example 3.4. Let S 1 = {z C : |z| = 1} where every element can be

represented by eit for t R. Thus, its Lie algebra is g = {it : t R} ' R.
Let us consider the action

: S1 C C

eit , z 7 eit z.

By setting as the standard symplectic form in C, we want to find the

corresponding moment map : C R which must satisfy, by definition,
that dX = X # y , for every X in R .
Indeed,
d 
X # (z) = exp(tX).z
dt t=0
d
= t=0 (eit , z)
dt
d
= t=0 eit z
dt
= iz. (3.1.1)

At the same time, z = x + iy = r cos + ir sin , then:

z
= r sin + ir cos

= iz. (3.1.2)

46
Thus, from (3.1.1) and (3.1.2):

X# = .

If we want X # to be expressed in z and z coordinates,
z z
X# = . + .
z z

= (iz). + (iz)
 z  z

=i z z . (3.1.3)
z z
Additionally, from (1.2.3), (3.1.3) becomes, in real coordinates
    
# 1 1
X = i (x + iy) i (x iy) +i
2 x y 2 x y
    

= i i x +i y
y x

=x y . (3.1.4)
y x
Since (1.1.9), = 2i dz dz in C, and from (3.1.3):
    
#

i
X y (.) = i z z y dz dz
z z 2 (.)
   
1
= z z y (dz dz)
2 z z (.)
1 
= dz(z z ) .dz (.) dz(.) .dz (z z )
2 z z z z

1

= zdz (.) + zdz(.)
2 
1
= (zdz + zdz)
2 (.)
 
1
= d (z.z) . (3.1.5)
2 (.)

Thus, by integrating in (3.1.5) over C, we obtain the following moment map

: C R :
1
(z) = |z|2 + C
2
for every z C and C R a constant.

47
 Next, we state one important result that determines how to produce from
coisotropic submanifolds of a symplectic manifold (the zero set of a moment
map coming from a Hamiltonian action) symplectic quotients.

3.2 The Marsden-Weinstein-Meyer Reduction

Theorem
Theorem 3.5. Let G be a Lie group and suppose we have a Hamiltonian
action of G on a symplectic manifold (M, ) with moment map : M g .
If G acts freely and properly on 1 (0), then the orbit MG := 1 (0)/G is a
smooth manifold, and the natural projection : 1 (0) MG is a principle
G-bundle, and there exists a unique symplectic form G on MG satisfying
G = |1 (0) .

Proof. See [14]. Page 175.

Example 3.6. Let

CPn = Cn+1 \ {0} / := Cn+1 \ {0} /C

(3.2.1)

be the complex projective space.

Let us consider the following diagram (cf. Example 1.19), where is the
standard projection map restricted to S 2n+1 and i is the inclusion map:
i
S 2n+1 Cn+1

(F S , CPn )

We found in Claim 1.19.3 that:

F S = i . (3.2.2)

48
The diagram above represents a symplectic reduction of Cn+1 , where S 1 acts
on CPn with the following moment map:

: Cn+1 R
kzk2 1
z 7 + .
2 2
In fact, let
n+1
1 X
= dzi dz i
2 i=1
n+1
X
= dxi dyi
i=1
n+1
X
= ri dri di
i=1

be the standard symplectic form in Cn+1 .

By considering the action of S 1 on (Cn+1 , ):

eit S 1 7 := multiplication by eit ,

we observe that it is the same action as :

j(S 1 ) Cn+1 Cn+1

j(eit ), (z1 , . . . , zn+1 ) 7 (eit z1 , . . . , eit zn ),

where

j : S 1 Tn+1 = S 1 . . . S 1

eit 7 (eit , . . . , eit )

is the inclusion map.

Therefore, by noting that the Lie algebra of Tn+1 is isomorphic to R . . .
R ' Rn+1 , we can proceed as we did in Example 3.4 to obtain that

X # (z1 , . . . , zn+1 ) = i(z1 , . . . , zn+1 ),

49
which is equivalent to say that

X# = + + ... +
1 2 n+1
n+1  
X
=i zk zk . (3.2.3)
k=1
zk z k
Now, let us consider

: Cn+1 R
kzk2
z 7 + ct,
2
since
n+1
1 X 2
d = d( r )
2 i=1 i
we have that
n+1
!
X
X # y (v) = (X # , v)


ri dri di
i=1
n+1
!
X
= ri dri (v)
i=1
 
1X 2
= d(ri ) (v) = d(v).
2
Then, the action is Hamiltonian with moment map .
1
Besides, by taking as the constant,
2

kzk2 1
 
1 n+1
(0) = z C / + =0
2 2
= S 2n+1 ,

where

: Cn+1 R
kzk2 1
z 7 + .
2 2
Consequently, 1 (0)/S 1 = S 2n+1 /S 1 = CPn , that is, CPn is the symplectic
reduction of Cn+1 .

