THEME RRLs REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE PARAPHRASING

AND
STUDIES
CURIOSITY FOREIGN 1.) Ill try just one, she thought, lighting up. Inhaling, she coughed Kristen began to
RRL and felt dizzy, but for whatever stupid reason, she was determined to smoke out of
get it right. Within a couple of weeks, her just one promise had curiosity,
evaporated with the smoke rings she was expertly puffing on her promising to
lunch break. smoke only one.

Five years later, Kristen looks back at her decision to buy that first However, she
pack of cigarettes and sigh, It was a dumb move-curiosity got to developed an
me, she says. Like a lot of people I thought, No problem I can addiction and five
quit any time. (www.deseretnews.com/article/6952.2008) years later, she
was still smoking.
CURIOSITY LOCAL Delos Santos (not his real name) is an ER and ward nurse in the Delos Santos, an
RRL Philippines. In an interview with MMs, the healthcare professional ER and ward
said he stated smoking out of curiosity and developed the habit due to nurse, began
peer pressure. (https://today.mims.com/set-hooked-on-tobacco, smoking out of
August 2016) curiosity and soon
developed a
smoking habit.
CURIOSITY FOREIGN Among committed never smokers at baseline, those who were Incorporating
STUDIES definitely not curious were less likely to progress towards smoking curiosity into the
than both those who were probably not curious (ORadj =1.89; 95% susceptibility
CI=1.03-3.47) or probably/definitely curious (ORadj=2.88; 95% index increased
CI=1.11-7.45). Incorporating curiosity into the susceptibility index the proporition of
increased the proportion identified as at-risk to smoke from 25.1% to adolescents who
46.9%... The addition of curiosity significantly improves the will experiment
identification and classification of which adolescents will experiment with smoking from
with smoking or become established smokers. 25.1% to 46.9%.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4183504/, June

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 2014)

CURIOSITY LOCAL Started with one cig out of curiosity in elementary and then in high Arnel, a nurse,
STUDIES school until it became a daily habit. Unfortunately, I am one of them started smoking in
but one among 17.3 million Filipinos aged 15 and older who hooked elementary out of
on smoking, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, City curiosity. By high
report from the 2009, Audit Tobacco Survey. About 23 percent are school, he was just
daily tobacco smokers like nurse Arnel was a year ago. one among 17.3
(https://today.mims.com/topic/why-some-nurses-get-hooked-on- million Filipinos
tobacco.2009). addicted to
smoking.
COMMUNICATING FOREIGN Some nurses feel resentment that they are held to a different Nurses, being in
WITH CLIENTS RRL standard, and thats probably just another expression of that conflict the health
AND OTHER they feel, she says. They said, over and over, that the least helpful profession, are
PEOPLE SMOKING thing people can do is point fingers, yell, or say, Dont you know held to a different
any better? Because of course, they do know better. standard when it
(https://www.ahcmedia.com/articles/2005) comes to smoking.
They feel guilty
Is it unethical for a nurse or doctor to smoke just outside the hospital when others judge.
building? Asked a patient during a recent grand rounds lecture, to
promote support of my institutions smoking cessation program. Nurses are judged
(AJN, American Journal of Nursing: June 2010, Vol.110, Issue 6- for smoking on
p.11) moral and ethical
grounds.
Smokers and nonsmokers alike accept smoking as a common
everyday activity. I do not feel others (smokers and/or nonsmokers) Smoking is
perceive us differently. common and
(https://www.hindawi.com/journals/nrp/2013/370828) nurses smoke too,
just like everyone
else.

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COMMUNICATING LOCAL Smoking kills and second hand smoke equally kills people, that is Second hand
WITH CLIENTS RRL why we are supporting MMDAs fight to lift the TRO against the smoking can be
AND OTHER smoking ban in public places, Gonzales added. just as deadly as
PEOPLE SMOKING smoking, which is
As nurses, we are well aware of the life threatening effect of why PNA supports
smoking. The PMA and the PNA are one in in this fight against smoking bans in
smoking, said PNAs National Capital Region Director Alex public places.
Galang. (news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/08/26/11doctors-nurses-back-
Monday-smoking-ban-roads) Because of the life
threatening effects
of smoking, PMA
and PNA are
fighting against
smoking.
COMMUNICATING FOREIGN It is absolutely essential that a nurse who is helping a patient quit Its important that
WITH CLIENTS STUDIES smoking does not smoke themselves because their help may not nurses who are
AND OTHER appear genuine, said Bob Smith, clinical nurse therapist in smoking trying to help
PEOPLE SMOKING cessation at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. patients quit
(https://www.nursingtimes.net/nurses-health-study-shows-nurses- smoking dont
smoke-more-than-doctors/1934686.article. November 2008). smoke themselves.

