Extensions 1

Probability revision
To introduce this chapter we shall revise important concepts and skills that were
covered in Maths B Year 11.

Probability
Probability deals with the likelihood or chance of some event occurring. The prob-
ability of a specific event, say A, occurring is defined by the rule:
Number of favourable outcomes
P ( A ) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
Total number of possible outcomes
Its probability lies within the restricted interval 0 P(A) 1. A probability of zero
implies that the event cannot occur, while a probability of 1 implies that the event will
most certainly occur.
The individual probabilities of a particular experiment will sum to a value of 1 and
can be denoted as follows.

p( x) = 1
If A is defined as the probability of an event occurring, then its complement, A, is
defined as the probability of an event not occurring.
Therefore, it can be stated that P(A) + P(A) = 1
which can be transposed to P(A) = 1 P(A).

WORKED Example 1
Two fair dice are rolled simultaneously and the sum of the two numbers appearing
uppermost is recorded as shown below.
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Find the probability that the sum will be:
a 6 b 10 c a number less than 5 d at least 9 e an odd number.
THINK WRITE
a 1 List all the possible outcomes. a (5, 1) (4, 2) (3, 3) (2, 4) (1, 5)
2 Define the event. Let A = the sum of 6.
Number of favourable outcomes
3 Substitute the values into the P(A) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
probability rule.
5
P(A) = -----
36
-
Continued over page
2 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s B Ye a r 1 2 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d

THINK WRITE
b 1 List all the possible outcomes. b (6, 4) (5, 5) (4, 6)
2 Define the event. Let A = the sum of 10.
Number of favourable outcomes
3 Substitute the values into the P(A) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
probability rule.
3
P(A) = ------
36
1
4 Simplify. P(A) = ------
12

c 1 List all the possible outcomes. c (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (1, 2) (2, 2) (1, 3)
2 Define the event. Let A = a number less than 5.
Number of favourable outcomes
3 Substitute the values into the P(A) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
probability rule.
6
P(A) = ------
36
Simplify. 1
4 P(A) = ---
6

d 1 List all the possible outcomes. d (6, 3) (5, 4) (6, 4) (4, 5) (5, 5)
(6, 5) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6) (6, 6)
2 Define the event. Let A = at least 9.
Number of favourable outcomes
3 Substitute the values into the P(A) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
probability rule.
10
P(A) = ------
36
Simplify. 5
4 P(A) = ------
18

e 1 List all the possible outcomes. e (2, 1) (4, 1) (6, 1) (1, 2) (3, 2) (5, 2)
(2, 3) (4, 3) (6, 3) (1, 4) (3, 4) (5, 4)
(2, 5) (4, 5) (6, 5) (1, 6) (3, 6) (5, 6)
2 Define the event. Let A = an odd number.
Number of favourable outcomes
3 Substitute the values into the P(A) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
probability rule.
18
P(A) = ------
36
4 Simplify. 1
P(A) = ---
2
 Extensions 3
WORKED Example 2
A bag contains 15 marbles comprising 5 black, 3 red, 4 blue, 2 white and 1 green. One
marble is drawn randomly from the bag.
a Determine the probability of each of the coloured marbles being drawn:
i black ii red iii blue iv white v green?
b Show that the probabilities sum to 1.
c What is the probability that the marble drawn is:
i not black ii either black or white iii neither blue nor green?

THINK WRITE
a i 1 Define the event. a i Let B = a black marble.
Number of favourable outcomes
2 Substitute the values into the P(B) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
probability rule.
5
P(B) = ------
15
1
3 Simplify. P(B) = ---
3

ii 1 Define the event. ii Let R = a red marble.

Number of favourable outcomes
2 Substitute the values into the P(R) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
probability rule.
3
P(R) = ------
15
1
3 Simplify. P(R) = ---
5

iii 1 Define the event. iii Let Bl = a blue marble.

2 Substitute the values into the
probability rule.
Number of favourable outcomes
P(Bl) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
4
P(Bl) = ------
15

iv 1 Define the event. iv Let W = a white marble.

2 Substitute the values into the
probability rule.
Number of favourable outcomes
P(W) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
2
P(W) = ------
15

v 1 Define the event. v Let G = a green marble.

