GEOTEKNIK

Yahdi Azzuhry, A.Md., S.T., M.Eng.

Lecture 6
(Goodman, 1989)
Stereographic Projection

Graphical solutions to problems involving the

relative orientations of lines and planes in space.
Direction of principal stress is decided by the
inclination measured from vertical axes
Direction and magnitude of normal stress and
shear stress is defined as dip and strike
Stereographic projection is a further
development of Mohr circle in 3D, developed by
Wulff and Schmidt.
Equatorial projection and polar projection
Stereographic Projection
The movement of rock plate
Dip and Strike
Principal of Stereographic Projection
Sphere Projection
Stereographic
projection of dip plane

Plane
Projection
Strike
Dip

Great Circle
Dip Plane at
Projection
Schmidt Net,
Problem Definition
Strike: the direction of rock discontinuity at
horizontal plane, as the angle measured from the
North (N)
Dip: maximum inclination of rock discontinuity
plane, measured by the positive angle (+) from
the horizontal line/plane
Pole: show the intersection of the line
perpendicular of inclined plane at the sphere
plane
Example : 250/25 dip direction 250from the
North (N) clockwise with dip 25.
(Goodman, 1989)
Modes of Failure of Slopes in Hard Rock
Mode of failure to evaluate the probability of
failure, or factor of safety and to engineer a
remedy if degree of risk is unacceptable.
Failures involving movement of rock blocks on
discontinuities combine one or more of three
basic modes.
1. Plane sliding
2. Wedge sliding
3. Topping failure
Plane sliding
Plane slide form under gravity alone when a rock
block rests on an inclined weakness plane that
daylights into free space
Inclination of the slip plane must be greaterthan
friction angle of plane
Movement of the a block restraint to sliding
has been overcome not only along the surface of
sliding but along lateral margins of the slide too
Soft rock: rupture inclined if base of sliding >
friction angle
Hard rock: discontinuities or valleys transverse to
the crest of slope
Plane sliding
(Wyllie dan Mah, 2004)
Wedge slides
Wedge slide occur when two planes of
weakness intersect to define a tetrahedral block
Slip can occur without any topographic of
structural release features if the line of
intersection of two discontinuities daylights into
the excavation
Wedge slides
(Wyllie dan Mah, 2004)
Topping Failure
Topping failure : involves overturning of rock
layers like a series of cantilever beams in slates,
schists and thin-bedded sediments inclined
steeply into hillside
Each layer tending to bend downhill under its
own weight transfers force downslope
Topping Failure
(Goodman dan Bray, 1976)
Kinematic Analysis of Slopes
o Kinematics the motion of bodies without
reference to the forces that cause them to move
o Approach to slope design making use mainly of
the directionality of the discontinuous rock mass
to insure that there is always rock in the way of
potential failure blocks.
o Minimal reference is made to the strength
parameters of the rock for the principal
consideration are the orientations of planar
weakness in relation to the orientation of the
excavation.
Stereographic projections of line elements
relevant to analysis of rock slopes
o Three basic elements of a rock mass:
1. Dip vector ( ) pointed down the dip of a
weakness plane
2. Normal vector ( ) (or Pole) pointed in the
direction perpendicular to the plane of weakness
3. The line of Intersection ( ) of weakness plane i
and j.

The dip vector is a line bearing at right angles to the

strike and plunging with vertical angle below
horizontal
LH or HH stereographic projection will be used, so
the dip vector always plots inside the circle
representing horizontal plane
The lower hemisphere (LH) and higth hemisphere (HH)
normal ( ) plots 90 from the dip vector in the
vertical plane containing the dip vector

Normal Vector (pole)

90 Strike Vector

Dip Vector

H.H.
o The line of
intersection of
two planes i and j
can be found as the
point of intersection
of the great circles of
each plane.
o the line
perpendicular to the
great circle
containing normals
and
o All line elements : ,
, are plotted for a
rock mass, the
kinematic
requirements for
possible slope failure
can be examined for
a rock slope of any
strike and dip.
Plane Sliding
o Consider plane sliding under gravity. Any block tending
to slide on a single plane surface. parallel to the dip of
weakness plane
o If the slope cut at angle slide, if be pointed into free
space of excavation and plunge at an angle less than
Plane Sliding o Determining the
limiting safe angle
(steepest safe slope)
corresponding to a
cut of assigned
strike
o Strike 1 max safe
angle 1 = dip of
great circle passing
through strike 1
and
o Cut orientation
nearly parallel to dip
direction of the
weakness plane will
be stable even
nearly vertical
Wedge Sliding
o Sliding of a wedge along the line of intersection of two
planes
o Maximum safe angle for slopes of assigned strike if in place
of the line element
o Example of kinematic analysis of wedge failures for a rock
mass comprised of three sets of joints
o Only wedges formed
planes 1 - 3, or 1 2 could
potentially slide
o If cut is inclined a (at dip of
great circle passing
through , 1 3 only wedge
of plane 1 2 is capable of
sliding.
o Since 1 2 plunges at low
angle, it is unlikely to
cause trouble
Case
Strike and dip of a strike of cut N 10 E dip 35.
Discontinuity planes

1. N 75 E dip 20
2. N 350 E dip 30
3. N 220 E dip 80

o Determine the intersection line so that the

wedge failure can occur and calculate the
maximum safe angle of slope
Topping Failure
Interlayer slip must occur before large flexural deformations can
develop

If the layers have angle of friction , slip will occur only if the
direction of applied compression makes an angle > with normal
to the layers

A precondition for interlayer

slip normal be inclined
less steeply than a line
inclined above the plane
of the slope

Toppling failure can occur if:

90 + <
Topping Failure
In Stereographic Projection, toppling can occur only if the
normal vector () lies more than degrees below the cut
slope

Toppling can occur only if the layers strike nearly parallel to

the strike of the slope, say within 30

90 + <
case
In case of multiply of discontinuities and many individual dip
vectors, normal vectors and lines of intersection
Reduce the number of lines to a manageable number for
analysis two simple overlays
In case of plane sliding
under self weight alone
failure occurs only if the
surface of sliding dips
steeper than .

Retain 1 3 , 1 , 3
for sliding

All lines plunging

less than
case
In case of toppling failure occurs only on
discontinuities whose normal plunge at an angle less
than 90 -

So all vectors inside the

ruled area can be
eliminated from further
analysis. The area is inside a
circle of radius about the
center of projection

Retain 1 , 3 for toppling

Bibliography Lecture 6

TEST

Kelompok Soal A :

Kelompak Soal B :