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Voltage
fluctuation Sags (dips)
(flicker)
PQ
disturbances
Noise Swell
Under/
Notching
Overvoltage
Harmonics
Effects of transients:
Malfunction of electronic equipment, and motor
operation.
Power System (PS) breakdown.
14
The causes of voltage or/ and current swell are
Single Line to Ground (SLG) fault,
the disconnection of heavy load, and
the energization of large capacitor bank in power
system.
16
Interruptions
Interruption has resulted in the decrease of voltage or/and
current amplitude for less than 1.0 pu.
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The causes of interruption are
faults in power system,
equipment breakdown, and
malfunction of control system
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[1]
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Sags (dips)
The disturbance has resulted in the decrease of voltage or/
and current amplitude within 0.1 pu to 0.9 pu (in rms
value).
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The causes of interruption are
faults in PS,
heavy load energization, and
starting heavy motors.
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[1]
22
[1]
23
Characteristic of these disturbances are similar to the
temporary swell, interruption and sag except that the time
duration is longer than 1 minute.
Overvoltage
Undervoltage
Sustain interruption
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Harmonics
This disturbance results distortion of voltage or/ and
current shape, frequency, and amplitude. The distorted
voltage or/ and current waveforms consist of a sum of
multiple number of sinusoids in which the individual
frequency of each sinusoid is multiple integer of the
fundamental component of the PS.
25
Effects of harmonic problems
are
Malfunction of electronic
equipment.
Increase power loss in PS.
[1]
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Notching
The disturbance results a continuous repetitive dips in
voltage waveforms.
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[1]
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Voltage Fluctuation (Flicker)
This disturbance results in random variation of voltage
amplitude.
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[1]
[1] 30
Power Frequency Variations
It involves a change of power frequency from its nominal
value.
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[1]
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International & National Standards
International standards:
IEEE
IET
CBEMA/ ITIC (IT equipment)
ANSI, etc
National standard:
SIRIM
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