Number of favourable outcomes
2 Substitute the values into the P(G) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
probability rule.
1
P(G) = ------
15 Continued over page
4 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s B Ye a r 1 2 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d

THINK WRITE
b Add each of the probabilities. b Sum of probabilities = 1--3- + 1
---
5
+ 4
------
15
+ 2
------
15
+ 1
------
15
=1

c i 1 Write appropriate rule: c i rP(B) = 1 P(B)

P(A) = 1 P(A).
2 Substitute known values into =1 1
---
3
the rule.
2
3 Evaluate. = ---
3
ii 1 Add each of the probabilities ii rP(B or W) = P(B) + P(W)
together.
2 Substitute known values into = 1
---
3
+ 2
------
15
the rule.
3 Evaluate. = 7
------
15

iii 1 Write appropriate rule. iii rP(Bl or G) = 1 (P(Bl) + P(G))

4 1
2 Substitute known values into = 1 ( -----
15
- + ------ )
15
the rule.
3 Evaluate. =1 5
------
15
= 10
------
15

4 Simplify. = 2
---
3

Tree diagrams
Tree diagrams are a useful tool in solving probability tasks as they display each of the
possible outcomes along with their respective probabilities.

WORKED Example 3
Nadia knows that if her car starts, she has an 80% chance of getting to work on time.
However, if her car doesnt start, her chance of arriving on time is 50%. If Nadias car
starts only 70% of the time, what is the probability that:
a her car starts and she gets to work on time?
b she arrives at work late?
c she arrives at work on time?
d her car starts, given that she arrives at work on time?
THINK WRITE
a 1 Define the events. a Let C = car starts
Let C = car doesnt start
Let O = Nadia arrives at work on time
Let L = Nadia arrives at work late
 Extensions 5
THINK WRITE

2 Assign probabilities to each event. 70

P(C) = ---------
100

P(C) = 7
------
10

P(C) = 3
------
10

If car starts P(O) = 80

---------
100

= 4
---
5

If car starts P(L) = 1

---
5

If car doesnt start P(O) = 50

---------
100

= 1
---
2

If car doesnt start P(L) = 1

---
2
3 Draw a tree diagram with each branch 4
assigned the appropriate probability. 5 O
7 C
10
1 L
5 1
2 O
3
10 C'
1 L
2

4 Calculate the required probability. P(CO) = 7

------
10
4
---
5

= 28
------
50

5 Simplify. = 14
------
25

b Calculate the required probability. b P(L) = P(CL) + P(CL)

= 7
------
10
1
---
5
+ 3
------
10
1
---
2

= 7
------
50
+ 3
------
20

= 14
---------
100
+ 15
---------
100

= 29
---------
100

c Calculate the required probability. c P(O) = P(CO) + P(CO)

= 7
------
10
4
---
5
+ 3
------
10
1
---
2

= 28
------
50
+ 3
------
20

= 56
---------
100
+ 15
---------
100

= 71
---------
100
Continued over page
6 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s B Ye a r 1 2 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d

THINK WRITE
14
P ( CO ) ------
25
d Calculate the required probability. d ----------------- = ----- -
P(O) 71
---------
100

= 14
------
25
71
---------
100

= 14
------
25
100
---------
71

= 56
------
71

The addition rule of probability

The addition rule of probability states that P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B).

WORKED Example 4
a If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.7 and P(A B) = 0.2, find P(A B).
b If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.8 and P(A B) = 0.9, find P(A B).
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write down the addition rule. a rP(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
2 Substitute known values into the rule. = 0.4 + 0.7 0.2
3 Evaluate. = 1.1 0.2
= 0.9

b 1 Write down the addition rule. b rP(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

2 Substitute known values into the rule. 0.9 = 0.6 + 0.8 P(A B)
0.9 = 1.4 P(A B)
3 Transpose the equation to make rP(A B) = 1.4 0.9
P(A B) the subject.
4 Evaluate. = 0.5

Mutually exclusive events

If two or more events cannot occur simultaneously, they are said to be mutually exclu-
sive or disjoint; that is, they have nothing in common. In set notation this may be
expressed as P(A B) = { } or P(A B) = 0.

