Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
'SMMT' and the SMMT logo are registered trademarks of SMMT Limited.
www.smmt.co .uk
This third edition has been prepared by a
sub-group of the SMMT Quality Panel
Contributors:
Dale Robertson
NISSAN M OTO R M A NUFACTURI NG (UK) LTD
David Linehan
LYNOAKS LTD
Steve Elvin
SMMT LTD
The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders limited. All rights reserved
Published in 2004 for SMMT bv Findlav Publications Ltd, Horton Kirby, Kent DA4 9LL
www.smmt.co.uk 3
Section 1
Contributors 3
Foreword 7
Section 2 Introduction 9
2.1 Philosophy 9
2.2 Information from data 9
2.3 The uses of charting 10
2.4 Disturbances & state-of-control 11
2.5 Specifications 12
2.6 Measures of middle 14
2.7 Measures of spread 16
2.8 Other measures of shape 17
2.9 Using calculators to obtain statistical measures 18
2.10 A reason for chart sample sizes above one 18
4 www.smmt.co.uk
Section 7 - Chart Interpretation 44
7.1 Introduction 44
72 Examination of charts for variables (x&R, x&R, x&s) 44
73 Examination of charts for attributes (p, np, c, u) 45
74 Pattern recognition 45
75 Examples of out-of-control patterns 47
7.6 Other examples of patterns 51
7.7 Unusual patterns without special disturbances 52
78 Dealing with disturbances 52
79 Centring 53
Section 8- Capability 55
8. 1 Capability statements 55
8.2 Capability indexes 58
8.3 Setting indexes 59
8.4 Interpretation of indexes 60
8.5 Estimation of conforming products 61
8.6 Example Reaction Plan following process monitoring 62
www.smmt.co.uk 5
In the current climate, the SMMT Quality Panel believes it
is essential that businesses identify and take advantage of
improvement opportunities to drive sustainable
competitiveness .
Process Management
Continual Improvement Tools and Techniques
Statistical Process Control
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
www.smmt.co.uk 7
2. Introduction
2.1 Philosophy
People
Supp "ers have a responsibility to meet or better customers'
expectations.
Customers are the people or mach ines at the next and later stages
in any process, they might be in other factories or companies but
they always include the people who use the ultimate product.
Objectives
Most companies operate in markets where it is vital that they are
competitive and profitable. Being competitive means being better
than competitors in quality, costs and delivery. Being profitable
entails operating without waste.
Warning
Statistical and other methods are not a panacea, they point only to
opportunities for control and im provement wh ich w ill not happen
unless there is a will to succeed .
www.smmt.co.uk 9
Information about the process is essential to control process
stability and therefore product or service consistency.
process setting
expressed as the process mean which is defined in section 5.5,
underlying process variability
expressed as the process spread which is explained
in figure 8.2,
the capability of a process to produce within tolerance
explained in section 8. 1,
process disturbances that wi ll give product va riabi lity and
inconsistency
defined in section 2.4 and illustrated in figures 73 to 710
the effects of any process change.
10 www.smmt.co.uk
iii!I.!.M
www.smmt.co.uk 11
Figure 2.1 : Design specificat ions
CUSTOMER'S EXPECTATION
A few approach ing Most at or nea r to A few approac hing
lower Performance limit Economic Optimum Upper Performance limit
I
y
!-
1-
I +
- - +-
+
_,.
-I- t
TJ I
I
I I I I I I I I I I
I
Tolera nce band
I I I I I I I I I I I
There can be diff icu lties for process control if t he nom ina l is not
specified because setting or centring the process (section 79) can
become subjective.
12 www.smmt. co.uk
4ii41!.!.1
For process control, the limits are used as criteria for process
design and in some methods of expressing process
capability. Product qua lity is safeguarded through control
lines on a cha rt (section 4.4).
EXECUTIVE/MANAGERS
Nominate co-ord inator/
facilitators
www.smmt.co.uk 13
Wm!i.J.M
Mode
The mode is the value which occurs most often .
lt does not have a standard designation but i is commonly used.
There are three 3s, t wo 5s and one of each of the other four
x
numbers therefore the mode is = 3.
Median
The median is the middle value when the data is arranged in
order of magnitude. lt is denoted by x.
Rearranging the numbers gives 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6 and 8, the
middle number is 4, therefore the median is x= 4.
Mean
The mean is the arithmetic average, sample mean is denoted by x,
underlying or population mean is denoted by J.L .
lt is calculated by adding the values and divid ing by their number,
14 www.smmt.co.uk
A symmetrical distribution
The mode, median and mean are compared above for a symmetrica l
and a non-symmetrical distribution .
www.smmt.co.uk 15
Wmi!.J.M
The median is used in some manua l cha rting appl ica tions,
partly because it is easi ly ca lculated and understood
and partly because it avoids t he need for calculators.
