Chapter 6: Integument

MISC. TERMS AND INFO Photopores

-conjunctiva: exposed portion of the eyeball, usually transparent; -light-emitting organs
covers the eardrum; directly continuous with mucous membranes that -arise in the epi and invade the derm
line all the passageways opening onto the surface -upper part: magnifying lens
-epidermis derived from ectoderm -base: blood sinus (raw materials needed for bioluminescence),
-dermis derived from mesoderm melanophores
-variations in the Morphological features of the epi & derm -functions of photopores
1. relative # and complexity of skin glands 1. species and sex recognition
2. extent of differentiation of specialization of the most superficial 2. lure/warning
layer of epi 3. aid to concealment by countershading
3. extent of bone development in dermi Keratin
-skin of amphioxus exhibits epi and dermi, but epi is only one cell -most fishes synthesize little/no keratin
thick. -aquatic urodeles: thin dessication-impeding stratum
-lampreys and hagfishes: conical cornified teeth
SKIN OF THE EFT (Notophthalmus) -tadpoles: horny toothlike structures
-aquatic urodeles: calluslike caps on toes
-eft: juvenile land stage of aquatic urodele Notophthalmus
-terrestrial craniates: keratin is a feature of the skin
-does not reflect ancient feature of craniate but illustrates contrasting
adaptations of craniate skin for life on land as opposed to life on
+[Epidermis of Tetrapods]
water.
-stratified epithelium
-epi: stratified epithelium
-Petersons (Unnatural) Law: Anything that can happen will happen.
>columnar cells in the basal, or germinal, layer are constantly
-2 primary epidermal features of terrestrial tetrapods:
undergoing mitosis, replacing those lost from the surface.
1. integumentary glands
>proliferation from the basal layer causes older cells to be pushed
2. stratum corneum
outward.
Epidermal Glands
>as they approach the surface, they synthesize keratin: scleroprotein
-saccular/alveolar (dipnoans and amphis)
insoluble in water, and they become flattened (squamous).
-tubular: (abundant in mammals)digestive tract
>keratinization: -keratinized/cornified: causes cells to die
-3 basic categories:
> in efts: cornified layer is thin in contrast to thick cornified stratum in
1. merocrine glands: sweat glands of humans
craniates.
2. holocrine glands: oil glands of birds/sebaceous glands of
-glands of the skin develop from the epi and, in efts, are simple
mammas
multicellular sacs that bulge into the dermis, where they are in the
3. apocrine glands: mammary glands
immediate vicinity of capillaries that supply nutrients and oxygen, and
-Mucus glands
carry away metab wastes.
+confined to lubricated surfaces
> they are able to synthesize mucus, but in the eft stafe they are
+synthesis of mucus would dehydrate a craniates lacking drinking
quiescent although not totally inactive.
water/moisture
-dermis of efts consists of connective tissue that supports the bases of
-Granular glands
the glands, bV, lymphatics, small nerves, and pigment cells.
+terrestrial amphis
> it adheres to underlying body wall muscle.
+not abundant in reptiles
-larvae live in water(many active mucous glands/no cornified
+absent in birds and mamals
epi)metamorphosed on land(skin glandsquiescent, epi
+source of many pheromones
keratinized, persists in land)sexually mature in water(mucous glands
+pheromone functions
become active again, cornified cells are shed and do not reappear)
-affect the behavior/physiology of other organisms/same
>skin of larvae and aqua adults resembles that of fishes, skin of efts is
species
like terrestrial amphi.
