PUC II Biology Chapter 1

PUC II BIOLOGY (36) S PUC Coaching Center (PCMB + CSc),Bijapur/Sindagi, E-ID:spuccoachingcenter@gmail.
com
`
S PUC COACHING CENTER

BIJAPUR/SINDAGI
9108178476/8123732269
PUC II
BIOLOGY (36)
Name:
Roll. No: Chapter No: 1
Courses offered (PCMB + CSc): PUC II YEAR:
1) Crash Course Classes : 50-60days (Dec to Feb)
2) Vacation classes:4months (March 1stweek to June2ndweek )
3) CET/NEETClasses:25-35 days(After theory exams)
4) Crash Course Classes : 25-35 days (After announcement of
results) For supplementary Exams
5) Regular classes: 7months (June2nd week to Dec2nd week )
6) Regular CET/NEET classes: 8months (June to Jan)
PUC I YEAR:
1) Regular classes: 7months (June2nd week to Dec2nd week )
Time is important than anything; so Plan Do Act properly
ACTIVENESS IS DIRCTELY PROPORTIONAL TO SUCCCESS & LAZYNESS
IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO SUCCESS, SO BE ACTIVE TO GET
SUCCESS
HARD WORK NEVER FAILS
Sindagi place: Katti Building near water tank Basaveshwar
circle Vidya nagar (Near R D patil College) SINDAGI
Prof. Biradar.M. BSc,Bed, MSc Prof. Biradar .S. B.E, M.Tech, MSc, (PhD)
S PUC Coaching Center , Mob:9108178476 / 8123732269 / 80889889075 /8310119175/ 7411996491 , At AICT Computer center
Nagathan Building Gurukul Road Near siddeshwar temple/ Near Yalameli complex Ashram Road/ S S Road, Bijapur
Courses offered (PCMB + CSc): PUC II YEAR: 1) Crash Course Classes : 50-60days (Dec to Feb)
2) Vacation classes: 4months (March 1st week to June2nd week ) 3) CET/NEETClasses:25-35 days (After completion of theory exams)
4) Crash Course Classes : 25-35 days (After announcement of results) For 5) Regular classes: 7months (June2nd week to Dec2nd week )
supplementary Exams Demo Video Visit Facebook & youtube :spuccoachingcenter
6) Regular CET/NEET classes: 8months (June to Jan) vijayapur
PUC I YEAR: 1) Regular classes: 7months (June2nd week to Dec2nd week )
PUC II BIOLOGY (36) S PUC Coaching Center (PCMB + CSc),Bijapur/Sindagi, E-ID:spuccoachingcenter@gmail.com 1
`
9
26
32
37
12
/8
6
47
78
81
10
:9
ile
ob
M
),
Sc
C
+
B
M
C
e r(P
nt
ce
n g
hi
ac
co
c
pu
S
Sindagi place: Katti Building near water tank Basaveshwar circle Vidya nagar (Near R D patil College)
`
9
26
32
37
12
/8
6
47
78
81
10
:9
ile
ob
M
),
Sc
C
+
B
M
C
e r(P
nt
ce
n g
hi
ac
co
c
pu
S
`
WEIGHTAGE TO UNIT/CHAPTER IN BIOLOGY:
9
26
32
37
12
/8
6
47
78
81
10
:9
ile
ob
M
),
Sc
C
+
B
M
C
e r(P
nt
ce
n g
hi
ac
Sindagi place: Katti Building near water tank Basaveshwar

co
circle Vidya nagar (Near R D patil College)