Independent events
Two events A and B are independent if one event does not influence the other event
from occurring. The mathematical definition of independence is given by
P(A B) = P(A) P(B).
 Extensions 7
WORKED Example 5
Two fair dice are rolled with S representing the probability of obtaining a number less
than 4 on the first die and T the probability of obtaining a number greater than 4 on the
second die. Find:
a P(S)
b P(T)
c if events S and T are mutually exclusive
d if events S and T are independent.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Refer to the dice results recorded in a
the question in worked example 1.
2 Define the event. Let S = obtaining a number less than 4 on
the first die.

3 Determine the probability. rP(S) = 18

------
36

4 Simplify. = 1
---
2

b 1 Define the event. b Let T = obtaining a number greater than 4 on

the first die.

2 Determine the probability. rP(T) = 12

------
36

3 Simplify. = 1
---
3

c Answer the question with reasoning. c Events S and T are not mutually exclusive
since they have common points; that is,
(1, 5) (1, 6) (2, 5) (2, 6) (3, 5) (3, 6).

d 1 Answer the question using the dice d From the dice results recorded in the
results in worked example 1. question in worked example 1,
P(S T) = -----
6
36
-

= 1
---
6

2 Check with answer obtained using Using the rule P(S T) = P(S) P(T)
the rule.
= 1
---
2
1
---
3

= 1
---
6
Since both methods give the same answer, S
and T are independent events.
8 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s B Ye a r 1 2 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d

WORKED Example 6
Two fair dice are rolled with U representing the probability of obtaining a 5 on the first die
and V the probability of the sum of numbers on the two dice exceeding 10. Find:
a P(U)
b P(V)
c if events U and V are independent.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Refer to the dice results recorded in a
the question in worked example 1.
2 Define the event. Let U= obtaining a 5 on the first die.

3 Determine the probability. P(U) = 6

------
36

4 Simplify. = 1
---
6

b 1 Define the event. b Let V = the sum of the numbers on the two
dice exceeds 10.

2 Determine the probability. rP(V) = 3

------
36

3 Simplify. = 1
------
12

c 1 Answer the question using the dice c From the dice results, P(U V) = 1
------
36
results.
2 Check with answer obtained using Using rule P(U V) = P(U) P(V)
the rule. = 1
--- 1
------
6 12

= 1
------
72
Since the two methods do not give the same
answer, U and V are not independent events.

Conditional probability
Conditional probability deals with an event which has previously occurred and has an
effect on an event we are interested in. Due to the initial condition (or restriction)
imposed, the number of possible events is reduced. Conditional probability is defined
P( A B)
by the rule P(A | B) = ----------------------- , where P(B) 0, and can be transposed to
P( B)
P(A B) = P(A | B) P(B).
P(A | B) is read as the probability of A given B.
 Extensions 9
WORKED Example 7
If P(A) = 1--5- , P(B) = -----
10
1
- and P(A B) = ------ find:
20
1

a P(A B)
b P(A | B)
c P(B | A)
d if events A and B are mutually exclusive
e if events A and B are independent.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write down the addition rule. a rP(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
2 Substitute known values into the rule. = 1
---
5
+ 1
------
10
1
------
20

3 Evaluate. = 5
------
20

4 Simplify. = 1
---
4

P( A B)
b 1 Write down the appropriate rule. b rP(A | B) = -----------------------
P( B)
1
------
20
2 Substitute known values into the rule. = ---1-
------
10

3 Evaluate. = 1
------
20
1
------
10

= 1
------
20
10
------
1

= 10
------
20

4 Simplify. = 1
---
2

P( B A)
c 1 Write down the appropriate rule. c rP(B | A) = -----------------------
P( A)
1
------
20
2 Substitute known values into the rule. = ---1-
---
5

3 Evaluate. = 1
------
20
1
---
5

= 1
------
20
5
---
1

= 5
------
20

4 Simplify. = 1
---
4

d Answer the question with reasoning. d Events A and B are not mutually exclusive
since they have common events, that is,
P(A B) = 1
------ .
20

Continued over page

10 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s B Ye a r 1 2 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d

THINK WRITE
e Answer the question using the given value. e P(A B) = -----
1
20
-
Check with answer obtained using the rule. Using rule P(A B) = P(A) P(B)
= 1
---
5
1
------
10

= 1
------
50
Since the two methods do not give the
same answer, A and B are not independent
events.

