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This document discusses data representation and memory storage in computers. It explains that computers represent all data, like songs, pictures and videos, using bits which are either 0s or 1s. It describes how bytes are used to represent characters, commands, colors and other data. It also discusses different types of memory storage like RAM, hard drives, solid state drives and optical disks, and how they differ in terms of capacity, access time and transfer rate.
This document discusses data representation and memory storage in computers. It explains that computers represent all data, like songs, pictures and videos, using bits which are either 0s or 1s. It describes how bytes are used to represent characters, commands, colors and other data. It also discusses different types of memory storage like RAM, hard drives, solid state drives and optical disks, and how they differ in terms of capacity, access time and transfer rate.
This document discusses data representation and memory storage in computers. It explains that computers represent all data, like songs, pictures and videos, using bits which are either 0s or 1s. It describes how bytes are used to represent characters, commands, colors and other data. It also discusses different types of memory storage like RAM, hard drives, solid state drives and optical disks, and how they differ in terms of capacity, access time and transfer rate.
Memory Storage Data Representation How does a computer represent a song? A picture? A video? Bits 0s and 1s
So how does a computer represent bits?
Data Representation
OR Magnetic orientation of the poles of a
magnet represent the state of a bit Data Representation A byte is 8 bits A byte represents many things in a computer such as characters, commands, colors, etc.
All computer instructions are done by doing
arithmetic operations on bytes How to add two numbers in Binary? Data Representation ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data Data Representation 64 Bit OS vs. a 32 Bit OS Refers to the size of registers used by your CPU Supports more RAM More efficient Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Memory
Column1 Approximate Number of Bytes Text Pages
Kilobyte 1,000 page Megabyte 1,000,000 500 Gigabyte 1,000,000,000 500,000 Terabyte 1,000,000,000,000 500,000,000 Petabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000 Exabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 Zettabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Yotabyte 1E+21,000 Memory Two types of memory Volatile: Program and data when being processed. Data is lost when power is turned off. Non-Volatile: Hold configuration information, basic startup instructions. Keeps data even without power. Storage Capability Capacity - The amount of data, in bytes, the storage can hold Access Time - The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium Transfer Rate - The time required to deliver an item to or from storage to the processor. Hard Disk Drives Contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information Hard Disk Drives Hard Disk Drives Circuit board controls the movement of the head Small motor spins the platters Head determines the location of the data (read or write) Head motor moves head to position head over data Hard Disk Drive A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter Hard Disk Drive Flash Memory Non-Volatile Electronically erased and reprogrammed Stores information in cells that contain 1 bit Lower latency, faster, less noisy, less power consumed, more reliable than hard drives Solid State Drives Uses Flash Memory RAM Random Access Memory Volatile Many times faster than Hard Disk Cache Used by the CPU to reduce average time to access memory. Smaller and faster than RAM Storage Capability Capacity < Access Rate > Transfer Speed> Type General Usage
Cache Memory Items waiting for use by processor
RAM Items waiting for use by processor
Flash Memory System configuration information
Photos, tunes, Operating system, application Solid State Drive software, data Operating system, application Hard Disk Drive software, data Movies, music, software to be Optical Disk installed Tape Backup copies of data Capacity > Access Rate < Transfer Speed< Speed Differences SSD vs. HDD 10 times faster Speed Differences Cloud Storage Networked online storage Data centers *Amazon, 2 Years ago Data is distributed it is stored at more locations Cloud Storage Not cost efficient for the average computer user More security risks Download and upload rates Companies can go bankrupt or be shut down Optical Disks and Drives A disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical disks Photodiodes detects the light reflection Read and Write Disks To write to an optical disk, use a laser to melt the crystalline metal alloy Can be melted back