c
pu
S
`
CHAPTER-1 5 Hours 5 Marks
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS PART-B-2 marks(1Q)
PART-C-3marks(1Q)
Asexual reproduction: Definition & Characteristics
Types of asexual reproduction
Budding
Binary fission
9
26
Vegetative propagation
Sexual reproduction: Definition & Characteristics
32
Phases of sexual reproduction or Phases of life cycle
37
Events in sexual reproduction
12
Parthenogenesis & Embryogensis
/8
Introduction:
Brief overview of Biology:
6
47
Biology:
Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of life and living organisms OR
78
Biology is the science concerned with the study of life OR
81
Biology is the science of life forms and living processes
10
Life: Life is a distinctive characteristic of a living organism from non-living thing (dead-organism) as
:9
especially distinguished by growth, development, reproduction. ile
Living organisms or living things or living beings:
ob
The objects exhibiting growth, development, reproduction, respiration, responsiveness & other
characteristics of life are designated ( considered) as living organisms or living things or living beings.
M
Characteristics of living organisms: The various characteristics of living organisms are as follows;
),
Sc
1) Growth: Living organisms grow in mass and number i.e., increase in mass & number
2) Reproduction: It is the formation of new individuals of the similar kind
C
3) Metabolism: The sum of all types of chemical reactions occurring in an individual due to specific
+
interactions amongst different types of molecules in the interior cells is called metabolism.
B
4) Response to stimuli (Changes): A detectable change in the internal or external environment is the
M
C
response to stimuli.
r(P
Life span:
The period from birth to natural death of an organism is called life span.
e
Life span of organisms varies from few days to years.

nt
ce
Life span of some organisms; Butterfly (1-2weeks), crow (15years), Elephant (50-70years), dog
(22years).
g
Reproduction in organism:
n
hi
Reproduction:
ac
Reproduction is a biological process of formation of new offsprings (young born living organisms)
co
from the pre-existing organisms OR

Reproduction is the formation of new individuals of similar kind
c
pu
S
`
Types of Reproduction:
Based on whether there is one or two organism taking part in process of reproduction, there are two
types of reproduction
1) Asexual reproduction
2) Sexual reproduction
1) Asexual reproduction:
When the offspring is produced by single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation
9
26
(gametes- sperm & egg), the reproduction is considered as asexual reproduction. OR
32
Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring by a single parent.
Asexual reproduction is found in unicellular organisms and simple plants & animals. Such as Amoeba,
37
Hydra, Algae etc.,
12
2) Sexual reproduction:
/8
When two parents (opposite sex) participate in reproduction process and also involve the fusion
(mixing/combining) of male & female gametes, the reproduction is considered as sexual reproduction.
6
47
OR
Sexual reproduction is the production of offspring by two parents.
78
Sexual reproduction is found in higher plants & animals. Such as flowering plants, human, dog, etc.,
81
Asexual reproduction:
10
Characteristics of asexual reproduction:
:9
The various characteristics of asexual reproduction are as follows;
ile
1) A single parent is involved in reproduction i.e., offspring is produced by single parent (Uniparental).
ob
2) With or without involvement of gametes formation

M
3) No fertilization
4) The Offspring are identical to one another & to their parent. Such morphologically (shape,
),
Sc
structure/appearance) and genetically similar individuals are known as clone.

5) Rate of reproduction is faster
C
6) Asexual reproduction is found in unicellular organisms and simple plants & animals.
+
Types of asexual reproduction OR Methods of asexual reproduction OR modes asexual

B
M
reproduction:
C
The different types of asexual reproduction are

r(P
1) Binary fission
2) Budding
e
nt
3) Gemmule
ce
4) Zoospore
5) Conidia
n g
6) Fragmentation
hi
ac
1) Binary fission:
co
Binary fission is the cell division of parent cell into two daughter cells. OR

c
In this method of asexual reproduction a cell divides into two halves and rapidly grows into an adult.
pu
Examples: Amoeba, paramecium etc.,

S
`
Binary fission in amoeba:
9
26
32
37
12
Fig.1.1 Binary fission in amoeba
/8
2) Budding:
In this small bud (small projection arises from the parent body known as bud) appears & grows in the
6
parent body, after maturation the bud is detached (separated) from the parent body and grows into an
47
adult.
78
Examples: Yeast, Hydra, sponge etc.,
81
Budding in yeast & Hydra:
10
:9
ile
ob
M
),
Sc
C
+
B
M
C
Fig.1.2 Budding in yeast Fig.1.3 Budding in hydra

r(P
3) Gemmule:
e
Gemmules are the endogenous buds consist of small group of cells known as archeocyte and enclosed
nt
by a protective coat.
ce
Examples: Sponge
n g
hi
ac
co
c
pu
Fig.1.4 Gemmule in sponge