-signal the sex of an organism
-identify members of the same population
THE EPIDERMIS -leave trails
-avascular epi is the interface between organism and environment +restricted to a localized area of the body
-vascular derm provides physiologic support for the interfacing epi +parotoid gland (in toads) behind the eye
-2 kinds of nonliving coverings of the epi in craniates: +femoral gland: secrete a substance that hardens to form
1. mucus temporary spines that restrain the female during copulation
2. stratum corneum +musk turtles: yellowish fluid from 2 glands
-unicellular epi glands of larval amphi +crocs: row of (supposedly pheromonal) glands of unknown
-multicellular epi glands of metamorphosed amphi & amniotes (these function
invade the derm) -Avian oil glands
+uropygial gland: largest in aquatic birds and domestic fowl
+[Epidermis of Fishes & Aquatic Amphi) +water repellent
-predominant feature: abundance of epi glands +secretion during preening
-scales located beneath epi +smaller oil glands line the outer ear
Epi Glands of Fishes -Sebaceous glands
-mostly unicellular +oily exudate
-goblet cells: secrete only mucus +secretion: sebum (into hair follicles)
-granular cells: secrete mucus & other ingredients like (slime or +ceruminous glands secrete cerumen (hairs trap insects)
alkaloids) +meibomian glands moisten the conjunctiva
-slimy mucus secreted in quantity in response to stressful external +chalazion: inflamed swelling on the conjunctival surface of the lid
stimuli (hagfishes)
-alkaloids not common in aquatic fishes -Sudoriferous glands
-fucntions of mucus: +a.k.a.: sweat glands
1. nutrition (for babies/hatchlings) +tubular glands that extend deep into the derm of mammals
2. irritating toxins +predominant secretion: thermoregulatory
3. unknown +furry regions
Epi Glands of Aquatic Amphi +mammals that lack sweat glands: pangolins, cetaceans,
-mostly multicellular sireniands, echidnas
-mucous/granular glands +ciliary glands: open into the eyelash follicles
-tailed amphis that are semiaquatic have the largest number of +humans: largest # of sweat glands
integumentary glands -Scent glands
-functions of mucus: +both sebaceous and sudoriferous glands produce scents
1. respiratory membrane +functions
2. holdfasts -drive away enemies (skunks anal gland)
3. restraining the female during amplexus -signal the sex (musk deers anal gland)
-defense (kangaroos sebaceous gland)
 Chapter 6: Integument
-for breeding (elephants temporal gland) +root surrounded by a network of sensory nerve endings- ex.
+not all pheromones are products of integumentary glands vibrissae(whiskers)
-Mammary glands Morphology of a Hair
+develop in both sexes from milk lines (elevated ectoderm -bulb: continual mitosis (how hairs elongate)
beneath the dermis) -root: where hair cells are dying and cornifying
+nipple: forms above a patch of a milk line (derived from the -shaft: remainder of the hair surrounded by sebum
ventrolateral milk line but displaced dorsad during ontogenesis) -cuticle: membranous cornified squamous cells covering the hair
+derived from sebaceous glands -medulla: coarse/spiny hairs contain these cornified cells separated by
+secretion: includes lipids large amounts of air and connected by intercellular bridges of keratin
+kinds -arrector pili: tiny smooth muscle responsible for elevating the hairs
-axillary (gooseflesh)
-thoracic -also a device for thermoregulaion
-abdominal -agglutinated hairs:
-inguinal +scales of pangolins
+cystern: terminal ducts at the base of the nipple where milk +horns of rhinos
accumulates after having been let down from the lobes -modifications of hair:
+oxytocin: hormone in the pituitary responsible for the smooth +bristles
muscle contractions that cause milk letdown +spines of anteaters
+monotremes: no nipples +porcupine quills
Stratum Corneum Origin of Hair
-early specializations: scales, claws, horny protuberances, hair, -conjectural
feathers (most remarkable). -protothrix: tactile bristle
-Epidermal scales -neomorphs: structures that have no ancestral precursor
+amniotes -Feathers, hair, and dermal papillae
+in squamates: stratum corneum is arranged on overlapping folds +morphogenesis of a feather: dermal papillaactivity in the
of the epi ectoderm
