4.final Document

A Project Report on Automatic Anaesthesia Injector
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is

completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs
one or a few pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system
is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost
of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies
of scale.
Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered

embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are
more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices
expand.Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches
and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or
the systems controlling nuclear power plants.
In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single
microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks
mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
Examples of embedded systems
Automatic teller machines (ATMs).

Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other
integrated systems in aircraft and missiles.
Cellular telephones and telephone switches.
Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles.
Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and
security monitoring systems.
Handheld calculators.
Handheld computers.
Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets,
DVD players and recorders.
Medical equipment.
Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering Page 1

Personal digital assistant.

Videogame consoles.
Computer peripherals such as routers and printers.
Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.
Characteristics
Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a

general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance
constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low
or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce
costs. An embedded system is not always a separate block - very often it is physically
built-in to the device it is controlling. The software written for embedded systems is often
called firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a
disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard,
screen, and little memory.
User interfaces
Embedded systems range from no user interface at all - dedicated only to one task
- to full user interfaces similar to desktop operating systems in devices such as PDAs.
Simple systems
Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, and small character- or digit-only
displays, often with a simple menu system.
In more complex systems
A full graphical screen, with touch sensing or screen-edge buttons provides

flexibility while minimizing space used: the meaning of the buttons can change with
thescreen, and selection ininvolves the natural behavior of pointing at what's
desired.Handheld systems often have a screen with a "joystick button" for a pointing
device.The rise of the World Wide Web has given embedded designers another quite
different option: providing a web page interface over a network connection. This avoids
the cost of a sophisticated display, yet provides complex input and display capabilities
when needed, on another computer. This is successful for remote, permanently installed
equipment. In particular, routers take advantage of this ability.

CPU platform
Embedded processors can be broken into two distinct categories: microprocessors

(P) and micro controllers (C). Micro controllers have built-in peripherals on the chip,
reducing size of the system.
There are many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as
ARM, MIPS, Cold fire/68k, PowerPC, x86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR, Renesas H8, SH,
V850, FR-V, M32R, Z80, Z8, etc. This in contrast to the desktop computer market, which
is currently limited to just a few competing architectures PC/104 and PC/104+ are a
typical base for small, low-volume embedded and rugged system design. These often use
DOS, Linux, NetBSD, or an embedded real-time operating system such as QNX or
VxWorks. A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the
system on a chip (SoC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), for which the
CPU core was purchased and added as part of the chip design. A related scheme is to use
a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and program it with all the logic, including the
CPU.
Peripherals
Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as:
Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc
Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Networks: Controller Area Network, LonWorks, etc
Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input Output (GPIO)
Tools
As for other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers,

and debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use some
more specific tools:
An in-circuit emulator (ICE) is a hardware device that replaces or plugs into the
microprocessor, and provides facilities to quickly load and debug experimental
code in the system.
Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program, so the embedded system can
check if the program is valid.

For systems using digital signal processing, developers may use a math
workbench such as MathCAD or Mathematical to simulate the mathematics.
Custom compilers and linkers may be used to improve optimization for the
particular hardware.
An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add
enhancements to an existing language.
Software tools can come from several sources:
Software companies that specialize in the embedded market.

Ported from the GNU software development tools.
Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the
embedded processor is a close relative to a common PC processor.
Debugging
Embedded Debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the

facilities available, ranging from assembly- or source-level debugging with an in-circuit
emulator or in-circuit debugger, to output from serial debug ports or JTAG/Nexus
interfaces, to an emulated environment running on a personal computer.
As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher level tools and operating
systems are migrating into machinery where it makes sense. For example, cell phones,
personal digital assistants and other consumer computers often need significant software
that is purchased or provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics.
In these systems, an open programming environment such as Linux, NetBSD, OSGi or
Embedded Java is required so that the third-party software provider can sell to a large
market.
Introduction to project
Embedded systems are used in many applications inmedical field for controlling
various biomedical parameters,and monitoring biomedical signals. In this design, a
ARMprocessor is used for controlling the anesthesia machineautomatically, depending
upon the various biomedicalparameters such as body temperature, heart rate etc., Major
operations are performed to remove orreconstruct the infected parts in the human body.
Theseoperations lead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it isnecessary to arrest the pain

and the blood loss. Anesthesiaplays important role in the part of painkilling.
Hence,anesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery.
1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT
Major operations are performed to remove or reconstructthe infected parts in the

human body. These operations willlead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary
toarrest the pain and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays animportant role in the part of
painkilling .AAI can be definedas Automatic administration of anesthesia based on the
biomedicalparameters of the patient, eliminating future sideeffects and the need for an
anesthetist.Anesthesia is veryessential in performing painless surgery and so an
Automaticadministration of Anesthesia is needed for a successfulsurgery.
1.2 METHODOLOGY
In the design, a ARM controller is used for controlling the anesthesia machine
automatically with continuous monitoring the various biomedical parameters such as
body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate etc., Major operations are performed to
remove orreconstruct the infected parts in the human body. Theseoperations lead to blood
loss and pain. Therefore it isnecessary to arrest the pain and the blood
loss.Anaesthesiaplays important role in the part of painkilling. Hence, anesthesia is very
essential in performing painless surgery.
In this system a keypad is provided along with the microcontroller, temperature,

heart beat sensors and syringe .The anesthetist can set the level of anesthesia in terms of
milliliters per hour to administer anesthesia to the patient with the help of keypad.After
receiving the signal from the keypad, the microcontroller controls the signal to the desire
level and fed into DC motor to drive the piston of syringe in proper manner.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORK
The need for an anesthetist is eliminated.

Level of anesthesia is not varied, so the future side effects are eliminated.
IR detector is also included in the system for monitoring the total anesthesia level
for the entire period of thesurgery time.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
Chapter 2 says briefly about the literature survey
Chapter 3 says briefly about the project implementation
Chapter 4 says briefly about the architectural implementation
Chapter 5 says briefly about the experimental results
1.5 CONCLUSION
The Automatic Anaesthesia injector using arm controller was designed and
implemented for safety purpose of the patient and reduce man power (anaesthetist). By
using various electrical circuits the bio-medical parameters can be found. The output of
the circuits is amplified by means of an amplifier and fed into an A/D converter. The
digitized signal is then fed into the input port of the microcontroller. The microcontroller
displays the parameters in digital value in the display device.when we enter the value
through the keypad then the DC motor rotates so teeth rack push the plunger of the
syringe attached to it.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Major operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the infected parts in the
human body. These operations will lead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary
to arrest the pain and the blood loss. Anaesthesia plays an important role in the part of
painkilling .AAI can be defined as Automatic administration of anaesthesia based on the
bio-medical parameters of the patient, eliminating future side effects and the need for
an anaesthetists.Anaesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery and so an
Automatic administration of Anaesthesia is needed for a successful surgery.
Connor S.B [1] proposed that infusion rates demanded of the infusion pump in
many computer-controlled drug delivery applications are made to change at intervals
much shorter than those encountered under routine clinical use.Many infusion pumps for
intravenous drug delivery are nowbeing manufactured with RS232 or RS485 serial
communications capability for monitoring, maintenance, or control purposes.Flow rate
accuracy of three commercially available drug infusion pumps with an internal or add-on
serial communications interfacewas tested under computer control. The three devices
examined were an Abbott Lifecare model 4P, an IMED Gemini PC-2 (channel A was
used), and an IVAC model 560 with an add-on serial interface module (IVAC CIM). The
infusion rates were restricted to be in the range 0-999 mL/h with a resolution of 1 mL/h.
Table 2.1: Volumes Infused by infusion devices.
In independent 2-h evaluations, the infusion rate demanded of