S
`
4) Zoospore:
Zoospore is the flagellated motile microscopic haploid spore formed by the cell division in sporangia.
Examples: Chlamydomonas , Green algae, Brown algae, etc.,
9
26
32
37
12
/8
6
47
Fig.1.5 Zoospores of chlamydomonas
78
5) Conidia :
Conidia are the non motile spores produced singly or chains at the tip of conidiophores.
81
Examples: Penicillium.
10
:9
ile
ob
M
),
Sc
C
+
B
Fig.1.6 Conidia of penicillium

M
C
6) Fragmentation :
r(P
In this process the parental body of the organisms breaks into some pieces and then each piece develops
e
into a whole organism.

nt
Examples: Flat worms, sponges, starfish etc.,

ce
g
Note: The different asexual reproductive structures in

n
1) Yeast Buds
hi
ac
2) Pencilium Conidia
3) Hydra Buds
co
4) Sponges Gemmules
c
5) Chlamydomonas Zoospores.
pu
S
`
Vegetative reproduction:
In plants the term asexual reproduction is used as vegetative reproduction.
Vegetative propagation means asexual reproduction in plants
The vegetative structures of plants involved in vegetative propagation are called
vegetative propagules.[i.e the different structures of plants which are capable of giving
rise to new plants are called vegetative propagules].
9
The different vegetative propagules in different plants are
26
Vegetative propagules Plants (examples)
32
1) Eyes/Tuber Potato
37
2) Rhizome Ginger
12
3) Bulbil Agave
4) Leaf buds Bryophyllum
/8
5) Offset Water hyacinth
6
6) Bulb Onion
47
7) Runner Gladiolus, Grass, oxalis
78
8) sucker Banana
81
NOTE: Additional information on vegetative propagules:
10
:9
ile
ob
M
),
Sc
C
+
B
M
C
e r(P
nt
ce
n g
hi
ac
co
c
pu
S
`
9
26
32
37
12
/8
6
47
78
81
10
:9
ile
ob
M
),
Sc
Fig.1.7 Vegetative propagules

Sexual reproduction:
C
When two parents (opposite sexes) participates in reproduction process and also involves the fusion of
+
male & female gametes, the reproduction is called sexual reproduction.

B
Characteristics of Sexual reproduction:

M
C
Two parents (opposite sexes) are involved in reproduction i.e. offsprings are produced by two parents.
r(P
(Biparental)
Gametes are always formed
e
nt
Offsprings are genetically dissimilar to parents.

ce
Fusion of male & female gamete is known as fertilization.

The rate of reproduction is slow
n g
Sexuality in organisms:
hi
ac
1) In ANIMALS:
Bisexual animals or Hermophrodites:
co
Bisexual animals ( or Hermophodites) are the animals which possess both male and female reproductive
c
pu
organs (structures) in the same body

Examples: Earth worm, leech, sponges etc.,
S
`
Unisexual animals or homophrodites:
Unisexual animals (or Homophrodites) are the animals which possess male or female reproductive organs
(structures).
Examples: Cockroach, round worm, human.
2) In PLANTS:
Homothallic plants or bisexual plants or monoecious:
9
Homothallic plants (or bisexual plants or monoecious ) are the plants having both male and female
26
reproductive structures in the same body
32
Examples: Fungi, Hibiscus, cucurbita, coconut, sweet potato.
37
Heterothallic plants or unisexual unisexual or dioecious:
Heterothallic plants (or unisexual or dioecious) are the plants having either male or female reproductive
12
structures.
/8
Examples: Papaya, Date palm, Marchantia
6
Note:
47
1) The male reproductive structure in plants is stamen
78
2) The female reproductive structure in plants is pistil
81
3) The flowers with only stamens are called male flowers or staminate flowers.
4) The flowers with only pistil are called female flowers or pistillate flowers.
10
Different Phases in Sexual reproduction (or Different stages of life cycle of living organisms):
The different phases in sexual reproduction are
:9
ile
1) Juvenile phase
ob
2) Reproductive phase
M
3) Senescent phase
),
1) Juvenile phase:
Sc
Period of growth and maturity of an organism before it can reproduce sexually is called juvenile phase
C
(i.e It is the period of growth in an individual organism after its birth & before it reaches reproductive
phase)
+
It is called vegetative phase in plants