Range
Th e range is the maximum value minus the minimum value . lt is
designated R.
Variance
Va ria nce is the mean square difference of the values from the
mean, sample vari ance is denoted s'. underlyi ng or popu lation
variance is denoted <T 2 . The wider t he spread of measurement s, the
larger the values of s' and a' .
16 www.smmt.co.uk
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is the square root of the variance .
Symmetrica l (c, = 0) Pos itive skew (c, is positive) Negative skew (c, is negative)
or not skewed
www.smmt.co.uk 17
4i#41!.!.1
ll Flat-topped (platykurtic)
ck is low 'Yis negative
Peaked (leptokurtic)
Ck is high 'Yis positive
ck and 'Yare different coefficients of kurtosis that are quantified by some computer programmes.
ck reflects the shape of a distributions tails, 'Yreflects its central shape and
'Y= 0 for a normal distribution.
'Yis the Greek capita/letter upsilon, equivalent to U in English.
Most scientific ca lculators have keys which give the mean and
standard deviation at the press of a key.
Relevant keys are often marked for the mean andx <Tn_ , or s for
the sample standard deviation (un_ 1 = s).
18 www.smmt.co. uk
The way to get around this difficulty is to make use of a
mathematical ru le ca lled the central limit theorem which says that:
www.smmt.co.uk 19
8i5!i.UM
3. Getting Started
3.1 The People Involved
The executive or directors ' role is to support the practice of
statistics in process control, to the extent that they commit
re sources in the form of skills, time and occasionally facilities-
all of which mean money!
20 www.smmt.co.uk
3.2 Executive and Management Considerations
The following are abstracts from the experience of companies
that have achieved considerable success after adopting the use
of statistics in process control.
Co-ordination
The role of co-ordinator, distinct from facilitato r, might be resourced
from within an organisation. Where this is not immediately
practicable, the executive could consider using an outside consultant.
Strategy
In any learning activit y, it is advisable first to 'crawl', then to 'wa lk'
so that "running" is a natural and easy progression . In other words,
gear activities to the organisation's abil ity to handle the informat ion
that will become available.
Strategic targets
As with any aspect of business strategy, the executive should
expect to receive progress reports aga inst targets. Ideal ly, the
targets will have been set after realistic assessment of the best that
comparable orga nisations have to offer.
When targets are not met, problems often rest with management.
Empowennent
People can be discouraged by being exposed to information that
leaves them helpless. The remedy is empowerment at all levels in an
organisation, in other words, give people authority to make decisions.
Leadership
A more positive response to process control and improvement is
obtained from people who work in teams with a recognised leader,
rathe r than a 'supervisor'.
www.smmt.co.uk 21
Wi#!!.!.M
Identify measures
22 www.smmt.co. uk
3.4 A Summary of Charting
The process of charting is illustrated in figure 3.1. it is a simple
process but th ere ca n be pitfalls t hat need to be avoided.
Ultimately, control charts will provide the fo llowing benefits:
Do
Plan the introduction
Nominate facilitators and a co-ordin ator
Nominate process owners
Train everybody involved
Remember the purpose is proce ss improvement
Follow the sequence in Figure 2.2
Identify and eliminate all causes of disturbances
Recognise su ccessful work-te ams
Don't
Start unless you are committed
Identify process contro l with singleindividuals
Measure success by the number of charts
Use control lines to indicate acceptance limits
Confuse being in-control with capability
Assume that early information tells the whole story
A cost effective and powerful tool in process con tro l, they are
simple and su pport empowerment of the work team.
Initia lly, a mea ns of target ing special disturbances but when the
process is predictable, t he charts show common disturbances as
a chal lenge with greater rewards.
www.smmt.c o.uk 23
l !!.!.1
(section 3.3)
(section 5.3)
(section 6.3)
L------------T------------~
Collect data ~
(section 4.4)
(section 7.2)
(section 7.3)
L----------r--------~
[ Pattern in control?
[ Pattern centred? I
(section 7.9)
[- :=J
Assess capability ~ (section 8.1)
=-:1
~ (section 8.4)
I Process capable?
=r=
[ Continue charting J(sectio n 5.4)
=r=
Reduce common disturbances J (section 7.8)
24 www.smmt.co.uk
mi!.UM
The charts signal the existence of process variation and should lead
the process owner to react to adverse situations when the process is:
When disturbances are identified, the work team w ill use other
techniques to find causes and then to take improvement action.
Charts have a further use in monitoring the effectiveness of actions.
Charts add va lue even when the process is in control, capable and
centred at this stage the opportunity is to delight the customer.
www.smmt.co.uk 25
N
C')
I3
~ .~ .~
Location !geography)
"~
0
Process !o peration/machine)
"''"( sjl_:r
h't'll'~ .,
Component Ipart number) '" (.\~.~t
cE'
c
Feature 1 ~ ~i~~~ JiJwrtr~
~
Checking media \1 IU< ~
Specification NOMINAL Af OOO o11w I TOLERANCE c J ~o~~~~\
)>
Sample SIZE j FREQUENCY [(_,lA ,'\
....