each pump changed as often as every 5s using an algorithm for computer-
controlledpharmacokinetic model-driven intravenous infusion. Accuracy of the infusion
deviceswas determined gravimetrically. At all measurement times, each of
the infusion pumps was accurate to within approximately +or-5% of the expected
volumetric output under each of the infusion rate intervals tested. Flow rate accuracy of

+or-5% is equal to the nominal expected accuracy of these infusion pumps in

conventional clinical use.
According to the Food and Drug Administration, infusion pumps are considered
nowadays the most safety-critical medical device due to the nature of their operations and
associated risks. The design of these devices is still an open question and several
improvement initiatives are under research. However the released specifications of such
systems are not yet adapted to the current state-of-art systems architectural developments.
For example, in our regulatory research, we were not able to mention any project meeting
the views and viewpoints patterns for specification and documentation of system and
software architectures during the engineering process. This proposes a functional
specification of architecture for infusion pumps that can be realized through several
technological trends for these products in order to improve safety [2].
Rodrigues S.A [2] expressed his view that we validate our specification by
developing a prototype of an infusion pump that can be programmed through data
retrieved from a web service using a mobile application as a remote control and changing
the infusion parameters according to accuracy properties as a multi-channel device. Thus,
the main contribution of this paper can be presented as a distributed architecture for this
sort of device, allowing early integration with Electronic Health Records and Patient
Health Records for embedded systems domain implying in risk reductions during the
programming activity.
Comparatively this presents a prototype for the monitoring of Heartbeat rate. A

Heart Beat (HB) sensor is being developed for acquainting the input signals using Light
Dependent Resistance (LDR) and Light Emitting Diode (LED). It senses the heartbeat of
a person and converts it in the form of electrical signals and pulses. The signals are
amplified using a signal conditioning circuit and processed by a controller. The frequency
of the signal depends on the heartbeat rate, this lays down the basic principle of the HB
measuring system. The user needs to put his/her finger in the HB sensor for acquiring the
input signals. Although number of methods has been proposed and implemented in this
domain yet the proposed system in this text provides a simpler and robust method for
measuring the heart rate. The proposed system is being implemented on the hardware and
also simulated in Proteus ISIS 7.10 to prove its effectiveness. The proposed model is
much more precise, straightforward and cheaper than other heartbeat rate measuring

systems. This work has tried to make an easy and stout system for the monitoring of heart
beat [3].
Based on the analysis of wen-wei chiang,the seek motionperformance in terms of

move tIme, power dissipation,and gear coupling ratio between the load and motorshafts,
of mechanical systems driven by DC motors.The motors considered here are operated
under constant voltage during acceleration, and then . thevoltage is reversed for
deceleration. This analysis is applicable to any kind of DC motor if the electrical
timeconstant is very short compared with the mechanical time constant and the move
time. This schememinimizes the total power dissipation when lineardrivers are used. The
load considered is rigid andfrictionless. The motor size in terms of power rate .(torque
square divided by inertia)and power dissipation the motor-to-load coupling (gear ratio),
andthe back EMF effect are all considered. The move timeexpression is given in
dimensionless form so that theunder all kinds of load inertia and strokelengths can be
analyzed, and compared with each other.A contour plot of the normalized move
tImeshows the seek speed limitation under. any load .andpower dissipation and indicates
the reglon for optimal design. The system designer can decide immediate!ywhat motor
size, in terms of power rate, and gear ratioshould be chosen to meet the specified move
time withminimal power. The designer can aIso establish themove time specification
under a given power limit.There is no iteration required in the process. [4]
A DC motor driver circuit generally consists of fourMOSFETs forming an H-

bridge. This type of motor driver cancontrol the speed as well as the direction of rotation
of the motor.However, both the functions can be performed using another typeof motor
driver consisting only one MOSFET and two relays.This paper demonstrates the proposed
motor driver circuithaving bidirectional speed controllability for motors. The circuitis
constructed with a pair of relay (in place of four MOSFETs)that facilitate the direction
control and a single MOSFET whichenables the speed control of the motor. Moreover,
this type ofmotor driver circuit provides several advantages over the formerone. While
designing the H-bridge, we have used relays forthe High-side instead of the traditionally
used MOSFETs andthus, the corresponding intricate MOSFET driving circuitry isalso
eliminated. As a result, the motor driver circuit is compactand low-priced. Since we do
not include the MOSFET drivingcircuitries such as bootstrapping ICs, transistor circuit,
etc.,which contribute to the unreliability, the proposed motor driverpossess increased
reliability. Relays, being mechanical devices, areless prone to the failure due to

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) ascompared to the MOSFETs under the same operating
conditions.We have illustrated in the paper the designing and testing of thismotor driver
along with its performance evaluation.[5]
According to research, a new and novel technique forspeed control of a brushed

DC motor without employing anydirect shaft transducer in its feedback mechanism. This
methoduses the current/voltage variation produced on the motor maininput power lines as
the brushes move from collector blade tothe next. The frequency of variation is
proportional to the motorspeed and the rotor position can also be detected by
monitoringthe changes for each collector blade. The performance of themotor torque
speed characteristic using this system as itsfeedback has been evaluated through
laboratory testing. Thisconfiguration is very suitable for harsh environment and
placeswith not enough space for the motor with discrete sensors.[6]
A long-range UHF RF identification (RFID) sensor has been designed using a