50
3.3 Contact moment maps
An alternative way to define a cooriented contact structure for a manifold is
stated in terms of the annihilator of a certain distribution of T B which is
going to be useful in understanding the way G acts in T B.

Definition 3.7. A codimension-1 distribution on a manifold B is co-

orientable if its annihilator T B is a oriented line bundle, that is,
has a nowhere vanishing global section. It is co-oriented if one component
+ of \ 0 is chosen.

Let D T B be a distribution of codimension 1. We define D T B as

D = { 1-form | (X) = 0 for every X D}

Then
D = {0} {f | f > 0} {f | f < 0}.

Definition 3.8. A co-oriented contact structure D on a manifold M is a

co-oriented codimension-1 distribution such that D \ 0 is a symplectic sub-
manifold of the cotangent bundle T B (the cotangent bundle is given the
canonical sympletic form). We denote the chosen component of D \ 0 by

D+ and refer to it as the symplectization of (B, D).

Definition 3.9. If a Lie group G acts on a manifold B preserving a 1-form ,

the corresponding -moment map : B g determined by is defined
by
h (x), Xi = x (X x )

for all x B and all vectors X in the Lie algebra g of G, where, as above,
d
X denotes the vector field induced by X : X x = |
dt t=0
(exp tX) x

51
 Intuitively, let f C (B). If we set = ef 0 where 0 D, then

d = d(ef ) 0 + ef d 0

= ef (df 0 + d 0 )

= ef d 0

If d is a symplectic form then, up to a sign convention, is a symplectic

moment map. If is a contact form then is a candidate for a contact
moment map. Note however that if f is a G - invariant function, then ef
is also a contact form defining the same contact distribution, while clearly
ef = ef . That is, this definition of the moment map depends on a
particular choice of a contact form and not just on the contact structure.
Indeed, if is a contact 1-form , with : M g as its - moment map and
if f C (B) is G - invariant, then ker(ef ) = ker, however ef = ef .
Let us call ef = . Thus ker() = ker() = D.
Then

h (x), Xi = (X x )

h (x), Xi = (X x ) .

If we assume that = d, in D:

d = d(ef ) = d(ef ) + ef d

= ef d

In particular, by the bilinearity of h, i, we obtain that

ef = ef . (3.3.1)

Remark 3.10. From this last equation it is clear that the moment map de-
pends upon the 1-form (to be more precise, it depends on the conformal

52
class of the contact form) and not on the contact structure. In [11], Lerman
proposes the definition of a universal moment map which depends on the
contact structure and not only on the contact form. This generalisation of
the contact map will be explained in the next subsection. Nevertheless, the
restricted notion of a contact moment map given in Definition 3.9 will suffice
to exhibit examples of contact reduction in Chapter 3.

3.3.1 Construction of a universal moment map

If we suppose again that a Lie group G acts on a manifold B preserving a

co-oriented contact structure D, that is, we have the action g : B B
where (g ) |D (D) = D.
How is G acting in T B? By setting

g : T B T B

Tp B Tg (p) B

g (p), g .


(p, )

So the action of G in T B preserves D and D+

.
Indeed,
(v) = (v H + v V ) = (v H ) + (v V ) = (v V ).

Thus

g ()(v) = (g v)

= g v H + v V

= g (v H ) + g (v V )

= v H + g (v V )

= g (v V )

53
Therefore, the action preserves D . On the other hand, for every D+

we
have that g ()(X) = ((g ) (X)) > 0 because the G action preserves the
cooriented structure and (X v ) > 0 where X v is the vertical vector of X.
The restriction = |D+ of the moment map for the action of G on T B

to D+ depends only on the action of the group and on the contact structure.
Moreover, since : T B g is given by the formula


h(q, p), Xi = p, X q

for all q B, p Tq B and X g, we see that if is any invariant contact

form with ker = D and (B) DB then

h (q) , Xi = h (q), Xi = q , X q = h (q), Xi



where (q) := ( )(q) = (q, q ) . Thus = , that is, = |D+

can be considered a universal moment map.

