HYPERTENSION

definition: Hypertension or high blood pressure is persistent blood pressure where the
systolic pressure is above 140 mmHg and diastolic above 90 mmHg.
etiology:
1. Essential hypertension (primary) is due to hereditary or genetic (90%).
2. Secondary hypertension is hypertension which is a result of the existence of other diseases.
Symptoms : headache, anxiety, palpitations, difficulty sleeping, shortness of breath,
irritability, bending heavy.
prevention:
1. Eat healthy foods.
2. Reduce consumption of salt and caffeine.
3. Quit smoking.
4. Exercise regularly.
5. Lose weight, if needed.
6. Reduce alcohol consumption.
Treatment of hypertension :
Lifestyle changes
Cessation of smoking
Reducing alcohol intake
Eating a healthy and balanced diet with at least five portions of fresh fruit and vegetables
each day.
reduction of salt intake
Caffeine consumption also needs to be reduced.

DHF
Definition : Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is a disease caused by the virus Dengue, enter the
patient through the bite of Aedes Aegypti female mosquitoes.
Etiology: This disease is caused by the dengue virus belonging that is transmitted through the
bite of Aedes Aegypti mosquito and Aedes Albopictus.
Symptoms:
Clinical manifestations for dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are:
-High fever, sudden, continent, sometimes biphasic.
- lasts between 2-7 days.
- Face redness (facial flushing), anoreksi, myalgia and arthralgia.
- Epigastric pain, vomiting, diffuse abdominal pain.
-Sometimes with sore throat.
-Faring and reddish conjunctiva.
-Can be accompanied by febrile seizures.
Treatment : intravenous fluids may be needed to prevent dehydration and excessive
hemoconcentration. Platelet transfusions are performed if platelet counts fall dramatically and
come to the hospital immediately
Prevention:
1. Drain : The drain is cleaning out the place where water is often used, such as a bathtub, a
bucket of water, a drinking-water container, and a refrigerator water reservoir.
2. Closing : Closely sealed a number of water reservoirs such as drums, pitchers, water
torens, and others.
3. Recycling of used goods
 DM
Definition: chronic metabolic disease disorder caused by pancreas does not produce enough
insulin or the body can not use effectively produced insulin
Etiology:
Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes in which the body lacks the hormone insulin,
known as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM).
Type 2 diabetes is where the insulin hormone in the body can not function properly, known as
Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM).
Symptoms:
1. The amount of urine spent more (Polyuria)
2. Frequent or quickly feel thirsty / thirsty (Polydipsia)
3. Excessive overeating or eating a lot (Polyphagia)
4. Frequency of urine increases / keeps urinating (Glycosuria)
5. Losing weight is not clear why
6. Tingling / numbness on the nerve ends ditelapak hands & feet
7. Get tired and weak every time
8. Experiencing myopic vision abruptly
9.Apabila wound / scratched (korengan) slow healing
10.Mudah exposed to infection, especially on the skin.
Prevention:
1. maintain ideal body weight. Those who are already overweight
2. A balanced diet with a target of "Three low and one high" is the principle of low fat, low
sugar, low sodium and hight fiber
3. exercise
HIV
Definisi : A type of virus that attacks the human immune system and can cause aids. Hiv
attacks one type of white blood cells in charge of warding off infection. White blood cells are
primarily lymphocytes that have CD4 as the source of markers / markers on the surface of
lymphocyte cells.
symptoms: recurrent fever, weight loss, skin rashes, swollen lymph nodes, chronic fatigue,
muscle and joint pain,
mode of transmission : sexual, syringe, blood transfusion
treatment: anti retrovial administration such as nucleoside reverse transkiptase, ptotease
inhibitor
prevention: ie psk
p = sexual fasting means not delaying sex
S = faithful to the couple
Condom = using condoms when at risk of transmitting AIDS

RENAL FAILUR
Definisi :KIDNEY FAILS a disease in which the decline in kidney function ultimately can
not function in terms of filtering in the blood or urine production.
etiology: kidney damage, loss of blood flow to the kidney, difficulty urinating,
symptoms: changes in urination, swelling in the legs, fatigue, itchy skin, mouth of metal.
Flavor and nauseous vomit
prevention:
1. drink plenty of water
2. Do not hold urination
3. Eat good food
4. No smoking and alcohol
5. regular exercise
treatment: leaching / dialysis or a kidney transplant