0.35 nm CMOS standard process. It is formed by three main blocks, namely, the analog
front end, the digital core and the sensor. An analog front end rectifies the incoming
signal and stores the required energy to operate in the supply capacitor (1.4 nF).The
digital core controls the communication flow with thereader following the electronic
product code (EPC) Gen 2 communication protocol. temperature sensor isformed by the
digital control logic(CTRL_LOGIC module); the oscillator (OSC block), whose output
frequency depends on the sensed temperature, and the 15-bit binary counter, which counts
the number of pulsesdelivered by the oscillator in a fixed time interval The power-
optimized tag, combined with the ultra low power temperature sensor, allows an ID and
a temperature reading range of 2 m from a 2W effective radiated power output power
reader. The temperature sensor is based on a ring oscillator, where
the temperature dependence of the oscillation frequency is used for thermal sensing.
The temperature sensor exhibits a resolution of 0.035oC and an inaccuracy value lower
than 0.1oC in the range from 35oC to 45oC after two-point calibration. The average power
consumption of the temperature sensor is only 110 nW at ten conversions per second
while keeping a high resolution and accuracy. These properties allow the use of the RFID
as a batteryless sensor in a wireless human body temperature monitoring system[7].
Our goal is henceforth to design a body sensornetwork for unobtrusive and highly
accurate profiling of body parameters over weeks in realistic environments. One example
application is monitoring the impact of sleep deprivation on periodic processes in

the human body known as circadian rhythms, which requires highly accurate profiling of
skin temperature across the human body over weeks with real-time feedback to a remote
medic [8]. We analyze the requirements on a body sensor network for such applications
and highlight the need for self-organizing behaviour such as adaptive sampling to ensure
energy efficiency and thus longevity, adaptive communication strategies, self-testing,
automatic compensation for environmental conditions, or automatic recording of a diary
of activities. As a first step towards this goal, we design and build a prototype of such a
non-invasive wearable wireless monitoring system for accurate body temperature
measurements and real-time feedback to the medic. Through the design, parameterization,
and calibration of an active measurement subsystem, we obtain an accuracy of 0.02C
over the typical body temperature range of 16-42C. We report results from two
preliminary trials regarding the impact of circadian rhythms and mental activity on
skin temperature, indicating that our tool could indeed become a valuable asset for
medical research.

Chapter 3
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
The Fig3.1 shows the Automatic Anaesthesia Injector using ARM
Controller. The block diagram consists of controller, temperature sensor, heart beat
sensor, motor, motor driver, display, keypad, syringe.
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Automatic Anaesthesia Injector
3.1.1 Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit

containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input peripherals. Program
memory in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often
included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers
aredesigned for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used
in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete
chips.
3.1.2 Temperature sensor
The most commonly used type of all the sensors are those which
detect temperature or heat. These types of temperature sensor vary from simple ON/OFF
thermostatic devices which control a domestic hot water heating system to highly
sensitive semiconductor types that can control complex process control furnace plants.
We remember from our school science classes that the movement of molecules and atoms
produces heat (kinetic energy) and the greater the movement, the more heat that is
generated. Temperature Sensors measure the amount of heat energy or even coldness that
is generated by an object or system, allowing us to sense or detect any physical change
to that temperature producing either an analogue or digital output.
There are many different types of temperature Sensor available and all have different
characteristics depending upon their actual application. A Temperature Sensor consists of
two basic physical types:
Contact Temperature Sensor Types These types of temperature sensor are

required to be in physical contact with the object being sensed and use conduction
to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect solids, liquids or
gases over a wide range of temperatures.
Non-contact Temperature Sensor Types These types of temperature sensor use
convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to
detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as heat rises and cold settles to
the bottom in convection currents or detect the radiant energy being transmitted
from an object in the form of infra-red radiation (the sun).
3.1.3 Heart beat sensor
Heart Beat can be measured based on optical power variation as light is scattered
or absorbed during its path through the blood as the heart beat changes. The heartbeat
sensor is based on the principle of photo phlethysmography. It measures the change in
volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the light
intensity through that organ (a vascular region). In case of applications where heart pulse
rate is to be monitored, the timing of the pulses is more important. The flow of blood
volume is decided by the rate of heart pulses and since light is absorbed by blood, the
signal pulses are equivalent to the heart beat pulses.

3.1.4 ADC module
Microprocessors can only perform complexprocessing on digitized signals.When

signals are in digital form they are lesssusceptible to the deleterious effects ofadditive
noise.ADC Provides a link between the analogworld of transducers and the digital world
ofsignal processing and data handling.
ADC are used virtually everywhere where ananalog signal has to be processed, stored,
ortransported in digital form.Some examples of ADC usage are digital voltmeters, cell
phone, thermocouples, anddigital oscilloscope.
3.1.5 LCD module
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual

display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not
emit light directly. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer
monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are
common in consumer devices such as DVD players, gaming devices, clocks, watches,
calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly
all applications. The LCD screen is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more
safely than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-
powered electronic equipment more efficiently than CRTs.
3.1.6 Motor driver
A motor driver is a little current amplifier; the function of motor drivers is to take
a low-current control signal and then turn it into a higher-current signal that can drive a
motor.
3.1.7 DC motor
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current

electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the direction of
current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor
directly produces force and motion in a straight line.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the
strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor
used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of
electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of
power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications.
3.1.8 Syringe module
A syringe is a simple pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube. The
plunger can be pulled and pushed along inside a cylindrical tube (called a barrel),
allowing the syringe to take in and expel a liquid or gas through an orifice at the open end
of the tube. The open end of the syringe may be fitted with a hypodermic needle, a
nozzle, or tubing to help direct the flow into and out of the barrel. Syringes are often used
to administer injections, insert intravenous drugs into the bloodstream.
3.1.9Keypadmodule
A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually bear
digits, symbols and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains
numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad. Keypads are found on many
alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices such as calculators, push-buttontelephones,
combination locks, and digital door locks, which require mainly numeric input.
3.2 CONCLUSION
This chapter gives an overview of block diagram of Automatic Anaesthesia
Injector with components like microcontroller, temperature and heart beat sensors,
ADC(Analog to Digital Converter), LCD(Liquid Crystall Display), motor driver ,DC
motor, syringe, keypad used in the project. It gives brief working and importance of
microcontroller, temperature and heart beat sensors, ADC,LCD,motor driver ,DC motor,
keypad.

Chapter 4
ARCHITECTURAL IMPLEMENTATION
In this chapter of implementation we discuss the individual modules, their
working and their relation to the whole project. These individual modules include the
sensor technology including the temperature and smoke sensors, the communication
block including the buzzer giving indication to the persons inside the hall at the time of
danger and also the GSM technology to fetch the fire station help and medical care . Also
we have the pulse width modulation networks which are used for automatic control of fan
and light. Individual module description and their relation to the whole project working is
described below.
4.1 MICROCONTROLLER
ARM7 based LPC2148 is used as the microcontroller to implement this project. It

is based on reduced instruction set computer, commonly known as RISC. This result in a
high instruction throughput and impressive real time interrupt response from a small and
cost effective chip.
4.1.1 General Description
The LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU

with real-time emulation and embedded trace support that combine microcontrollers with
embedded high-speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide
memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the
maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb
mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty.
Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2148 are ideal for
applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and
pointof-sale. Serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device,
multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make
these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft
modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and
high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADCs, 10-bit DAC,
PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external
interrupt are present.

Figure 4.1:ARM7TDMI Core Diagram.