B D+

3.4 The contact reduction theorem

We follow Geiges in [8], and study how we can construct other manifolds if
we choose a Lie group G acting in a contact manifold B, such that this group
gives us some kind of symmetry, more explicitly, the group of automorphisms
Con(B, ).
First of all, let us take a look the case where such group is S 1 .

Proposition 3.11. Let (B, ) be a contact manifold with a strict contact S 1

- action, generated by the flow of a vector field X in B. Then X is tangent
to the level sets of the moment map . The value 0 is a regular value of

54
 if and only if X is nowhere zero on the level set 1
(0). Hence, in this

case the S 1 action on B restricts to a locally free action on 1

(0). If this

restricted action is free, induces a contact form on the quotient manifold

1 1
(0)/S .

Proof. We compute

d = d((X)) = LX X y d = X y d. (3.4.1)

Thus, d (X) 0, which proves the first statement.

We see that, by definition, p 1
(0) if and only if X p kerp . Hence,

along the 0level of , the fact that (d)n 6= 0 and (3.4.1) gives us that
0 is a regular value of if and only if X is nowhere zero in the level set
1
(0).

Now assume that 0 is indeed a regular value of The conditions LX 0

and (X) 0 along 1
(0) let us obtain that descends to a well-defined

1form on the quotient manifold 1 1

(0)/S .

The restriction of the 2form d to Tp (1

(0)) kerp has 1dimensional

kernel, indeed, kerp is 1- dimensional for every p 1

(0) because X p 6= 0

lies in this kernel, and if kerdp had dimension more than 1, it would imply
that (d)n will be zero in some point in 1
(0).

(For example, if n = 1, then

(p dp )(X p ,Yp ,Zp ) = p (X p )dp (Yp , Zp ) p (Yp )d(X p , Zp ) + p (Zp )d(X p , Yp )

= 0

for every Yp , Zp in Tp (1
(0)) kerp with d(X p , Zp ) and d(X p , Yp ) both

zeros if we assume that kerdp has dimension more than 1.)

When we pass to the quotient 1 1
(0)/S , the 1form induced by is given

by restricting to hyperplanes in Tp (1
(0)) complementary to X p . Sim-

ilarly, the differential of the induced 1form is given by restricting d to

55
such hyperplanes. It follows, as claimed, that induces a contact form on
1 1
(0)/S .

Lemma 3.12. The moment map is equivariant with respect to the given
G-action on B and the coadjoint action of G on g , that is,

(g m) = g( (m)) for all g G, m B

Proof.
d
X gm = (exp (tX) g m) |t=0
dt
d
gg 1 exp (tX) g m |t=0



=
dt
 
d 1

= gm g exp (tX) g m|t=0
dt
 
1


= gm ad g (X) ,
m

Thus, for every X g,

(g m)(X) = gm (X gm )
  
1


= gm gm ad g (X)
m
 
= (g )m ad g 1 (X)


m
 
= m ad g 1 (X)


m

= (m) ad g 1 (X)

= g ( (m)) (X).

Lemma 3.13. (a) For all p B, v Tp B, and X g, we have

hdp (v), Xi = d(v, X p );

here we identify T (p) g with g .

56
 (b) The flow of the Reeb vector field preserves the level sets of .

(c) If (p) = 0, then Tp (G p), the tangent space to the orbit through p,
is an isotropic subspace of the symplectic vector space (kerp , dp ).

(d) If 0 is a regular value of , then the isotropic subspace in (c) is of the

same dimension as G, and it equals the symplectic orthogonal comple-
ment of kerp Tp 1


(0) .

Proof. (a) As we have that LX 0 , the Cartans formula let us obtain

that
d(X p y ) + X p y d = 0 (3.4.2)

Let v Tp B, thus



d Xp (v) + d(X p , v) = 0 (3.4.3)

Let us define hdp (v), Xi := d h , Xi (v) for every v Tp B. Since

we identify T (p) g with g , this definition makes sense.
By definition of the moment map ,


hdp (v), Xi = d h , Xi (v) = d (X p ) (v).

Hence, by (3.4.3), we obtain

hdp (v), Xi = d(v, X p )

for every p B, v Tp B, and X g.

(b) From Lemma 2.27 and item (a),

hdp (), Xi = d(, X p ) = 0 for all X g, (3.4.4)

Thus, dp () = 0 which means that the flow of the Reeb vector field
preserves the level sets of .

