Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-I
Culture
Culture is a complex of whole that includes beliefs, norms, values, attitudes, law,
language, customs and habits acquired by men as social being.
Culture also includes literature, paintings, sculpture, music, dance, drama, folklores,
festivals and celebrations.
Characteristics
Civilization
Civilization includes useful material objects and methods of producing and using them.
Civilization is more complex and super-organic form of culture.
When people have highly complex cultural pattern resting upon an intricate social
organization & exerting wide control over nature, it is said to achieve called civilization.
Characteristics
Key Features
Social Impact:
Muslims thrashes the Caste System of India.
India seriously lacked solidarity and homogeneity.
Muslims ensured equal rights to all communities.
Economic Impact:
Muslims introduced new Islamic economic system based on the fundamentals of
Islam.
Muslims destroyed the monopoly of the Hindu Merchants.
The War of Independence 1857 ended disastrous for the Muslims of India. The British
believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were
subjected to ruthless punishment and merciless revenge.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan made, modern education, the way to progress.
After the Muslim rule, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic
changes. The policy exempted Arabic, Persian and religious education and made English
as the only medium of instruction as well as the official language in 1835.
In these days of misery and depression, Sir Syed appeared on the horizon to rescue the
Muslims of India. Sir Syed had the conviction to visualize the Muslims about an era of
science and learning, which was the source of progress and prosperity for the British.
Syed Ahmad Khan was born at Delhi in 1817. When the great Mughal Empire was close
to a complete collapse. Sir Syeds family had already joined the East India Company and
his maternal grandfather served in Iran and Burma under the British government. Sir
Syed got interest in English from his maternal family. The death of his brother made him
serious and energetic to face life courageously. Another event that changed him entirely
was the War of Independence in 1857. He died on March 27, 1898 and was buried in
Aligarh.
Sir Syed and Politics
In the political arena, Sir Syeds numerous successes are:
i) Eradicated misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British
ii) Awakening among the Muslims about the political ups and downs
iii) Motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern education of the West, the source of
development
iv) Won the British confidence and cordial relationship for the betterment of the
Muslims
Urdu-Hindi Controversy
In 1867, Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi. To gain the
objectives, they declared numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir Syed who said
to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together. Later the
followers of Sir Syed tried their level best to save Urdu language.
Muslims as a Nation
United Indian Patriotic Association
Mohammadan Defense Association
Major Political Developments 1857-1918
i) Decline of Muslims after the 1857 Uprising
ii) Sir Syed and his colleagues efforts for revival of the Muslims
iii) Removal of misunderstanding between the Muslims and the British
iv) Educational movement or acquisition of modern knowledge and English
v) Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the issue that unearthed the hatred and enmity of Hindu
community towards the Muslims.
Muhammad Irfan Page 7
vi) Formation of the Congress was a method to incorporate the Muslims in Hinduism. It
popularized the confrontational politics that Muslims could not afford because they were
still recovering the past gaps.
vii) Hindu Revivalist movements mostly targeted the Muslims that accelerated the pace of
widening the gulf between the two nations.
Pakistans ideology means Pakistan would be state where the Muslims should have an
opportunity to live according to their faith and creed based on the Islamic principles.
They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and
civilization, because this was the sole purpose of demanding a separate homeland for the
Muslims.
The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical
experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-
Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by
passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the
realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they
demanded separate electorates.
The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the nature of the Muslim community of South
Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that
Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social orders that produced
two distinct cultures.
The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or
ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam.
The role of leadership is very important to put nation on the way. A good leadership
infuses the qualities of awareness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and
defense against the adversaries. The Muslims were lucky having such competent
leadership.
Quaids achievements:
i) Legislative Council in 1909
ii) All India Muslim League (AIML)in 1913
iii) disagreement with Gandhi on Swaraj (self-rule) on using extra-constitutional
means
iv) resigned from Congress in 1920
v) Separate Electorate
vi) One third seats in Central Legislature
vii) Protection of Minorities rights
viii) 14 Points in 1929
Jinnah used the term NATION in Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly). He argued that the
combination of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth make a minority a
SEPARATE ENTITY.
In 1947, Jinnah believed that Islam is a dynamic force that can unite the Muslims. It can
help to overcome the present crisis. Its a source of inspiration and guidance providing
ethical foundation, a framework, social order and civilization.
Iqbals first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of AnjumanHimayat-i-
Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.
At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry like Tarana-i-Hind.
After educated from Europe he criticized Capitalism, materialism & lack of spiritualism.
