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Mechanics_Index
Torsion Equations
I nt roduction
A bar of uniform section fixed at one end and subject to a torque at the extreme end which is applied normal to its axis will twist to some angle
which is proportional to the applied torque. This assumes that the bar is not stressed to a level greater than its elastic limit. This page
includes various formulas which allow calculation of the angles of twist and the resulting maximums stresses. The equations are based on the
following assumptions
Nomenclat ure
T = torque (Nm)
l = length of bar (m)
J = Polar moment of inertia.(Circular Sections) ( m4 )
J' = Polar moment of inertia.(Non circluar sections) ( m4 )
K = Factor replacing J for non-circular sections.( m4 )
r = radial distance of point from center of section (m)
ro = radius of section OD (m)
Formulas
Bars of non -circular section tend to behave non-symmetrically when under torque and plane sections to not remain plane. Also the
distribution of stress in a section is not necessarily linear.
The general formula of torsional stiffness of bars of non-circular section are as shown below the factor J' is dependent of the dimensions of
the section and some typical values are shown below. For the circular section J' = J.
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Torsion Equations http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Torsion/Torsion.html
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Torsion Equations http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Torsion/Torsion.html
Testing the values of J' obtained using the above equations (with = 1) with the values obtained from the table below the following values
result.
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Torsion Equations http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Torsion/Torsion.html
Import ant Not e : I n t he not es and tables below J is used t hroughout f or t he t orsion constant f or circular and non circular
sect ions. .
This is the convention in structural design
In structural design the use of sections i.e I sections, channel section, angle sections etc. should be avoided for applications designed to
withstand torsional loading. Hollow rectangular sections are best suited for these applications. Note: Values for J and C for square and
hollow rectangular sections are provided on webpages as indexed on webpage Sections Index
In the steel Sections tables i.e BS EN 10210-2: 1997"Hot finished Rectangular Hollow Sections" & BS EN 10219-2:"Cold
Formed Circular Hollow Sections" The Torsion Constant J and the Torsion modulus constant C are listed. These are calculated
as follows.
The Torsion constant (J) for Hollow Rolled Sections are calculated as follows:
where:
I is the second moment of area
t is the thickness of section
h is the mean perimeter = 2 [(B - t) + (D - t)] - 2 Rc (4 - p)
Ah is the area enclosed by mean perimeter = (B - t) (D - t) -Rc2 (4 - p)
k =2 Ah t / h
B is the breadth of section
D is the depth of section
Rc is the average of internal and external corner radii.
Note: Values for J and C for square and hollow rectangular sections are provided on webpages
as indexed on webpage Sections Index
A few tables providing Torsional /Buckling properties for some steel sections are indexed below.
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