From worked example 7b and 7c it can be seen that P(A | B) P(B | A).

WORKED Example 8
A fair coin is tossed three times. Find the probability of obtaining two heads given the first
toss resulted in a tail.
THINK WRITE
1 List all of the possible outcomes. HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT
P ( 2H tail first toss )
2 Write down the appropriate rule. P(2H | tail first toss) = -----------------------------------------------------
P ( tail first toss )
3 Calculate the probability of each event. P(2H tail first toss) = 1
---
8
4
P(tail first toss) = ---
8
1
= ---
2
1
---
4 Substitute known values into the rule. P(2H | tail first toss) = -81
---
2

5 Evaluate. = 1
---
8
1
---
2

= 1
---
8
2
---
1

= 2
---
8

6 Simplify. = 1
---
4

Combinations
In mathematics, a combination deals with the number of ways items may be selected
from a set of elements where the order is not important. For example, in how many
ways can 3 numbers be selected from the set {1, 2, 3, 4}, taking into account that order
is not important?
 Extensions 11
The following selections can be made:
1, 2, 3 1, 2, 4 2, 3, 4 3, 4, 1
Hence 4 selections could be made.
If order was important, there would be a greater number of possibilities since each of
the above selections could be arranged in 6 ways. For example, the selection (1, 2, 3)
could be arranged as:
1, 2, 3 2, 1, 3 2, 3, 1 3, 1, 2 3, 2, 1 1, 3, 2.
A combination is also referred to as a selection or choice, and is defined by the rule nCr .
n
Cr = the number of selections of n different objects taken r at a time
n!
= -----------------------
( n r )!r!
n
Cr may also be expressed as n and is read as n over (above) r.
r

WORKED Example 9
A drawer contains 7 T-shirts of which 3 are white and the rest are black. If 2 T-shirts are
randomly selected from the drawer simultaneously, find the probability that they are:
a both black b both white c different colours d the same colour.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Calculate the number of selections a 4C2 = 6; that is, there are 6 ways of selecting
of taking 2 black T-shirts from a 2 black T-shirts from a total of 4.
total of 4.
2 Calculate the number of selections 7
C2 = 21; that is, there are 21 ways of
of taking 2 T-shirts from a total of 7. selecting 2 T-shirts from a total of 7.
2 black T-shirts from 4
3 Calculate the probability using the P(both black) = -------------------------------------------------------
2 T-shirts from 7
rule.
6
4 Substitute known values into the rule. = ------
21
2
5 Simplify. = ---
7

b 1 Calculate the number of selections b 3C2 = 3; that is, there are 3 ways of selecting
of taking 2 white T-shirts from a 2 white T-shirts from a total of 3.
total of 3.
2 Calculate the number of selections 7
C2 = 21; that is, there are 21 ways of
of taking 2 T-shirts from a total of 7. selecting 2 T-shirts from a total of 7.
3 Calculate the probability using the 2 white T-shirts from 3
P(both white) = -------------------------------------------------------
rule. 2 T-shirts from 7
4 Substitute known values into the 3
= ------
rule. 21
1
5 Simplify. = ---
7
Continued over page
12 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s B Ye a r 1 2 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d

THINK WRITE
c 1 Calculate the number of selections of c 4
C1 = 4; that is, there are 4 ways of
taking 1 black T-shirt from a total of 4. selecting 1 black T-shirt from a total of 4.
2 Calculate the number of selections of 3
C1 = 3; that is, there are 3 ways of
taking 1 white T-shirt from a total of 3. selecting 1 white T-shirt from a total of 3.
3 Calculate the number of selections of 7
C2 = 21; that is, there are 21 ways of
taking 2 T-shirts from a total of 7. selecting 2 T-shirts from a total of 7.
1 black 1 white
4 Calculate the probability using the rule. P(different colours) = -----------------------------------------
2 T-shirts from 7
43
5 Substitute known values into the rule. = ------------
21
12
6 Evaluate. = ------
21
4
7 Simplify. = ---
7

d 1 Calculate the probability using the rule. d P(same colours) = P(both black) +
P(both white)
2 Substitute known values into the rule. = 2
---
7
+ 1
---
7