4.1.2 Features
16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.

8 KB to 40 KB of on-chip static RAM and 32 KB to 512 KB of on-chip flash
memory.128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot
loader software, single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming
of 256 B in 1 msec. Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-
time debugging with the on-chip Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of
instruction execution.
USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 KB of endpoint RAM. In
addition, the LPC2148 provides 8 KB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by
DMA.
One or two (LPC2141/42 Vs, LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of
6/14 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 ms per channel.
Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2148 only)
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock
input
Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400
Kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64Package.
Up to 21 external interrupt pins available.
60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip
PLL with settling time of 100 msec.
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25
MHz and Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down
Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock
scaling for additional power optimization.
Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.
CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5 V tolerant
I/O.

4.1.3 System Control
Crystal Oscillator
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with external crystal in range of 1 MHz to

25 MHz. The oscillator output frequency is called fosc and the ARM processor clock
frequency is referred to as Cclk for purposes of rate equations, etc. fosc and Cclk are the
same value unless the PLL is running and connected.
PLL
The PLL accepts an input clock frequency in the range of 10 MHz to 25 MHz.
The input frequency is multiplied up into the range of 10 MHz to 60 MHz with a Current
Controlled Oscillator (CCO). The multiplier can be an integer value from 1 to 32 (in
practice, the multiplier value cannot be higher than 6 on this family of microcontrollers
due to the upper frequency limit of the CPU).
The CCO operates in the range of 156 MHz to 320 MHz, so there is an additional
divider in the loop to keep the CCO within its frequency range while the PLL is providing
the desired output frequency. The output divider may be set to divide by 2, 4, 8, or 16 to
produce the output clock. Since the minimum output divider value is 2, it is insured that
the PLL output has a 50 % duty cycle.
The PLL is turned off and bypassed following a chip reset and may be enabled by
software. The program must configure and activate the PLL, wait for the PLL to Lock,
then connect to the PLL as a clock source. The PLL settling time is 100 msec.
Reset and Wake up Timer
Reset has two sources on the LPC2141/42/44/46/48: the RESET pin and
watchdog reset. The RESET pin is a Schmitt trigger input pin with an additional glitch
filter. Assertion of chip reset by any source starts the Wake-up Timer (see Wake-up
Timer description below), causing the internal chip reset to remain asserted until the
external reset is de-asserted, the oscillator is running, a fixed number of clocks have
passed, and the on-chip flash controller has completed its initialization.When the internal
reset is removed, the processor begins executing at address 0, which isthe reset vector.At
that point, all of the processor and peripheral registers have been initialized to
predetermined values.

The Wake-up Timer ensures that the oscillator and other analog functions required
for chip operation are fully functional before the processor is allowed to execute
instructions. This is important at power on, all types of reset, and whenever any of the
aforementioned functions are turned off for any reason. Since the oscillator and other
functions are turned off during Power-down mode, any wake-up of the processor from
Power-down mode makes use of the Wake-up Timer.
The Wake-up Timer monitors the crystal oscillator as the means of checking
whether it is safe to begin code execution. When power is applied to the chip, or some
event caused the chip to exit Power-down mode, some time is required for the oscillator
to produce a signal of sufficient amplitude to drive the clock logic. The amount of time
depends on many factors, including the rate of VDD ramp (in the case of power on), the
type of crystal and its electrical characteristics (if a quartz crystal is used), as well as any
other external circuitry (e.g. capacitors), and the characteristics of the oscillator itself
under the existing ambient conditions.
Code Security
This feature of the LPC2141/42/44/46/48 allows an application to control whether

it can be debugged or protected from observation. If after reset on-chip boot loader
detects a valid checksum in flash and reads 0x8765 4321 from address 0x1FC in flash,
debugging willbe disabled and thus the code in flash will be protected from observation.
Once debugging is disabled, it can be enabled only by performing a full chip erase using
the ISP.
External Interrupt Inputs
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 include up to nine edge or level sensitive External

Interrupt Inputs as selectable pin functions. When the pins are combined, external events
can be processed as four independent interrupt signals. The External Interrupt Inputs can
optionally be used to wake-up the processor from Power-down mode. Additionally
capture input pins can also be used as external interrupts without the option to wake the
device up from Power-down mode.
Memory Mapping Control
The Memory Mapping Control alters the mapping of the interrupt vectors that
appearbeginning at address 0x0000 0000. Vectors may be mapped to the bottom of the

on-chip flash memory, or to the on-chip static RAM. This allows code running in
different memory spaces to have control of the interrupts.
Power Control
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 supports two reduced power modes: Idle mode and
Power-down mode. In Idle mode, execution of instructions is suspended until either a
reset or interrupt occurs. Peripheral functions continue operation during idle mode and
may generate interrupts to cause the processor to resume execution. Idle mode eliminates
power used by the processor itself, memory systems and related controllers, and internal
buses.
In Power-down mode, the oscillator is shut down and the chip receives no internal
clocks. The processor state and registers, peripheral registers, and internal SRAM values
are preserved throughout Power-down mode and the logic levels of chip output pins
remain static. The Power-down mode can be terminated and normal operation resumed by
either a reset or certain specific interrupts that are able to function without clocks.
VPB BUS
The VPB divider determines the relationship between the processor clock (CCLK)
and the clock used by peripheral devices (PCLK). The VPB divider serves two purposes.
The first is to provide peripherals with the desired PCLK via VPB bus so that they can
operate at the speed chosen for the ARM processor. Because the VPB bus must work
properly at power-up (and its timing cannot be altered if it does not work since the VPB
divider control registers reside on the VPB bus), the default condition at reset is for the
VPB bus to run at 14 of the processor clock rate. The second purpose of the VPB divider
is to allow power savings when an application does not require any peripherals to run at
the full processor rate. Because the VPB divider is connected to the PLL output, the PLL
remains active (if it was running) during Idle mode.
Emulation and Debugging
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 support emulation and debugging via a JTAG serial

port.A trace port allows tracing program execution. Debugging and trace functions are
multiplexed only with GPIOs on Port 1. This means that all communication, timer and
interface peripherals residing on Port0 are available during the development and
debugging phase as they are when the application is run in the embedded system.