COMMUNICATING FOREIGN Smoking among nurses affects interactions with patients. It also Smoking among
WITH CLIENTS STUDIES affects interactions and behaviors among staff at the workplace. nurses affect
AND OTHER interactions with
PEOPLE SMOKING There is a strong stigma that nurses, who smoke take more breaks, patients and fellow
spend less time with patient and are less committed to their profession staff members.
because they need to smoke during their shift. The study found that
some nurses structured their work day around such breaks because of Nurses who smoke
their powerful addiction to nicotine. during their shifts
are also perceived

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 Nurses who smoke often are reluctant or feel uncomfortable to be less
participating in smoking cessation intervention with their patients, professional.
believing they are not good role models.
(www.medicalnewstoday.com/Smoking by Nurses Can Create With the belief
Workplace Issues That Must Be Addressed. January 2013). that they are not
good role models,
these nurses are
less likely to
participate in
smoking cessation
programs.
COMMUNICATING LOCAL According to the survey, one participants, I think one of the One survey
WITH CLIENTS STUDIES reasons, I started smoking was for one cigarette only, I didnt know participant who
AND OTHER quite how addictive it was until it was too late. started smoking
PEOPLE SMOKING (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25044199. 2013) one cigarette,
didnt realize how
addictive one
cigarette could be.
IGNORING FOREIGN 1.) First, nurses are regular people, like anyone else. We're not Like most people,
RRL superhuman. Maybe a little more capable of dealing with blood, nurses enter the
vomit, poop, and other disgusting, and very stressful things. Also, field to help
nurses tend to be a little more screwed up than the majority, or so I've others. People
read. Most people who go into fields so they can "help" people are, need to realize
like therapists or counselors. We know it's unhealthy, but it's just as though, that nurses
addictive as crack, if not more so, and it's more socially are not perfect and
acceptable...well not so much these days. Lol. can develop a
(http://community.myfitnesspal.com/en/discussion/1101475/why-do- smoking addiction,
so-many-nurses-smoke/19Sep 2013) just like anyone
else.
IGNORING FOREIGN Its no secret that smoking is bad for your health. But only 50 years Many people
RRL ago this week, the Royal College of Physicians in the U.K. issued the ignored the

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 first major report warning of smokings dangers... dangers of
But prior to these reports, some of the biggest tobacco salesman were smoking in part
doctors, dentists and nurses. To ease a public that was growing because medical
increasingly concerned with smokings health risks in the early 20th professionals
century, cigarette companies turned to images of medical endorsed smoking.
professionals for their campaigns. This began to
(http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/blowing-smoke-vintage-ads-of- change 50 years
doctors-endorsing-tobacco/; 2017) ago when the first
major report on
the dangers of
smoking was
released.
IGNORING FOREIGN There was a time when nurses lit up in break rooms, when there was There was a time
RRL an ashtray on every patients nightstand, and when nurses and doctors in U.S. history
figured prominently in cigarette advertising. Thankfully, those days when people
are over. It is now against the law to smoke in workplaces, ignored the
restaurants, and of course, in hospitals. On October 1, a new state law dangers of
goes into effect that will ban smoking in cars with children, making smoking, and
this dangerous habit almost completely illegal in California. smoking was
(http://www.workingnurse.com/articles/When-Nurses-Smoked-in- prevalent in
Hospitals; 2017) hospitals, in part
because doctors
and nurses once
promoted
smoking.
IGNORING FOREIGN 1.) The tobacco industry profits from selling an addictive drug. It may Money may cause
STUDIES be legal, but their product kills 440,000 people per year. Thats the people to ignore
same as if three 747 jets crashed every day for a year and killed all the dangers of
their passengers. smoking, but it
2.) Nurses have the highest smoking rate among healthcare providers, kills 440,000
estimated to be about 18 percent. people per year.