3 Evaluate. = 3
---
7

remember
remember
1. The probability of an event occurring is defined by the rule
Number of favourable outcomes
P(A) = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of possible outcomes
2. The probability of an event occurring lies within the restricted interval
0 P(A) 1
3. The individual probabilities of a particular experiment will sum to 1; that is,
p( x) = 1
4. The addition rule of probability is defined by the rule
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
5. If two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive then P(A B) = 0.
6. If two events, A and B, are independent then P(A B) = P(A) P(B).
P( A B)
7. Conditional probability is defined by the rule P(A | B) = ----------------------- , where
P( B)
P(B) 0.
8. A combination is defined by nCr ; that is, the number of selections of n different
objects taken r at a time.
 Extensions 13

Probability revision
WORKED 1 Two fair dice are rolled simultaneously and the sum of the two numbers appearing
Exmple
1
uppermost is recorded. Find the probability that the sum will be:
a 3
b 12
c 7
d greater than 4
e at least 7
f an even number
g a prime number.
WORKED 2 A bag contains 12 marbles comprising 3 black, 5 red and 4 green. One marble is
Example
2
drawn randomly from the bag.
a Determine the probability of each of the coloured marbles being drawn:
i black ii red iii green.
b Show that the probabilities sum to 1.
c What is the probability that the marble drawn is:
i not green
ii either black or red
iii neither red nor green
iv either black, red or green?
3 A fair coin is tossed three times. Find the probability of obtaining:
a three heads
b two heads
c one head
d no heads
e at least two heads.
WORKED 4 A recent study has shown that 60% of people who dont wear glasses get regular
Example
3
headaches, while only 30% of people who wear glasses are headache sufferers. If
35% of people wear glasses, find the probability that a randomly selected person:
a wears glasses and gets headaches
b does not wear glasses and suffers from headaches
c suffers from headaches
d wears glasses, given that the person suffers from headaches.
5 Dale knows that if his alarm goes off, he has a 90% chance of getting to school on
time. However, if the alarm does not ring, his chance of arriving on time is only 40%.
If Dales alarm clock works only 60% of the time, what is the probability that:
a he gets to school on time
b he arrives late to school
c his alarm rang, given that he arrived on time.
6 A bag contains 5 red marbles and 3 green marbles. A marble is selected at random, its
colour is observed and it is then replaced. A second selection is then made. Find the
probability that the two marbles chosen were:
a both red b both green
c different colours d the same colour.
14 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s B Ye a r 1 2 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d

WORKED 7 If P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6 and P(A B) = 0.2, find P(A B).
Example
4a

WORKED 8 If P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4 and P(A B) = 0.8, find P(A B).
Example
4b
9 Of the 200 students at Peak Hill High School, 80 study Maths, while there are 65
Physics students. If there are 85 students who dont take either Maths or Physics, find
the probability that a randomly selected student:
a studies Maths
b studies Physics
c studies neither Maths nor Physics
d studies Maths and Physics
e studies Physics, given that the student studies Maths.
WORKED 10 Two fair dice are rolled, with F representing the probability of obtaining a number
Example
5
greater than 4 on the first die and G the probability of obtaining an even number on
the second. Find:
WORKED a P(F) b P(G)
Example
6
c if events F and G are mutually exclusive
d if events F and G are independent.
11 For two events P and Q, P(P) = 0.72, P(Q) = 0.25 and P(P Q) = 0.91. Are P and Q
mutually exclusive events?
12 For two events X and Y, P(X) = 0.4, P(Y) = 0.5 and P(X Y) = 0.2. Are X and Y inde-
pendent events?

WORKED 13 If P(A) = 1--2- , P(B) = 1

---
3
and P(A B) = 1
---
6
find:
Example
7 a P(A B) b P(A | B) c P(B | A)
d if events A and B are mutually exclusive
e if events A and B are independent.
14 If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.5 and P(A B) = 0.2 find:
a P(A B) b P(A | B) c P(B | A).
15 multiple choice
Two fair dice are rolled. The probability of the numbers showing uppermost on both
dice being the same is:
1 1 1 1 1
A ------
36
B ------
18
C ---
6
D ---
3
E ---
2