Embedded ICE
Standard ARM Embedded ICE logic provides on-chip debug support. The
debugging of the target system requires a host computer running the debugger software
and an Embedded ICE protocol converter. Embedded ICE protocol converter converts the
remote debug protocol commands to the JTAG data needed to access the ARM core.
The ARM core has a Debug Communication Channel (DCC) function built-in.
The DCC allows a program running on the target to communicate with the host debugger
or another separate host without stopping the program flow or even entering the debug
state. The DCC is accessed as a co-processor 14 by the program running on the
ARM7TDMI-S core.
Real Monitor
Real Monitor is a configurable software module, developed by ARM Inc., which

enables real-time debug. It is a lightweight debug monitor that runs in the background
while users debug their foreground application. It communicates with the host using the
DCC, which is present in the Embedded ICE logic. The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 contains a
specific configuration of Real Monitor software programmed into the on-chip flash
memory.
4.2 PIN CONFIGURATION
P0.0 to P0.31 I/O Port 0
Port 0 is a 32-bit I/O port with individual direction controls for each bit. Total of
31 pins of the port 0 can be used as a general purpose bidirectional digital I/Os while
p0.31 is output only pin. The operation of port 0 pins depends upon the pin function
selected via the pin connect block.
P0.0/TXD0/PWM1
P0.0 General purpose input/output digital pin (GPIO)
TXD0 Transmitter output for UART0
PWM Pulse Width Modulator output 1
P0.1/RXD0/PWM3/EINT0
RXD0 Receiver input for UART0

PWM3 Pulse width modulator output 3
EINT0 External interrupt 0 input
Figure 4.2: LPC2148 Microcontroller Pin Diagram
P0.2/SCL0/CAP0.0
SCL0 I2C0 clock input/output, open-drain output (for I2C-bus
compliance)
CAP0.0 Capture input for timer 0, channel 0
P0.3/SDA0/MAT0.0/EINT1

SDA0 I2C0 clock input/output, open-drain output (for I2C-bus
compliance)
MAT0.0 Match output for timer 0, channel 0
P0.4/SCK0/CAP0.1/AD0.6
SCK0 Serial clock for SPI0, SPI clock output from master or input to
slave
AD0.6 ADC 0 input 6
P0.5/MISO0/MAT0.1/AD0.7
MISO0 Master in slave OUT for SPI0, data input to SPI master or data
output from SPI slave.
AD0.7 ADC 0, input 7
P0.6/MOSI0/CAP0.2/AD1.0
MOSI0 Master out slave in for SPI0, data output from SPI master or
Data input to SPI slave
CAP0.2 Capture input for timer 0, channel2
AD1.0 ADC 1, input 0, available in LPC2144/46/48 only
P0.7/SSEL0/PWM2/EINT2
SSEL0 Slave select for SPI0, selects the SPI interface as a slave

P0.8/TXD1/PWM4/AD1.1
TXD1 Transmitter output for UART1
P0.9/RXD1/PWM6/EINT3
RXD1 Receiver input for UART1
P0.10/RTS1/CAP1.0/AD1.2
RTS1 Request to send output for UART1, LPC2144/46/48 only
P0.11/CTS1/CAP1.1/SCL1
CTS1 Clear to send input for UART1, available in LPC2144/46/48
only
SCL1 I2C1 clock input/output, open-drain output (for I2C-bus
compliance)
P0.12/DSR1/MAT1.0/AD1.3
DSR1 Data set ready input for UART1, available in LPC2144/46/48

only
P0.13/DTR1/ MAT1.1/AD1.4
DTR1 Data Terminal Ready output for UART1, LPC2144/46/48
MAT1.1 Match output for Timer 1, channel 1
AD1.4 ADC input 4, available in LPC2144/46/48 only
P0.14/DCD1/EINT1/SDA1
DCD1 Data Carrier Detect input for UART1, LPC2144/46/48 only
SDA1 I2C1 data input/output, open-drain output (for I2C-bus
Compliance LOW on this pin while RESET is LOW forces on-
chip boot loader to take over control of the part after reset
P0.15/RI1/ EINT2/AD1.5
RI1 Ring Indicator input for UART1, available in LPC2144/46/48
only
P0.16/EINT0/MAT0.2/CAP0.2
CAP0.2 Capture input for Timer 0, channel 2

P0.17/CAP1.2/ SCK1/MAT1.2
SCK1 Serial Clock for SSP, clock output from master or input to
slave
P0.19/MAT1.2/MOSI1/CAP1.2
MOSI1 Master out Slave In for SSP, data output from SSP master or
data Input to SSP slave.
P0.20/MAT1.3/SSEL1/EINT3
SSEL1 Slave Select for SSP, selects the SSP interface as a slave
P0.21/PWM5/AD1.6/CAP1.3
PWM5 Pulse Width Modulator output 5
P0.22/AD1.7/CAP0.0/MAT0.0

P0.23/VBUS
VBUS Indicates the presence of USB bus power
This signal must be HIGH for USB reset to occur
P0.28/AD0.1/CAP0.2/MAT0.2
P0.29/AD0.2/CAP0.3/MAT0.3
CAP0.3 Capture input for Timer 0, Channel 3
P0.30/AD0.3/EINT3/CAP0.0
Important: This is a digital output only pin, this pin MUST NOT be externally pulled
LOW when RESET pin is LOW or the JTAG port will be disabled P1.0 to P1.31 I/O Port
1: Port 1 is a 32-bit bidirectional I/O port with individual direction controls for each bit,
the operation of port 1 pins depends upon the pin function selected via the pin connect
block, pins 0 through 15 of port 1 are not available.
P1.16/TRACEPKT0

TRACEPKT0 Trace Packet, bit 0, standard I/O port with internal pull-up
P1.17/TRACEPKT1
P1.18/TRACEPKT2
P1.19/TRACEPKT3
P1.20/TRACESYNC
TRACESYNC Trace Synchronization, standard I/O port with internal
pull-up
Note: LOW on this pin while RESET is LOW enables pins P1.25:16 to operate as Trace
port after reset
P1.21/PIPESTAT0
PIPESTAT0 Pipeline Status, bit 0, standard I/O port with internal pull-up
P1.22/PIPESTAT1
P1.23/PIPESTAT2
P1.31/TRST

TRST Test Reset for JTAG interface
D+: USB bidirectional D+ line
D- : USB bidirectional D- line
RESET External reset input: A LOW on this pin resets the device, causing I/O ports
and peripherals to take on their default states,and processor execution to begin at address
0, TTL with hysteretic, 5 V tolerant.
XTAL1: Input to the oscillator circuit and internal clock generator circuits
XTAL2: Output from the oscillator amplifier
RTCX1: I Input to the RTC oscillator circuit
RTCX2: Output from the RTC oscillator circuit
VSS: 6, 18, 25, 42, 50 pins are for supply voltage.
Ground: 0 V reference.
VSSA Analog ground: 0 V reference, this should nominally be the same voltage as
VSS, but should be isolated to minimize noise and error
VDD 23, 43, 51 I 3.3 V power supply: This is the power supply voltage for the core and
I/O ports.
VDDA 7 I Analog 3.3 V power supply: This should be nominally the same voltage as
VDD but should be isolated to minimize noise and error, this voltage is only used to power
the on-chip ADC(s) and DAC
VREF ADC reference voltage: This should be nominally less than or equal to the VDD
voltage but should be isolated to minimize noise and error, level on this Pin is used as a
reference for ADC(s) and DAC.
4.3 POWER SUPPLY
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage
AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other
devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which
performs a particular function.
Each of the blocks of power supply as shown in Fig 4.3 is described in more detail below:
Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.
Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
Figure 4.3: Block Diagram of Regulated Power Supply System
4.3.1 Transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss
of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains
electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step down transformers reduce
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high
mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an
alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in
the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power
so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down
current is stepped up.
4.3.2 Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also
available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave
rectifier because it uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is
used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there
are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are
rated by the maximum current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can
withstand (this must be at least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can
withstand the peak voltages). Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over the
connections so the alternating directions of AC are converted to the one direction of DC.