57
(c) The tangent space Tp (G p) is spanned by vectors of the form X p with
X lying in g by the isomorphism between g and Te G . In particular, it is
a subspace of kerp , since (p) = 0 and then p (X p ) = h (p), Xi = 0.
If we take v = Y p for some Y g we obtain from (a) that


dp (Y p , X p ) =p (Y p ), X
   
d
= p (exp(tY ) p) |t=0 , X
dt
 
d
= ( (exp(tY ) p)) |t=0 , X
dt
 
d
= (exp (tY ) ( (p))) , X
dt
= 0,

where the third equality is a consequence of the chain rule and the
fourth is obtained by applying the Lemma 3.12.

(d) In order to prove that dim Tp (G p) = dim G, we need to show that

X p 6= 0 for any non-zero X g. Given such an X, the fact that 0 is a
regular value of allows us to choose a tangent vector v Tp B such
6 0 because dp is surjective for every p 1
that hdp (v), Xi = (0).

Then X p 6= 0 follows from (a) for every p 1

(0).

We have that 0 is a regular value of , and the intersection of the

hyperplane kerp with Tp 1


(0) is transverse in the sense that it is a

manifold for points in 1

(0) such that the Reeb vector field belongs

to Tp 1


(0) , as is not in kerp and by (b) the flow of preserves

the level sets of so in particular it preserves the zero level set of .

Consequently, by the item (c), we obtain that

Tp (G p) and kerp Tp 1


(0)

58
 are of complementary dimension in kerp .
From (a), for every v kerp Tp 1 1


(0) , p (0) and X p

Tp (G p) (we can use a linear combination of fundamental vector fields

but we will obtain the same result), it follows that


d v, X p = hdp (v), Xi

= 0.

Thus,
(Tp (G p)) kerp Tp 1


(0) .

Hence, as (Tp (G p)) and kerp Tp 1

(0) have the same dimension
by the the results obtained above, this inclusion must be an equality.

Theorem 3.14. (Contact reduction) Let G be a compact Lie group acting

by strict contact transformations on the contact manifold (B, ). If 0 g
is a regular value of the moment map of this action, then G acts locally
freely on the level set 1
(0). If the action is free, induces a contact form

on the quotient manifold 1

(0)/G.

Proof. First of all, we are going to show that G acts locally freely on the
level set 1
(0). Indeed, let us call Gp = {g G | g.p = p} the isotropy

group of p, gp = {X g | X p = 0} its correspondent Lie algebra, and

Ann gp = {T g | hT, Xi = 0, X gp } the Annihilator of gp for every
p B.
Since 0 g is a regular value for , it follows that

Im dp = g .

for every p 1
(0). On the other hand, Im dp Ann gp since for every

T Im dp , that is, T = dp (v) for some v Tp B,

59
 hT, Xi = hdp (v), Xi

= d(v, X p )

= 0,

for every X gp (the second equality is obtained from item a) of Lemma

3.13).
Thus g = Ann gp and this implies that gp = 0 and we obtain that dim Gp = 0
for every p 1
(0) which means that G acts locally freely on the level set

1
(0) ,moreover those isotropy groups are finite since we are assuming that

G is compact.
Afterwards, let us show that induces a contact action on the quotient if
the action is free. In fact, if we assume that the action of G on B is free and
since G is compact, 1
(0)/G is a manifold. Since we have that g = for

every g G (where g represents the pullback of the action map of G on

B over ), it follows that LX 0 and from item (c) of the Lemma 3.13,
(X) 0 along 1
(0). Therefore descends to a well-defined 1form on

the quotient manifold 1

(0)/G.
1
The restriction of the 2form dp to Tp ( (0)) kerpTp G p allows us to
obtain that p (dp )n 6= 0, since Tp G p is an isotropic subspace of kerp
and we found that (Tp (G p)) = kerp Tp 1


(0) , so it implies that the

only obstruction for p (dp )n to be nowhere zero is in Tp (G p) and this is

the reason why dp is nonzero in Tp (1
(0)) ker. Therefore, the induced

1- form by is a contact form for the quotient 1

(0)/G.

In fact, the examples that will be presented in the next section, are contact
toric manifolds, these are manifolds with a large group of automorphisms
which allows the manifold to admit very symmetric groups acting on them

60
in an appropriate fashion. We have the following definition.