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 (http://scrubsmag.com/the-irony-of-the-nurse-who-smokes/; 2013) Sadly, nurses have
the highest
smoking rate
among healthcare
providers.
IGNORING FOREIGN Many people continue to smoke because they lack access to effective Effective
RRL therapeutic, instruments like counseling, nicotine replacement therapy therapeutic
and medications such as bupropion and varenicline. (AJN, American measures such as
Journal of Nursing, Vol.110, Issue 6-p.11.,www.journals.Iww.com, counseling,
June 2010/Health Care Provides Who Smoke.June 2010) nicotine
replacement
therapy, and
medications can
help people to stop
smoking.
IGNORING LOCAL Hospitals may be a potential factor that leads nursing staff to smoke Nurses sometimes
RRL in order to cope against stressful situation caused by nursing cope with stressful
environment. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. May 2010) working
conditions by
smoking.
IGNORING FOREIGN A recent Nursing Times survey on nurses well-being found that one In one survey, one
STUDIES in ten of the 1,300 respondents had recently started smoking, or was hundred thirty out
smoking due to stress. (www.nursing.net/Nurses Health Study of 1,300
Shows nurses smoke more than doctors. November 2013) respondents either
recently started
smoking or began
smoking because
of stress.
IGNORING FOREIGN 15% Registered Nurses smoke. Thats about 380,960 of the 2.6 Out of 2.6 million
STUDIES million RNs in the U.S. Through participation in the Nurses Health RNs in the U.S.,
Study, nurses have played a critical role in contributing to our roughly 15% of

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 knowledge of the morbidity and mortality council caused by tobacco them smoke.
use among women. However, efforts focused on assisting nurses with Unfortunately,
their own cessation have been limited. smoking cessation
(www.tobaccofreenurse.org/The Facts on Nurses and Smoking. efforts to assist
August 2014) nurses have been
limited.
IGNORING LOCAL The Nurses Health Study likewise compared death rates of female Among nurses, the
STUDIES nurses who are smokers, exsmokers, and non-smokers and found that mortality rates of
twice as many current smokers died compared to their non-smoking smokers are twice
peers. (https://today.mims.com/topic/why-some-nurses-get-hooked- that of their non-
on-tobacco, August 2016) smoking peers.
STRESS RELIEF FOREIGN Nursesof all peopleunfortunately trend toward being Occupational
RRL unhealthy While it may feel like it relaxes you, you also know stress can lead to
that it does just the opposite? This is a no brainer. It only relaxes you unhealthy
because this particular habit has become your crutch. I have never lifestyles for
smoked a cigarette in my life, but Im told by many reformed smokers nurses and
that this so-called feeling of relief and relaxation is horribly short in smoking only
nature. The only way to sustain that good feeling is to light up provides
another. Once again who is in control here? temporary feelings
(http://scrubsmag.com/why-nurses-smoke/February 2013) or relief and
relaxation.
STRESS RELIEF FOREIGN Smoking promotes feelings of comfort and relaxation; I smoke at Smoking at one
RRL [name of psychiatric hospital] because smoking gives me more psychiatric
breaks. It helps me treat my negative self-perceptions and boosts my hospital helps to
self-esteem. When I smoke I feel my personality becomes stronger relieve stress of
(...). Actually, this workplace looks like a jail; smoking gives me the one nurse and her
feeling that work time goes faster. Sometimes when I achieve patients and also
something, I reward myself by smoking a cigarette. When patients promotes feelings
behave well, I reward them with cigarettes. Smoking controls of comfort, boosts
patients behavior because there is nothing in this world more self-esteem, and
effective than a cigarette to control psychiatric patients who smoke. regulates patients