Figure 4.4:Bridge Rectifier and Waveform.
4.3.3 Regulator
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators
include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and
overheating ('thermal protection').
Figure 4.5:Regulator
Many of the fixed voltage regulators ICs have 3 leads and look like power
transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They include a hole
for attaching a heat sink if necessary.
4.4 MAX-232
RS232 is not compatible with todays Microprocessor and Microcontroller, we

need a line driver (voltage converter) to convert the RS232 signal to TTL voltage levels
that will be acceptable to the 8051s TxD and Rxd pins.
The information from micro controller is sent to system through serial

communication by using MAX-232 IC in between micro controller and RS232(DB9
connector). This MAX-232 acts as voltage level translator i.e., the TTL logic voltage

level is to be transformed to RS232 DB9 connector voltage level of the system. In short a
MAX 232 is nothing but a clamper circuit, the voltage level translation is done through
clamping circuit here diodes are inbuilt, whereas the capacitors are to be connected
externally .In order to connect micro controller to a modem or a pc to modem a serial port
is used. Serial is a very common protocol for device communication that is standard on
almost every PC.
Figure 4.6: MAX 232
4.5 DB9 CONNECTOR

There are 9 pins but only 6 pins are generally used. They are:
Figure 4.7:DB9 Connector Diagram
4.5.1 DTR (Data terminal ready)
When the terminal is turned on, after going through a self test, it sends out signal
DTR to indicate that it is ready for communication. If there is something wrong with the
COM port, this signal will not be activated. This is an active low signal and can be used

to inform the modem that the computer is alive and kicking. This is an output pin from
DTE and an input to the modem.
4.5.2 DSR (Data set ready)
When DCE is turned on and has gone through the self test, it asserts DSR to
indicate that it is ready to communicate. Thus it is an output from the modem and input to
the PC. This is an active low signal. If for any reason the modem cannot make a
connection to the telephone, this signal remains in active, indicating to the PC that it
cannot accept or send data.
4.5.3 RTS (request to send)
When the DTE device has a byte to transmit, it asserts RTS to signal the modem
that it has a byte of data to transmit. RTS is an active low output from the DTE and an
input to the modem.
4.5.4 CTS (clear to send)
In response to RTS ,when the modem has room for storing the data it is receive,it
sends out signal CTS to the DTE to indicate that it can receive the data now. This input
signal to the DTE is used by the DTE to start transmission.
4.5.5 DCD (data carrier detect)
The modem asserts signal DCD to inform the DTE that a valid carrier has been
detected and that contact between it and the other modem is established. Therefore .DCD
is an output from the modem and an input the PC (DTE).
4.5.6 RI (ring indicator)
An output from the modem (DCE) and an input to a PC (DTE) indicate that the
telephone is ringing .It does on or off in synchronization with the ringing sound .Of the 6
handshake signals ,this is the least often used, due to the fact that modem take care of
answering the phone . However, if in a given system PC is in charge of answering the
phone, this signal is used.
4.6 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
4..1 Introduction
LCD is a type of display used in digital watches and many portable

computers.LCDdisplays utilize to sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal

solution between them. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to
align so that light cannot pass through them.
Figure 4.8:Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
4.6.2 Pin Diagram
Most of the LCD modules conform to a standard interface specification. A 14pin

access is provided having eight data lines, three control lines and three power lines. The
connections are laid out in one of the two common configurations, either two rows of
seven pins, or a single row of 14 pins.
Figure 4.9:16 Pin Diagram of LCD Display.
4.6.3 Pin Description
Vcc, Vss and Vee
While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground respectively, Vee is used for
controlling LCD contrast.
RS, register select
There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their
selection as follows.

a) If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to
send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc.,
b) If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed
on the LCD.
Table 4.1:Pin Descriptions of LCD
R/W, read/write
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information
from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.
EN, Enable
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins.
When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in
order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a
minimum of 450ns wide.
D0-D7
The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the
contents of the LCDs internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII
codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.There
are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or
force the cursor to the home position or blink the instruction command codes.

Table 4.2:Instruction Set of LCD
4.6.4 Interfacing of LCD
Figure 4.10: Interfacing of LCD with LPC2148

Description of Interfacing Diagram
The Fig 4.10 depicts the interfacing diagram of LCD with ARM. In this LCD we
have 8 data bits, two power supply and two ground pins and finally three control pins for
controlling the operation of LCD. The three pins RS, R/W, EN pin which are the control
pins of LCD are connected to a voltage supply of 5 volts. From the 8 data lines present in
LCD only 4 data lines ranging from 7 to 10 will be connected to arm using the pins 27 to
30.The required data that is to be sent from the processor to the display unit will be sent
through these pins only. We use LCD display in our project to display the required
information like speed of the zone, speed limit with which the vehicle must travel in that
zone.
Basic commands of LCD:
Set Cursor Move Direction:
04h Shift cursor to the left
06h Shift cursor to the right
80h force cursor to the beginning of the first line
C0h force cursor to the beginning of second line
02h return home
Enable Display/Cursor:
0Ch - Turn Display On, cursor off
0ah - Turn Cursor On, Display off
08h - Cursor off, Display off
0eh/0fh- display on, cursor blinking
Shift Display:
18h 1Ch - Display Shift to left, right respectively
Set Interface Length:

38h Initialize LCD as 2 lines, 5*7 matrixes
Reading Data back is used in this application, which requires data to be moved
back and forth on the LCD. The "Busy Flag" is polled to determine whether the last
instruction that has been sent has completed processing.
4.7 TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM35
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose

output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35
thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is
not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to
provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to
+150C temperature range.Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer
level. The LM35s lowoutput impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration
make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single
power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply,
it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over
a 55 to +150C temperature range.
4.7.1 Features
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade)

Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor
0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C)
Rated for full 55 to +150C range
Suitable for remote applications
Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
Operates from 4 to 30 volts
Less than 60 A current drain
Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air
Nonlinearity only 14C typical
Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

