Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Spring 2010
1. Consider a 70-kg woman who has a total footprint area of 400 cm2. She wishes to
walk on the snow, but the snow cannot withstand pressures greater than 0.5 kPa.
Determine the minimum size of the snowshoes (imprint area per snowshoe) to
enable her to walk on the snow without sinking.
Assumption: walking in snowshoes requires that one snowshoe at a time carries the entire
load.
70 kg * 9.81 m/s2
(these would be enormous snowshoes typically snowshoes have much smaller area and
snowshoer sinks somewhat into the snow, which in turn packs the snow and increases
resistance)
2. Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30 m below the free surface of the
ocean. Assume the barometric pressure is 101 kPa and the specific gravity of
seawater is 1.03.
Solution:
Patm = 101 kPa
Pw(z = 30m)
Yes. Saturated ice and saturated water vapor are in equilibrium when T is lower
than the triple point temperature for the triple point pressure of the system. From
appendix table A-8, at T = -10 oC, corresponding pressure for saturated ice and
vapor is 0.2599 kPa.
Yes. Absorbed energy during vaporization has to equal the energy released during
condensation at the same T and P. If you could release/absorb more energy in either
direction, then you would be creating or destroying energy a violation of the first
law of thermodynamics.
1: vf < v < vg, @ 50 oC means saturated mixture and P = Psat @ 50 oC (Table A-4)
2: T = Tsat @ 200 kPa and v = vg,@ 200 kPa (Table A-5)
3: T > Tsat @ 400 kPa (143.6 oC). Superheated vapor; get v from Table A-6.
4. T < Tsat @ 400 kPa (158.8oC), v ~ vf @ 110 oC (Table A-4)
Solution: piston cylinder keeps constant pressure during expansion process. Force
balance (FBD) on piston at state 1 to determine pressure of refrigerant at states 1 and 2.
88kPa*Ap (kN)
12 kg*9.81m/s2*10-3 kN/N
P1*Ap (kN)
Ap = *(0.25 m)2/4 = 0.05 m2
v1 = 0.242 m3/kg
to find v2, must first interpolate to find v @ 15 oC at P = 60 kPa and P = 100 kPa.
v2 = 0.267 m3/kg
h1 = 247.75 kJ/kg
to find h2, must first interpolate to find h @ 15 oC at P = 60 kPa and P = 100 kPa.
h2 = 269.4 kJ/kg
Solution: this is a constant volume (isochoric) phase change process. Both temperature
and pressure will increase as heat is added to closed system rigid tank.
a) v = V/m = 2.5 m3/15 kg = 0.1667 m3/kg. Since vf < v < vg @ 75 oC, system is
saturated mixture.
x = 0.04
T2 = 187 oC
P2 = 1176 kPa
Water Liquid-Vapor PhaseT-v Diagram
400
350
300
250
T (oC)
200
150
100
50
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
v (m3/kg)
10. One kilogram (1 kg) of water vapor at 200 kPa fills the left chamber of a
partitioned system shown below. The volume of this chamber is 1.1989 m3. The
right chamber has twice the volume of the left chamber and is evacuated at the
initial state.
1 kg water
200 kPa
1.1989 m3
Now the partition is removed and heat is transferred so that the temperature of the
water is 3 oC.
a. What is the initial temperature of the water (before the partition is removed)?
b. What is the pressure of the water after the partition is removed and heat
transferred?
c. What is the quality of water at the final equilibrium state?
Solution: State 1 Calculate v1 from given: V and m: v1 = 1.1989 m3/1 kg = 1.1989 m3/kg.
vg @ 3 oC = 182.4 m3/kg
OR notice that 3.597 m3/kg is less than vg at either 0.01 or 5 oC, so system is saturated
mixture at state 2.
P2 = 0.768 kPa
c) Find x at state 2 using vf and vg at 3 oC, 0.001 and 182.4 m3/kg, respectively.
x = 0.02