Iqbal compared the Western culture with Islam and reached at the conclusion that
mankinds emancipation & welfare lay in the adoption of Islam as a way of life.
Iqbal was a poet, teacher & thinker, to safeguard the interests of the Muslims he had
come in the arena of politics.
Iqbal awakened the Muslim nation through his stirring verses to demand a separate
homeland. He rendered his services for this purpose.
Constitutional Issues
The Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for governance and exercise
of political power and legal authority. It clarifies the scope of power, relationship among
various institutions within the government and society. It has precedence over ordinary
laws cannot be changed like ordinary laws.
Major Issues
The major issues, the first constituent assembly faced, were about:
Constitution of 1956
23 March, 1956
Characteristics:
i) Federal in Nature
ii) Parliamentary form of Govt.
iii) Uni-cameral legislature
The absence of the other House was compensated by the powers of the
President.
iv) Emergency powers of the President.
v) Fundamental Rights.
vi) Independence of Judiciary.
vii) Islamic color of the Constitution.
Sovereignty of Allah
Name as Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Head of State must be Muslim
Islamic principles as guiding rules
No law against Quran &Sunnah
viii) Urdu-Bengali as National languages and English official languages.
ix) Single Citizenship.
i) Economic policies only affect West Pakistan with increasing growth rate.
ii) Emergence of class inequality in society.
iii) Constitution of 1962 deprived Bengalis participation in decision making process.
iv) Economic developmental strategy gave birth to economic elitism, 22 families.
v) Educational reforms did not produce desired results.
vi) Basic provisions of Health & Sanitation neglected.
vii) Controlled Democracy.
viii) Censorship on political parties and anti Ayub elements, (PODO and EBDO)
ix) Tashkent Declaration (weaknesses in Foreign Policy).
x) Ayubs family indulgence in plundering of national wealth.
xi) Demand for restoration of Parliamentary Form of Govt. and abolition of indirect
method of elections.
xii) Firing by the police in the funeral procession of Fatima Jinnah in July 1967.
xiii) Rigging in the Presidential elections.
Mujib-ur-Rehmans 6 Points
It should be Federal Pakistan, on the basis of Lahore Resolution and Parliamentary Form
of Govt.
Federal Govt. should only deals with Defense and Economic affairs.
Provinces should have Tax levying powers.
Establishment of separate Militia of East Pakistan.
Two regions as East & West Pakistan establish trade links with foreign countries with
separate accounts.
Different currency, a separate banking reserve and separate Fiscal and Minority policy
for East Pakistan or for Province.
Zia-ul-Haq 1977-1988
Political Philosophy:
Zia adopted 3 fold policies to obtain legitimacy for his regime.
Civilian governments adopted policies for the welfare and betterment of people but their
effects were compromised due to several reasons:
Problem of keeping coalition intact
Weak political parties, which weakened the governments
Greater confrontation
Complains of corruption and misuse of state resources
In 1999 again, Military Rule was imposed against the civilian governments attempt to
concentrate power in the office of Prime Minister.
Nawaz Sharif government introduced political and constitutional changes to have a
complete control on all branches of the government.
Nawaz governments attempt to remove the Army Chief, while he was out of the country
and returning from his visit to Sri Lanka, proved counter-productive.
General Musharraf took over as, the Chief Executive of the Country and suspended the
constitution of 1973.
Martial Law was not declared.
No Military Courts were established.
Political and Press freedom remained intact.
Political Priorities
Rebuild national confidence and morale
Strengthening federation
Muhammad Irfan Page 24
Remove inter-provincial disharmony
Restore national cohesion
Revival of the economy and restoration of investors confidence
Improving law and order situation and dispensation of Justice
De-politicize the state institutions and devolution of power
Swift and across the board accountability
General Musharraf designed the Following Policies to Achieve above mentioned
Goals
Accountability and return of looted wealth of the state
Revival of the economy through increasing Foreign exchange reserves and reducing
international debt burden through rescheduling
Poverty reduction and social uplift
New Local Bodies System and delegation of powers to the District Government
Process of Return to Democracy
Referendum for President, April 2002
Introduced Legal Framework Order, (LFO)
Held General Elections of National and Provincial Assemblies on 10th October, 2002
Revival of the Constitution with 17th Amendment
Civilian governments formed in the provinces and the Centre
Civilian Rule Established
In the new setup Musharraf is President in the Uniform
Mr. Zafrullah Khan Jamali was the head of a coalition government.
In three provinces there are governments of Muslim League (Q).