B
M
2) Reproductive phase:
C
It is the period of growth of an organisms after juvenile phase, during which the organism undergoes
r(P
morphological and physiological changes to attain maturity and capable of producing gametes
e
a) Menstrual cycle: The cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries & accessory ducts as well as
nt
hormones during the reproductive phase of primate mammals is called menstrual cycle. It occurs in
ce
primate mammals like monkeys, apes & humans

g
b) Oestrus cycle: The cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries & accessory ducts as well as hormones
n
during the reproductive phase of non primate mammals is called oestrus cycle. It occurs in non
hi
primate mammals like cows, rats, dogs, tigers etc.,

ac
3) Senescent phase:
co
It is the end of reproductive phase of an organism.

c
Old age ultimately leads to death

pu
S
`
Events in Sexual reproduction:
The different events in sexual reproduction are
1) Pre-fertilisation
2) Fertilisation
3) Post-fertilisatio
1) Pre-fertilisation: All the events prior to fusion of gametes are included in it. It includes
9
a) Gametogenesis
26
b) Gamete transfer.
32
a) Gametogenesis:
Gametogenesis is the process of formation of male & female gametes. i.e the process of formation of
37
gametes
12
Gametes are always haploid (having half set of chromosome) cells which may be similar or
dissimilar in structure (or appearance).
/8
The male and female gametes which are morphologically (or structurally or appearance) similar are
6
called homogametes (or isogamates)
47
The male and female gametes which are morphologically dissimilar are called heterogametes
Male gamete is called sperm
78
Female gamete is called egg
81
b) Gamete transfer:
In most of the organisms, male gametes are motile (moving/travelling) and female gametes are non-
10
motile (stationary), except in fungi & algae in which both gametes are motile.
In algae, bryophytes water is the medium for gamete transfer.
:9
ile
Pollination is the method of gamete transfer in higher plants as pollen grains are carries of male
ob
gametes
2) Fertilization:
M
Fertilization is a process of fusion of haploid male gamete with haploid female gamete to produce a
),
diploid (having double set of chromosome) zygote.

Sc
It is also called syngamy.

C
Zygote is a diploid cell formed by the fusion of male & female gametes.
There are two types of fertilization based on fertilization medium. They are
+
a) External fertilization
B
b) Internal fertilization
M
a) External fertilization:
C
The fusion of male & female gametes takes place outside the female body i.e., in water medium.
r(P
Examples: Fish, Amphibians, Algae

e
The chance of fertilization is less

nt
b) Internal fertilization:
ce
The fusion of male & female gametes takes place inside the female body i.e., in body fluid
Examples: Birds, Mammals, Fungi,
g
The chance of fertilization is more

n
hi
3) Post-fertilisation:
ac
The events in sexual reproduction after the formation of zygote are called post fertilization events.
Zygote is the vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation to the
co
next. Every sexually reproducing organism including human beings begins life as a single cell-the zygote
c
Embryogenesis: The process of development of embryo from the zygote is called embryogenesis. OR
pu
The process of development of zygote into an embryo is called embryogenesis.