Typical Applications
Figure 4.11:Basic Centigrade Temperature Sensor.
Figure 4.12: Plastic Package
Circuit Diagram
Figure 4.13: Circuit Diagram of LM 35
Working Principle
The circuit diagram is shown above in Fig 4.13. Briefly, there are two transistors
in the center of the drawing. One has ten times the emitter area of the other. This means it
has one tenth of the current density, since the same current is going through both
transistors. This causes a voltage across the resistor R1 that is proportional to the absolute
temperature, and is almost linear across the range we care about. The almost part is taken

care of by a special circuit that straightens out the slightly curved graph of voltage versus
temperature.
The amplifier at the top ensures that the voltage at the base of the left transistor
(Q1) is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) by comparing the output of the two
transistors.
The amp lifer at the right converts absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin) into
either Celsius or Celsius, depending on the part (LM34 or LM35). The little circle with
the "i" in it is a constant current source circuit. The integrated circuit has many transistors
in it -- two in the middle, some in each amplifier, some in the constant current source, and
some in the curvature compensation circuit. All of that is fit into the tiny package with
three leads.
4.7.2 LM 35 Interfacing with Microcontroller
Figure 4.14: LM35 Interfacing with Microcontroller
The interfacing of LM35 with microcontroller is shown in Fig 4.14. In this we

connect port 0.30 pin to output pin of LM35. The port pin p0.30 is act as an ADC pin.
4.8 HEART BEAT SENSOR

Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when a finger is
placed on it. When the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with
each heart beat. This digital output can be connected to microcontroller directly to
measure the Beats per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation

by blood flow through finger at each pulse. A simple heart -beat transducer can be made
from an infrared LED and an infrared phototransistor. It works because skin acts as a
reflective surface for infrared light. The IR reflectivity of skin depends on the density of
blood in it. Blood density rises and falls with the pumping action of the heart. So the
intensity of infrared reflected by the skin (and thus transmitted to the phototransistor)
rises and falls with each heartbeat.
Figure 4.15:Heart Beat Sensor
4.8.1 Features
1. Microcontroller based SMD design.
2. Heat beat indication by LED.
3. Instant output digital signal for directly connecting to microcontroller.
4. Compact Size.
5. Working Voltage +5V DC.
Applications
1. Digital Heart Rate monitor.

2. Patient Monitoring System.
3. Bio-Feedback control of robotics and applications.
4.8.2 Specification
1. Parameter Value.
2. Operating Voltage +5V DC regulated.
3. Operating Current 100 mA.
4. Output Data Level 5V TTL level.
5. Heart Beat detection Indicated by LED and Output High Pulse.
6. Light source 660nm Super Red LED.

4.8.3 Pin Details
Board has 3-pin connector for using the sensor. Details are marked on PCB as
below.Pin Name Details
+5V Power supply Positive input.

OUT Active High output.
GND Power supply Ground.
4.8.4 Using the Sensor
1. Connect regulated DC power supply of 5 Volts. Black wire is Ground, Next

middle wire is Brown which is output and Red wire is positive supply. These
wires are also marked on PCB.
2. To test sensor you only need power the sensor by connect two wires +5V and
GND. You can leave the output wire as it is. When Beat LED is off the output is
at 0V.
3. Put finger on the marked position, and you can view the beat LED blinking on
each heart beat.
4. The output is active high for each beat and can be given directly to
microcontroller for interfacing applications. Heart beat output signal
5V level
0V level
Figure 4.16:waveform of heart beat received by detector

4.8.5 Working Principle
The sensor consists of a super bright red LED and light detector. The LED needs
to be super bright as the maximum light must pass spread in finger and detected by
detector. Now, when the heart pumps a pulse of blood through the blood vessels, the
finger becomes slightly more opaque and so less light reached the detector. With each
heart pulse the detector signal varies. This variation is converted to electrical pulse. This
signal is amplified and triggered through an amplifier which outputs +5V logic level
signal. The output signal is also indicated by a LED which blinks on each heart beat.
Fig4.16 SENSOR PRINCIPLE following figure shows signal of heart beat and sensor
signal output graph.
4.8.6 Interfacing of heartbeat sensor with microcontroller
Figure 4.17: Interfacing of heartbeat sensor with microcontroller
The interfacing of heartbeat with microcontroller is shown in Fig 4.17. In this

we connect port 0.16 pin to output pin of heartbeat sensor. The Vref pin is connected as
one of input to the heartbeat sensor.

4.9MOTOR DRIVER (L293D)
4.9.1 Features:
Wide supply-voltage range: 4.5V to 36V.
Separate input- logic supply.
Internal ESD protection.
Thermal shutdown.
High-Noise-Immunity input.
Functional Replacements for SGS L293 and SGS L293D.
Output current 1A per channel (600 mA for L293D).
Peak output current 2 A per channel (1.2 A for L293D).
Output clamp diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression(L293D).
Figure 4.18:L293D
4.9.2 Description
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as
current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-
current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. L293D contains two
inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be
driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of
two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or
11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and
anticlockwise directions, respectively.
Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors
to start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a

result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the
enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-
impedance state.
4.9.4 Pin Diagram:
Figure 4.19: Pin Diagram of L293D
Table4.3:Pin Description of Motor Driver

4.9.3 Block diagram
Figure 4.20:Block Diagram of L293
4.10 DC MOTOR
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. In any
electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic
field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the
strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with
magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities
(North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is
designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an
external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.
Figure 4.21: DC motor
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a
magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or

winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commentator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors, the external
magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets1. The stator is the
stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more
permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor
consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to
the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor
inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such
that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator
magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the
stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next
commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor,
the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip"
of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a
very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can
imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its
rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile,
with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power
supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be
bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet
another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of
torque"ripple".So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with
the workings of one via an interactive animation.
You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a
time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one
commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's
field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about
the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the
coil windings' series.

Figure 4.22: DC one pole
4.10.1 Interfacing DC Motor with Microcontroller
Figure 4.23:Interfacing DC motor with microcontroller
The interfacing of DC motor with microcontroller is shown in Fig 4.23. In this

we connect port 1.3 0and port 1.31 pin to input pins of L293D.The output pins of L293D
are connected to the DC motor.
4.11 SYRINGE
A syringe is a simple pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube. The
plunger can be pulled and pushed along inside a cylindrical tube (called a barrel),

allowing the syringe to take in and expel a liquid or gas through an orifice at the open end
of the tube. The open end of the syringe may be fitted with a hypodermic needle, a
nozzle, or tubing to help direct the flow into and out of the barrel. Syringes are often used
to administer injections, insert intravenous drugs into the bloodstream, apply compounds
such as glue or lubricant, and measure liquids.
Figure 4.24: Syringe
Sectors in the syringe and needle market include disposable and safety
syringes, injection pens, needleless injectors, insulin pumps, and specialty needles.[2]
Hypodermic syringes are used with hypodermic needles to injectliquid or gases into body
tissues, or to remove from the body. Injecting of air into a blood vessel is hazardous, as it
may cause an air embolism; preventing embolisms by removing air from the syringe is
one of the reasons for the familiar image of holding a hypodermic syringe pointing
upward, tapping it, and expelling a small amount of liquid before an injection into the
bloodstream.
4.12 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

The Fig 4.25 shows the schematic diagram of Automatic Anaesthesia Injector
Using Arm Controller. In this, port 0.30 pin is connected to output pin of LM35. The port
pin p0.30 is act as an ADC pin. Theport 0.16 pin is connected to output pin of heartbeat
sensor. The Vref pin is connected as one of the input of the heartbeat sensorand port 1.30
and port 1.31 pins is connected to input pins of motor driver (L293D).The output pins of
L293D are connected to the DC motor.