Definition 3.15. An action of a torus G on a contact manifold (B, D) is

completely integrable if it is effective, preserves the contact structure D
and if 2 dim G = dim B + 1. A contact toric G-manifold is a co-oriented
contact manifold (B, D) with a completely integrable action of a torus G.

Remark 3.16. Lemma 3.13 reveals an important difference between the con-
tact and the symplectic case: in the proof of d) on the lemma, one notices
that other possible regular value besides zero can not ensure that Tp (G p) is
a subspace of kerp . So contact reduction, stated as theorem 3.14 only works
for zero as regular value. There is a variation of this notion, given by Willet
in [20] where it is possible to contactify quotients for certain non-zero regular
values.

3.5 Examples of contact toric reduction

Example 3.17. Let

S 7 = {z = (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) C4 ; |z0 |2 + |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + |z3 |2 = 1},

with zj = xj + iyj , then the contact form on S 7 can be written as

3
X
= (xj dyj yj dxj ) ,
j=0

and its Reeb vector field is

3
X
= (xj yj yj xj ) .
j=0

Let S 1 act on S 7 by

: S1 S7 S7

(eit , (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 )) 7 eit z0 , eit z1 , eit z2 , eit z3 .

(3.5.1)

61
The associated fundamental vector field of this action is (in real coordinates),
       

X 0 = x0 y0 x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 .
y0 x0 y1 x1 y2 x2 y3 x3

We can proceed by the same way as we did in Example 3.4 and we will obtain
that the moment map : S 7 R is then stated (up to a factor 12 ) as

(z) = z (X0 ) = |z0 |2 |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + |z3 |2 ,

with zero level set

1 (0) = {z S 7 ; |z0 |2 + |z1 |2 = |z2 |2 + |z3 |2 }

Now, since z S 7 , every element of 1 (0) satisfies that:

|z0 |2 + |z1 |2 + |z0 |2 + |z1 |2 = 1

and

|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 = 1.

Thus,    
1 1 3
3 1
(0) = S S . (3.5.2)
2 2
Clearly, 0 is a regular value for . Thus, the reduced space can be iden-
tified with (S 3 S 3 ) /S 1 which, by the contact reduction theorem 3.14, is a
contact manifold.
Let us identify more explicitly the manifold (S 3 S 3 ) /S 1 . In order to
do this, let us consider the following diffeomorphism

F : S3 S3 S3 S3

(z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) 7 (z0 z3 + z1 z2 , z0 z2 z1 z3 , z2 , z3 )

62
and the following S 1 action

: S1 S7 S7

(eit , (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 )) 7 (z0 , z1 , eit z2 , eit z3 ).

In one hand we have that, for every (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) S 3 S 3 :

F (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) = F eit z0 , eit z1 , eit z2 , eit z3

= z0 z3 + z1 z2 , z0 z2 z1 z3 , eit z2 , eit z3


(3.5.3)

Besides,

F (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (z0 z3 + z1 z2 , z0 z2 z1 z3 , z2 , z3 )

= z0 z3 + z1 z2 , z0 z2 z1 z3 , eit z2 , eit z3 ,


(3.5.4)

That is, F is an equivariant diffeomorphism under the S 1 -actions and .

Thus

S 3 S 3 /S 1
= S 3 S 3 /S 1 = S 3 S 2.

If we set G = T4 , B = S 7 and consider the action in (3.5.1), we observe

that S 7 becomes a contact toric manifold.

Example 3.18. Let us consider the weighted action of S 1 on S 2n1 Cn by

eit , (z0 , . . . , zn1 ) 7 e0 it z0 , . . . , en1 it zn1 ,

(3.5.5)

where (0 , . . . , n1 ) Zn . Additionaly, let us recall that S 2n1 has a stan-

dard contact structure given by
n1
X n1
X
= (xi dyi yi dxi ), = (xi yi yi xi ). (3.5.6)
i=0 i=0