S
`
During embryogenesis zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis) and cell differentiation. While cell
divisions increase the number of cells in the developing embryo, cell differentiation helps groups of
cells to undergo certain modifications to form specialized tissues to form an organism.
Parthenogenesis:
The female gamete undergoes development to form a new organism without fertilization is called
Parthenogenesis
9
Examples: Honeybees, rotifers, some lizards and birds (turkey)
26
Oviparous and viviparous animals (Based on Zygote development) :
32
1) Oviparous animal:
These are the animals lay eggs (fertilized/unfertilized eggs) i.e Development of zygote takes place
37
outside the body of organisms.
12
The eggs are covered by hard calcareous shell
Examples: Reptiles, birds etc.,
/8
2) Viviparous animal:
These are the animals give birth to young ones i.e Development of zygote takes place inside the body
6
47
of organisms.
The ovum (eggs) are not covered by hard calcareous shell
78
Examples: Human, dog, horse etc.,
81
++++++++++SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS+++++++++PUC++++++COACHING++++CENTER+++++++++++
10
ALL THE BEST
Time is important than anything; so Plan Do Act properly :9
ile
ob
HARD WORK NEVER FAILS

M
),
Sc
All Great Achievements Requires Time, so be patience till to achieve the GOAL.,
C
Courses offered (PCMB + CSc): PUC II YEAR:

+
B
1) Crash Course Classes : 50-60days (Dec to Feb)

M
C
2) Vacation classes:4months (March 1stweek to June2ndweek )

r(P
3) CET/NEETClasses:25-35 days(After theory exams)

e
nt
4) Crash Course Classes : 25-35 days (After announcement of

ce
results) For supplementary Exams

n g
5) Regular classes: 7months (June2nd week to Dec2nd week)

hi
ac
6) Regular CET/NEET classes: 8months (June to Jan)

co
PUC I YEAR:
c
pu
1)Regular classes: 7months (June2nd week to Dec2nd week)

S
S PUC Coaching Center (PCMB + CSc),Bijapur/Sindagi, E-ID:spuccoachingcenter@gmail.com 1
`

PUC II Biology Chapter 1

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PUC II Biology Chapter 1

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PUC II BIOLOGY (36) S PUC Coaching Center (PCMB + CSc),Bijapur/Sindagi, E-ID:spuccoachingcenter@gmail.

S PUC COACHING CENTER

WEIGHTAGE TO UNIT/CHAPTER IN BIOLOGY:

Sindagi place: Katti Building near water tank Basaveshwar

circle Vidya nagar (Near R D patil College)

Life span of organisms varies from few days to years.

from the pre-existing organisms OR

2) With or without involvement of gametes formation

structure/appearance) and genetically similar individuals are known as clone.

Types of asexual reproduction OR Methods of asexual reproduction OR modes asexual

The different types of asexual reproduction are

Examples: Amoeba, paramecium etc.,

Fig.1.2 Budding in yeast Fig.1.3 Budding in hydra

Fig.1.4 Gemmule in sponge

Fig.1.6 Conidia of penicillium

into a whole organism.

Examples: Flat worms, sponges, starfish etc.,

Note: The different asexual reproductive structures in

Fig.1.7 Vegetative propagules

male & female gametes, the reproduction is called sexual reproduction.

Characteristics of Sexual reproduction:

Offsprings are genetically dissimilar to parents.

Fusion of male & female gamete is known as fertilization.

organs (structures) in the same body

It is called vegetative phase in plants

primate mammals like monkeys, apes & humans

primate mammals like cows, rats, dogs, tigers etc.,

It is the end of reproductive phase of an organism.

Old age ultimately leads to death

diploid (having double set of chromosome) zygote.

It is also called syngamy.

Examples: Fish, Amphibians, Algae

The chance of fertilization is less

The chance of fertilization is more

The process of development of zygote into an embryo is called embryogenesis.

HARD WORK NEVER FAILS

Courses offered (PCMB + CSc): PUC II YEAR:

1) Crash Course Classes : 50-60days (Dec to Feb)

2) Vacation classes:4months (March 1stweek to June2ndweek )

3) CET/NEETClasses:25-35 days(After theory exams)

4) Crash Course Classes : 25-35 days (After announcement of

results) For supplementary Exams

5) Regular classes: 7months (June2nd week to Dec2nd week)

6) Regular CET/NEET classes: 8months (June to Jan)

1)Regular classes: 7months (June2nd week to Dec2nd week)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen