Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By:
Name : Dion Satrio Pambudi
Student ID : B1B015018
Group : VII
Subgroup :1
Assistant : Ifonaha Kristian
2017
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Sensory neurons also known as afferent neurons are neurons that convert a
specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials.
This process is called sensory transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are
located in the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord. This sensory information travels along
afferent nerve fibers in an afferent or sensory nerve, to the brain via the spinal cord.
The stimulus can come from extoreceptors outside the body, for example light and
sound, or from interoreceptors inside the body, for example blood pressure or the sense
of body position (Purves et al., 2008).
Chemoreceptors sense environmental signals and drive chemotactic responses.
There are two main classes of chemoreceptors: integral inner membrane and soluble
cytoplasmic proteins. Cytoplasmic chemoreceptors appear to share the same key
structural features as integral membrane chemoreceptors, including the formations of
homodimers, trimers of dimers, and 12-nm hexagonal arrays within the cell.
Cytoplasmic chemoreceptors exhibit varied subcellular locations, with some localizing
to the poles and others appearing both cytoplasmic and polar. Some cytoplasmic
chemoreceptors adopt more exotic locations, including the formations of exclusively
internal clusters or moving dynamic clusters that coalesce at points of contact with
other cells. Cytoplasmic chemoreceptors presumably sense signals within the
cytoplasm and bear diverse signal input domains that are mostly N terminal to the
domain that defines chemoreceptors, the so-called MA domain (Kieran et al., 2014).
The signal input region of chemoreceptors is extremely variable, in contrast to the
highly conserved signal output region. Transmembrane chemoreceptors typically
present an easily identifiable region for signal input outside the cytoplasmic
membrane. In contrast, it is often difficult to identify the signal input domain of
cytoplasmic chemoreceptors, and it is not yet clear if it always lies N terminal to the
MA domain. Lacal and colleagues reported that some cytoplasmic chemoreceptors
have a large N-terminal region, with a portion containing known or predicted sensing
domains, while other cytosolic chemoreceptors have only a very short N-terminal
domain that has no identifiable sensing domains (Lacal et al., 2010). According
Wadhams & Armitage (2004) Chemoreceptors are capable of responding to a broad
range of chemoeffector concentrations through a process known as adaptation.
According (Winter et al., 2008). Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors which
respond to mechanical forces, such as pressure or distortion. Specialized sensory
receptor cells called mechanoreceptors often encapsulate afferent fibers to help tune
the afferent fibers to the different types of somatic stimulation. Mechanoreceptors also
help lower thresholds for action potential generation in afferent fibers and thus make
them more likely to fire in the presence of sensory stimulation. According (Purves et
al., 2008) Proprioceptors are another type of mechanoreceptors which literally means
"receptors for self". These receptors provide spatial information about limbs and other
body parts. Nociceptors are responsible for processing pain and temperature changes.
The burning pain and irritation experienced after eating a chili pepper (due to its main
ingredient, capsaicin), the cold sensation experienced after ingesting a chemical such
as menthol or icillin, as well as the common sensation of pain are all a result of neurons
with these receptors (Lee et al., 2005).
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of cell found in the retina that is capable
of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they
convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate
biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb
photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential. There are currently three
known types of photoreceptor cells in mammalian eyes: rods, cones, and
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and
cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a
representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and
distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports
photo transduction is similar. A third class of mammalian photoreceptor cell was
discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not
contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary
reflex (Foster et al., 1991).
1.2. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment was to observe and determine the chemoreceptor
function of lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials
The materials used in this practice are lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus), water,
Tubifex sp., pellet.
The tools used in this lab activity are aquarium, scissor, tweezer, flashlight,
stopwatch.
2.2. Methods
1. Fill the aquarium with freshwater and then lobster are prepared.
2. Do ablation of antenula, eye and total then put lobster into aquarium.
3. Put Tubex sp. or pellet into aquarium.
4. The movement of lobster is observe, note the time and how much lobster
reaction.
5. Observe until 10 minutes.
6. Take lobster and clean aquarium.
7. The method number 3 5 are repeated.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Result
1 2 3 4
FIRST 10 MINUTES
SECOND 10 MINUTES
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