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 Yes, giving cigarettes to patients is used to prevent relapse and behavior.
agitation (Aladdin).
(https://www.hindawi.com/journals/nrp/2013/370828/)
STRESS RELIEF FOREIGN Nurses are significantly more likely to smoke than doctors, suggest Nurses are more
STUDIES US nurse researcher Smoking cessation experts say that stress is likely to smoke
one of the main contributing factors to nurses smoking. A than doctors.
recent Nursing Times survey on nurses well-being found that one in According to a
ten of the 1,300 respondents had recently started smoking, or was recent survey, one
smoking more due to stress. in ten nurses
(https://www.nursingtimes.net/nurses-health-study-shows-nurses- recently started
smoke-more-than-doctors/1934686.article; 2008) smoking due to
stress.
HABIT FOREIGN A new UCLA School of Nursing study is the first to reveal the A UCLA School
STUDIES devastating consequences of smoking on the nursing profession. of Nursing study
Published in the NovemberDecember edition of the journal Nursing reveals smoking
Research, the findings describe smoking trends and death rates among trends and its
U.S. nurses and emphasize the importance of supporting smoking consequences
cessation programs in the nursing field. among U.S.
nurses.
"Nurses witness firsthand how smoking devastates the health of their
patients with cancer and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases," said Although nurses
principal investigator Linda Sarna, D.N.Sc, a professor at the UCLA witness firsthand
School of Nursing. "Yet nurses struggle with nicotine addiction like how smoking
the rest of the 45 million smokers in America. We are concerned that affects the health
nurses who smoke may be less apt to support tobacco-control of their patients,
programs or encourage their patients to quit." they struggle with
"Nurses in the study demonstrated behavior patterns similar to women nicotine addictions
in the general population," she added. "For example, the younger too. Smoking
nurses in the study began smoking before entering the profession, a habits affect
pattern reflected by American women starting smoking at younger nurses, and like
ages in general. Being a nurse did not make these women immune to others in the

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 nicotine addiction." general
(http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/new-ucla-study-reveals-smoking- population, they
71590; 2008) are smoking at
earlier ages, and
are less inclined to
support cessation
programs or to
encourage their
patients to quit
smoking.
FEAR OF FOREIGN Dear Nancy, Hospitals are
INFLUENCING RRL I cant help but find it ridiculous that hospitals are refusing to hire refusing to hire
OTHERS TO nurses who smoke. I mean whats next, checking to see if we eat at nurses who smoke,
SMOKE fast food places and then refusing to hire nurses who have high perhaps because of
cholesterol? Or maybe they wont hire people because they are fat, a fear of
ugly or their socks dont match. Some nurses drink a bottle of wine influencing others.
every night or live on narcotics. But, wouldnt
nurses who are fat,
I feel smoking is my own business, and I dont smoke at work. Ive ugly, who dont
seen some professionals spike their morning coffee. And because it dress well, drink
was against their rights, these nurses refused to take a blood test. Who alcohol, also
knows what pills they took before they got to work, and they are not negatively
asked to submit to urine testing. I dont drink, I dont take drugs. I influence others?
occasionally have a cigarette when Im home (outside), and I eat
chocolate. What is wrong with this picture? Smoking is a
(https://www.nurse.com/blog/2014/06/04/why-are-hospitals-refusing- private decision
to-hire-nurses-who-smoke-when-there-are-nurses-who-drink-and- and a nurse who
take-drugs-who-are-hired/) doesnt drink or do
hard core drugs
should be
respected.

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NEGATIVE FOREIGN Smoking by nurses can create workplace problems that must be Patients and fellow
PERCEPTIONS OF RRL addressed by health care systems to promote better interactions staff members may
THE PEOPLE between nurses and their patients and reduce dissension among staff, have negative
TOWARDS according to a first-of-its-kind study by researchers at UCLA's perceptions of
SMOKING Jonhson Cancer Center those who smoke.
NURSES (https://www.nurses.com/doc/smoking-by-nurses-creates-workplace- A way must be
issues-th-0001; 2005) found to address
these problems.

SOCIALIZATION FOREIGN Causes of the high rates of smoking can be found in the fact that Smoking is
STUDIES smoking is widely accepted cultural behavior as socially acceptable socially acceptable
habit, as in the general population and among women, health care in society, among
workers in our country. Women and young people are more prone to women, and health
overestimation of smoking in general, and especially in their care workers.
environment, thus justifying their own smoking, and not only Women and young
underestimated the risk of the consequences of smoking, but also the people are more
difficulties of smoking cessation (16). susceptible to
(http://www.jhsci.ba/docs/archives/2013-1/02-Niksic.pdf) smoking
addictions and
may not fully
realize the
consequences of
smoking and the
difficulty of
quitting.

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