16 multiple choice
If P(S) = 0.2, P(T) = 0.5 and P(S T) = 0.6, which one of the following is not true?
A P(S T) = 0.1 B P(S | T) = 0.2 C P(T | S) = 0.5
D S and T are mutually exclusive. E S and T are independent.
17 multiple choice
The probability of picking a red picture card from a standard pack of playing cards is:
1 3 2 3 1
A ---
2
B ------
13
C ------
13
D ------
26
E ------
26
 Extensions 15
18 multiple choice
If P(M) = 0.3, P(N) = 0.4 and P(M | N) = 0.5 then P(M N) is equal to:
A 0.15 B 0.2 C 0.6 D 0.75 E 0.8
WORKED 19 A fair coin is tossed three times. Find the probability of obtaining three tails, given
Example
8
that the first toss resulted in a tail.

WORKED 20 A drawer contains six T-shirts, of which two are white and the rest are black. If two
Example
9
T-shirts are randomly selected from the drawer simultaneously, find the probability
that they are:
a both black b both white c different colours d the same colour.
21 A box contains one dozen chocolates, of which 4 are strawberry creams, 3 are orange
creams and 5 are peppermint creams. Two chocolates are selected at random. Find the
probability that they are both the same type if:
a the first chocolate is replaced before the second is drawn
b the first chocolate is not replaced before the second is drawn.
22 multiple choice
A fair die has its 4-spot changed to a 5-spot and its 2-spot changed to a 3-spot. The
probability of getting an even number when the altered die is rolled is:
1 1 1 2 5
A ---
6
B ---
3
C ---
2
D ---
3
E ---
6

23 multiple choice
A box contains 3 red balls and 2 green balls. Two balls are chosen simultaneously.
The probability that they are the same colour is:
8 2 13 3 13
A ------
25
B ---
5
C ------
25
D ---
5
E ------
20

24 A bag contains 5 red cubes and 3 black cubes. Three cubes are chosen at random.
Find the probability of at least 2 reds being chosen, given that the first cube was red:
a if the cubes are replaced after each draw
b if the cubes are not replaced after each draw.
25 Jo-anne knows that her chance of winning each tennis match she plays is 0.8. A
knockout tournament requires players to win five matches to win the championship.
What is the probability that Jo-anne:
a wins the tournament?
b wins the tournament given that she wins her first three matches?
26 In a particular suburb the chances of a woman owning her own home is 0.4, while the
probability of a woman owning her own home and being employed is 0.2. Find the
probability that a woman who owns her own home is also employed.
27 The probability of Vanessas car starting on a cold morning is 0.6, while on a normal
morning the chance of it starting is 0.9. The probability of any morning being a cold
one is 0.3. If Vanessas car starts tomorrow morning, find the probability that the
morning will be cold.
28 The Broncos know that they will win 80% of their home matches and 40% of their
away matches. This seasons fixture has the Broncos playing 55% of their games at
home. Given that the Broncos won their last game, what was the probability that it
was played at home?
 1

answers
Answers

Answers
Exercise Probability revision
1 1 1 5
1 a ------
18
b ------
36
c ---
6
d ---
6
7 1 5
e ------
12
f ---
2
g ------
12
1 5 1
2 a i ---
4
ii ------
12
iii ---
3

b 1
---
4
+ 5
------
12
+ 1
---
3
=1
2 2 1
c i ---
3
ii ---
3
iii ---
4
iv 1
1 3 3 1
3 a ---
8
b ---
8
c ---
8
d ---
8
1
e ---
2

4 a 0.105 b 0.39 c 0.495 d 0.2121

5 a 0.7 b 0.3 c 0.7714
25 9 15 17
6 a ------
64
b ------
64
c ------
32
d ------
32

7 0.7 8 0.1
2 13 17 3
8 a ---
5
b ------
40
c ------
40
d ------
20
3
e ---
8
1 1
10 a ---
3
b ---
2
c No d Yes
11 No 12 Yes
2 1 1
13 a ---
3
b ---
2
c ---
3
d No
e Yes
14 a 0.7 b 0.4 c 0.5
1
15 C 16 D 17 D 18 B 19 ---
4
2 1 8 7
20 a ---
5
b ------
15
c ------
15
d ------
15
25 19
21 a ------
72
b ------
66

22 A 23 B
55 6
24 a ------
64
b ---
7

25 a 0.3277 b 0.64
2 22
26 0.5 27 ---
9
28 ------
31