The associated moment map,

(z) = 0 |z0 |2 + + n1 |zn1 |2 ,

63
which has zero as a regular value for any (0 , . . . , n1 ) such that 0 n1 6=
0, gcd (0 , . . . , n1 ) = 1 and at least two s have different signs.
Now, let us take 0 = = k = a and k+1 = = n1 = b, a, b Z+
relative prime. Then , by the same procedure made in the previous example,
p  p 
1 (0)
= S 2k+1 a/a + b S 2(nk)1 b/a + b ,

and the reduced space is

p  p 
1 (0)/S 1 = S 2k+1 a/a + b S 2(nk)1 b/a + b /S 1 , (3.5.7)

where the S 1 -action is

(eit , (x, y)) 7 (eiat x, eibt y) (3.5.8)

p  p 
for every x S 2k+1 a/a + b and y S 2(nk)1 b/a + b /S 1 .
In particular, S 2n1 is a contact toric manifold with a group Tn acting on it
by the action settled in (3.5.5).
Moreover, the maximal torus Tn is generated by the vector fields Hi = xi yi
yi xi , for i = 0, . . . , n1 and we observe that the Reeb vector field in (3.5.6)
belongs to the subspace generated by the vectors Hi .

We would like to generalise the Example 3.17, at least if we consider some

convenient weights in the associated S 1 -action. This leads us to a remark-
able result of M. Y. Wang and W. Ziller in [19], where they use topological
arguments to obtain relevant properties of certain type of manifolds which
apart from being contact manifolds, admit Riemannian metrics with quite
interesting properties, for instance these manifolds admit Einstein metrics
(a manifold has Einstein metric if its Ricci curvature is proportional to its
metric, cf. [2]). These manifolds will be explained briefly in the following
example.

64
 p,q
Example 3.19. The Wang-Ziller manifold Mk,l given in [19] is defined as
the total space of the S 1 -bundle over CPp CPq whose Euler class is k1 +l2
where 1 and 2 are the positive generators of H 2 (CPp ) and H 2 (CPq ), re-
spectively and k and l are integers.
In the 5-dimensional case, Wang and Ziller obtained that, for p = q = 1, the
1,1
manifolds Mk,l are diffeomorphic to S 3 S 2 . To achive this, they used ar-
guments involving calculations of espectral sequences and a famous theorem
of Smale on the clasification of 5-dimensional manifolds in [16] . They show
that these manifolds are spin and simply connected and
1,1
H 2 (Mk,l , Z) = Z, hence applying Smale theorem, they concluded that all
these manifolds are diffeomorphic to S 3 S 2 . For a detailed argument cf.
[19] or Appendix in [7]. We note that the previous example we studied is a
Wang-Ziller manifold with weights k = 1 and l = 1.

Example 3.20. Let us consider the following action on S 7

eit 7 ekit z0 , eit z1 , eit z2 , eit z3

(3.5.9)

with k a positive integer. Thus, its corresponding moment map will be

(z) = k|z0 |2 + |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + |z3 |2 ,

and, by proceeding as we did to obtain 3.5.2, we will have that:

p p
1 (0) = S 1 ( k/(k + 1)) S 5 ( 1/(k + 1)).

Now, if we consider the following k-fold covering map p:

p : S1 S5 S1 S5

(z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) 7 (z0 )k , z1 , z2 , z3

we will obtain that the following diagram commutes

65
 p
S1 S5 S1 S5
1 2
p
(S 1 S 5 )/S 1 1 (0)/S 1

where 1 is the quotient map respect to the diagonal S 1 -action on S 1 S 5

and 2 corresponds to the action which has been defined in (3.5.9).
Besides, the following diffeomorphism

G : S1 S5 S1 S5

(z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) 7 (z0 , z0 z1 , z0 z2 , z0 z3 )

and the S 1 -actions

1 : (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) 7 (eit z0 , eit z1 , eit z2 , eit z3 ) (the diagonal S 1 -action) ,

2 : (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) 7 (eit z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 )

satisfy that:

G 1 (z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) = G(eit z0 , eit z1 , eit z2 , eit z3 )

= (eit z0 , z0 z1 , z0 z2 , z0 z3 )

2 G(z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) = 2 (z0 , z0 z1 , z0 z2 , z0 z3 )

= (eit z0 , z0 z1 , z0 z2 , z0 z3 ).

Therefore, F is an equivariant diffeomorphism respect to the actions 1 and

2 , so we get that (S 1 S 5 )/S 1
= S 1 /S 1 S 5
= S 5 . Consequently, since the
diagram above commutes, we obtain that our reduced space is

1 (0)/S 1
= (S 1 S 5 )/S 1 /Zk
= S 5 /Zk .


(3.5.10)

It is important to notice that what we have found is not a manifold, but an

orbifold, roughly speaking, a topological space which is locally the Euclidean
space quotiened by a finite group, (cf. [17]).

66
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