+thinning of stratum corneum permits mobility +morphogenesis of a hair: ectodermal invaginationdermal
+scutes: large thin quadrilateral/polygonal scales papilla
+turtle scutes and scales dont overlap -Horns and Antlers
+epi scales develop in birds on the apterylae +3 varieties of mammalian horns:
+armidillos: hair and scales interspersed -bovine horns
+mammals: confined to the legs and tail -hair horns
+pangolin scales are agglutinated hairs -horns of pronghorn antelopes
+lizards and snakes have 2 distinct layers: +antlers and giraffe horns are not true horns
-inner: deposited Bovine Horns and Pronghorns
-outer: molted -oxen, cows, sheep, goats & pronghorn antelopes
-Claws, hoofs, & nails -prime feature: core of dermal bone covered by a sheath of horn
+modifications of the stratum corneum -bovine horns in both sexes
+2 curved parts: unguis (dorsal) & subunguis (ventral) -pronghorns are branched and the horny covering is shed annually
+both wrap around the terminal phalanx Hair Horns
+cuneus: cornified pad -rhinos
-Feathers -agglutinated keratinized hairlike epidermal fibers
+3 morphological varieties: -roughened area of the nasal bone
-contour -present in both sexes
-down/plumules Antlers and Giraffe Horns
-filoplumes -not cornified structures
-dermal bone attached to the frontal bone
Morphological Varieties of Feathers -in velvet: new growing antlers
-Contour: -covered with a soft vascular skin and velvety hair
+shaft2 vanes -only in males
-base of shaft: calamus/quill -replaced annually
-vane bearing: rachis -giraffe horns: projections of the frontal bone and remain in velvet
+barbs barbules(have hooklets)&flanges throughout life
+superior umbilicus -Baleen and other Cornified Structures
+afterfeather +toothless whales have oral epithelium (baleen/whalebone)
+pterylae: feather tracts +rattles: rings of horny stratum corneum
+arrectores plumarum: smooth erector muscles +beaks: covered with a horny sheath
-Down: +combs of roosters: covered with a thick warty stratum corneum
+small fluffy feathers underneath and between contour feathers +ischial callosi: monkeys and apes sit on these
-Filoplumes: +knee pads: camels kneel on these
+hairlike feathers consisting of a shaft +tori: epidermal pads on most mammals rather than ungulates
+bristles: resemble filoplumes but lack terminal barbs (pussyfoot); ends of the tori : apical pads
Development of a Feather +corns and calluses: temporary thickenings of stratum corneum
-Dermal papilla: mound of mesodermal cells in the derm that indents located where skin has been subjected to unusual friction
the undersurface of the epi and induces mitotic activity in its basal
layer THE DERMIS
-feather primordium: pimplelike elevation on the surface of the skin -collagenous connective tissue
-feather follicle: pit lined with epi around the f.primordiums base -blood vessels, small nerves, pigment cells
-feather sheath: active growth zone at the base of the f.follicle -has an ancient and persistent potential to form bone
-pinfeather: feather still surrounded by its sheath
-full grown featherdermal papilla in the shaft dies and becomes +[The Bony Dermis of Fishes]
pulppapilla withdraws from the shaft base leaving an -bony plates or smaller bony scales beneath the epi (dermal bone)
openinginferior umbilicus -denticles: knobby/spiny elevations
Origin of Feathers -4 layers of primitive bone:
-derived from reptilian scales +lamellar bone
-both initiated by formation of a vascularized dermal papilla +spongy bone
-the 2 are dissimilar +dentin
-protofeathers (in the Chinese Sinosauropteryx) add to the validity of +enamel
scale-to-feather scenario -lamellar bone: compactly structured bone deposited in successive
-Hair layers/lamellae
+keratinized appendages -spongy bone: penetrated by blood channels of macroscopic size
 Chapter 6: Integument
-dentin: another variety of bone
-dermal armor: protective; stores calcium and phosphates +[Amphibians]
-classification of dermal plates and scales +differs from that of fishes
+placoid -scales are absent
-derived from basal pate(root) -epi glands are multicellular
-spine in the dermis erupts epi -epi exhibits stratum corneum (except toads)
+rhomboid -Epidermis
-retain 4 primitive layers of dermal bone +glandular
-2 subtypes: ganoid and cosmoid +multicellular mucus glands