Figure 4.25:schematic diagram
4.13 CONCLUSION
This chapter includes detailed information about interfacing of each and every
module present in the project with the micro controller .It also includes modules
specifications, pin description, working ,internal diagrams,complete schematic diagram of
automatic anaesthesia injector using arm controller.

Chapter 5
EXPERMENTAL RESULTS
In this chapter, the module of Automatic Anaesthesia Injector using ARM
Controller is implemented with its brief description and we give results which displays
on LCD based on the condition of the patient.
5.1 RESULTS
Click on the flash magic icon which is on the desktop of the personal computer .
Then the flash magic window is opened as shown in fig5.1.In that we have
choosen the device which is used in implementation (LPC2148).
Check whether the COM Port as COM 1, baud rate is 9600 and interface is
choosen as none(ISP).
Figure 5.1:Flash magic window
Click on the Tools in menu bar.In that select terminal tool, the terminal settings
window is opened as shown in Fig 5.2then click on OK.
Click on start button

Figure 5.2: Terminal Settings window
Figure 5.3:Flash Magic Terminal Window
Then the flash magic window is opened for entering the output time slots and
quantity of medicine.

Now enter the AA in the input section.So,in the output section it displays to enter
slot 1 time and quantity of medicine.(we have to enter preferred time and quantity
in slot1).
Next in the same way slot2 is repeated.
The result of the machine as shown in Fig5.4 will be occurred according to the
time slots.
5.2 PHYSICAL VIEW WITH EXPLANATION

In this section the Fig 5.4shows the results obtained on LCD.Here the LCD
displays date and time, time slots along with quantity of medicine, temperature and heart
rate of the human body.
Figure 5.4:Physical View of Automatic Anaesthesia Injector using Arm Controller

A project report on Automatic Anaesthesia Injector
5.3 APPLICATIONS
This machine is also used to inject various complicated drugs which have to be
give in the prescribed time slots.
By interfacing IR detector we can also know the total amount of drug injected
into the patient body.
5.4 CONCLUSION
This chapter includes the steps involved for obtaining the results and physical
view with explanation of our project Automatic Anaesthesia Injector using ARM
Controller.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion
The Automatic Anaesthesia injector using arm controller was designed and
implemented for safety purpose of the patient and reduce man power (anaesthetist). By
using various electrical circuits the bio-medical parameters can be found. The output of
the circuits is amplified by means of an amplifier and fed into an A/D converter. The
digitized signal is then fed into the input port of the microcontroller. The microcontroller
displays the parameters in digital value in the display device. when we enter the value
through the keypad then the DC motor rotates so teeth rack push the plunger of the
syringe attached to it.
Future Scope
The bio-medical sensors like respiratory,pressures, position, skin can be included.
IR detector is also included in the system for monitoring the total anesthesia level
for the entire period of the surgery time.
Buzzer can also included to indicate when bio-medical parameters varies and
when insufficient anaesthesia in the syringe.
The level of anaesthesia can be controlled by controller based on variations in
bio-medical parameters.

BIBILOGRAPHY
[1] Connor, S.B. , Quill, T.J. , Jacobs, J.R. Accuracy of drug infusion pumps under
computer control Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:39 , Issue:
9)
[2] Rodrigues, S.A., Freire, R.C.S. , Luciano, B.A. ,Barbosa, P.E.S. : Architectural
specification for infusion pumps and realization towards safety technological trends
Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), 2014 IEEE International Symposium
on
[3] Arora, J. , Gagandeep , Singh, A. , Singh, N.P. : Heartbeat rate monitoring system by
pulse technique using HB sensor Information Communication and Embedded Systems
(ICICES), 2014 International Conference on
[4] Optimal DC motor design for constant voltage seek motionChiang, W.-W.
[5] A DC motor driver consisting of a single MOSFET with capability of speed and
direction controlG. Mulay; A. Yembarwar; S. RajePower Electronics (IICPE), 2014 IEEE
6th India International Conference on
[6] Sensorless speed/position control of brushed DC motorE. Afjei; A. Nadian
Ghomsheh; A. Karami
[7]Vaz, A. ,Ubarretxena, A. Zalbide, I. Pardo, D. : Full Passive UHF Tag With a
Temperature Sensor Suitable for Human Body Temperature Monitoring Circuits and
Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:57 , Issue: 2 )
[8]Boano, C.A. ,Lasagni, M., Romer, K. ,Lange, T.: Accurate Temperature

Measurements for Medical Research Using Body Sensor Networks
Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing Workshops
(ISORCW), 2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on
[9]http://www.who.int/patientsafety/safesurgery/pulse_oximetry/en/- Working of heart

beat sensor.
[10]https://depts.washington.edu/soslab/turbidostat/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Construction
Manual.SyringePump Interconnection details of DC motor and plunger of syringe by
means of teeth rack.

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A Project Report on Automatic Anaesthesia Injector

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is

Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered

Examples of embedded systems

Automatic teller machines (ATMs).

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Personal digital assistant.

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a

In more complex systems

A full graphical screen, with touch sensing or screen-edge buttons provides

Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering Page 2

Embedded processors can be broken into two distinct categories: microprocessors

As for other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers,

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Software tools can come from several sources:

Software companies that specialize in the embedded market.

Embedded Debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the

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1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT

Major operations are performed to remove or reconstructthe infected parts in the

essential in performing painless surgery.

In this system a keypad is provided along with the microcontroller, temperature,

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORK

The need for an anesthetist is eliminated.

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1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Chapter 2 says briefly about the literature survey

Chapter 3 says briefly about the project implementation

Chapter 4 says briefly about the architectural implementation

Chapter 5 says briefly about the experimental results

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Table 2.1: Volumes Infused by infusion devices.

In independent 2-h evaluations, the infusion rate demanded of

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+or-5% is equal to the nominal expected accuracy of these infusion pumps in

Comparatively this presents a prototype for the monitoring of Heartbeat rate. A

Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering Page 8

Based on the analysis of wen-wei chiang,the seek motionperformance in terms of

A DC motor driver circuit generally consists of fourMOSFETs forming an H-

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According to research, a new and novel technique forspeed control of a brushed

A long-range UHF RF identification (RFID) sensor has been designed using a

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3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Automatic Anaesthesia Injector

A microcontroller is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit

3.1.2 Temperature sensor

Contact Temperature Sensor Types These types of temperature sensor are

3.1.3 Heart beat sensor

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3.1.4 ADC module

Microprocessors can only perform complexprocessing on digitized signals.When

3.1.5 LCD module

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual

A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current

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3.1.8 Syringe module

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ARM7 based LPC2148 is used as the microcontroller to implement this project. It

4.1.1 General Description

The LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU

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