-no living fish have cosmoid scales +cornified appendages are rare
-ganoine : form of enamel (found in Polypterus and +tadpoles have horny teethat metamorphosis, teeth are shed
Calamoichthyes) and adult becomes insectivorous
+elasmoid -Dermis
-seen in most teleosts & lobe-finned fishes +firmly attached to underlying musculature
-flexible&translucent +dermal chromatophores capable of color changes
-formed from thin laminar bone
-associated with a fibrous plate +[Nonavian Reptiles]
-2 subtypes: cycloid and ctenoid(comblike) -Epidermis
-consist of a very thin layer of acellular lamellar bone underlain by +thick water impervious stratum corneum
a plate of dense collagen +ecdysis: molting of entire outer layer of stratum corneum in one
-ability to form scales lost by lampreys bony eels and others piece/cast
-scale analagen: develop transitorily in the embryos +epi glands are almost entirely granular
+protective and pheromonal secretions are most effective in
+[Dermal Ossification in Tetrapods] response to external stimuli
-osteoderms: minute bony scales +dry
-only armadillos: dermal armor -Dermis
-bone is covered by epi scales +dermal bone
-dermis has an anceitn and persistent potential to form bone
+[Birds]
+[Dermal Pigments] -Epidermis
-chromatophores: cells that contain pigment granules +thin-skinned
-melanophores (melanin graules/shades of brown/melanosomes) +epi scales typically reptilian
+hairs receive only melanin +uropygial gland
-xanthophores (yellow granules) +oily secretion
-iridophores (guanine; silvery/iridescent granules) -Dermis
-erythrophores (red granules) +supports feather follicles and erector muscles
-feathers receive melanin, xantho, and erythro +thermoregulatory role
-colors changes occur only in ectotherms +no osteoderms
-craniates cant because chromatophores cant aggregate nor disperse
-morphologic color changes: (getting a tan) +[Mammals]
-pigment cells not confined to just the skin; found in meninges and +notable features
striated muscles (melanocytes) -hair
-not all skin color is due to pigment; blood capillaries lie immediately -grater functional epi glands
under the epi -thick cornified epidermis
-thicker dermis
THE INTEGUMENT FROM FISHES TO MAMMALS
+[Agnathans] -Epidermis
-Epidermis +3 strata:
+abundance of unicellular mucous glands -stratum germinativum (actively mitotic)
+all layers are mitotic -stratum granulosum (keratohyaline)
+only cornified structures(shed and replaced): -stratum corneum (forelimbs and hindlimbs)
th
-horny denticles +4 cellular layer: stratum lucidum (palms and soles)
-biting-scraping cornified teeth +2 major types of epi glands:
-Dermis -sebaceous
+thiner than epi -sudoriferous
+exceptionally tough collagenous connective tissue +mammary glands of viviparous mammals appear to be modified
+[Cartilaginous Fishes] sebaceous glands
-Epidermis +mammary glands of monotremes appear to be modified
+more layers than the agnathans sudoriferous glands
+unicellular are less abundant +Claws have become hoofs in ungulatesand flat nails in primates
+goblet cells secrete toxins (chimaeras) +horns: either entirely keratin or have a horny sheath overlying a
+multicellular glands at base of claspers(chimaeras) bony core
+photophores: modified multicellular epidermal glands that have -Dermis
invaded the dermis +thickness: result of many hair follicles, erector muscles,
sweat&oil glands, connective tissue, vascularity
-Dermis +superficial fascia: loose connective tissue that separates skin
+thicker than epi from underlying muscle
+2 more/less well-defined layers
+sandpaper texture ROLES OF INTEGUMENT
+sheet of melanophores under the epi -protective (primary/dermal armor/fur/pigment)
+chimaeras lost scales but more mucus glands than -exteroceptive (nerve endings/whiskers)
elasmobranchs, slippery skin -respiration (salamanders)
-excretion (aquatic amphi)
+[Bony Fishes] -thermoregulation (feathers)
-Epidermis -locomotion (webs)
+epi glands are unicellular mucus glands -maintenance of homeostasis (fishes via dermal scales)
+few granular glands that secrete irritating/poisoinous alkaloids -nourishment (teleost hatchlings feed on mothers mucus)
+no placoid scales -skin coloration (vit. D)
-Dermis
+presence of ganoid scales
+modern cycloid and ctenoid