-<
"C
;:;
I
5'
c..
c
~
:::!.
~
.
"C
0
n
CD
VI
VI
n
0
....
:I
2.
n
=r
I
~
.,"' GRAPH
PAPER
-2
~
"'jg
a:
SHIFT ).-
DATE
TIME
BY
~ D~ IIIIIIIII
RECORD J
..., ~ ----""1"' '
~
~
~
2
3
I l' l I' I ! .:~ 1 1
E- . ,,
~ "' 4 LL!_ f' :1 1 7.1
><
5 1.,,,1 'f l ,. -~ 1 if
LX
x P I /-{-
R '
8
x
Mean of values = x ~ lJ -1,1 I Mean of Rvalues = R n Az 03 04 dz
~.
~
R chart LCL = D3R ' RECORD
5 - " 2.114 2.326
"~
0
Standard deviation = R/d2 n = sample size
N
-.1
4.2 Chart Design
There are three groups of control charts:
Variables charts
which are used for measurements in units of length, mass or time
and combinations of these such as volume, energy and acceleration.
Attribute charts
which are used for counted numbers or proportions such as per unit
area, per cent and per sample.
Complex charts
including variations of the above such as for moving means, and
special purpose charts such as cusum and standardised.
GRAPH PAPER or grid that is the working part on wh ich plots are
made to show variation from time to time in measured or counted
data.
28 www.smmt.co.uk
4fiii!l.!.i
"'>
10 15 20 25
Sample number
www.smmt.co.uk 29
Jii41U!.M
"'
Q)
..:!
"'>
"C
Mean
Q)
t::
0
c::
10 15 20 25
Sample number
Means are drawn as broken li nes and control li nes are solid (see
figure 4.3) .
30 www.smmt.co.uk
Sufficient data is usually obtained from about 25 samples each
sample consisting of one or more units, batches or groups that are
measured or counted .
Sample sizes vary according to chart type. Details are in section 5.2
for variables charts and in section 6.2 for attributes charts.
Calculations of the mean and control lines are made from the data
using simple formulae that vary according to chart type and sample
size.
The formulae are set out with the detail chart descriptions.
www.smmt.co.uk 31
5. Control Charts for Variables
5.1 Introduction
The charts for variables described in these guidelines are
Mean and range (x&R) preferred for manual
applications .
Median and range Cx&R) the most simple.
Mean and standard deviation ( x&s) preferred for automated
applications.
32 www.smmt.co .uk
Whatever the interval and wherever practicable, the units in a
sample should have been produced consecutively.
At the outset, 125 consecut ive units might be taken and then
treated as if they were 25 samples of 5.
The data might reflect a well trained work team , new facilities , a
single material batch and constant environmental conditions.
Learn from it and take any action that w ill improve the process .
Later charts
As charting con tinue s, the picture will become clearer and
disturbance s will be more readily re cog nised.
Process changes
Often, process changes are clearly shown on charts.
www.smmt.co.uk 33
4ifi!lolri
79 81 77 89 75 76 75 69 72 86
67 84 72 81 77 75 82 72 72 87 86 65 91 78 89 76 76 70
84 76 89 94 82 63 84 85 88 72 82 73 54 75 85 78 65 75 92 82 77 78 88 81
70 85 83 93 87 87 90 75 80 84 86 70 77 76 80 81 79 70 73 72 70 81 72 86 80
72 76 88 86 94 71 89 77 74 67 76 84 76 86 79 68 80 82 71 86 77 79 82 94 68
75.0 78.6 87.4 83.4 80.8 73.6 85.2 77.6 79.6 78.2 79.8 77.4 76.6 73.6 73.6 77.0 81.0 76.0 74.6 83.2 76.6 80.2 75.4 83.2 77.
17 13 21 26 25 24 13 10 11 21 14 14 15 32 15 17 9 21 24 20 12 14 13 22 18
72 76 88 86 82 71 86 77 80 77 82 80 76 76 75 79 80 77 73 86 77 79 76 86 80
6.8 5.0 7.0 10.0 9.3 9.1 4.6 3.5 3.8 7.3 5.1 5.8 5.2 10.8 5.8 6.2 3.2 7.7 7.9 8.2 3.9 4.8 4.5 8.1 6.9
100
:;;
Q) 80
E
Q)
c.
~ 70
~ ~---------------------------------------------------
Lower control line LCL, = x- A2R
60
50+-.-.-.-.-,-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-~
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Samp le number
34 www.smmt.co.uk
Figure 5.3: A ranges control chart from the data in figure 5.1
30
"'~
~
"'
a_ 20
~
C/)
10
The fol lowing stati stics are ca lculated from the measurements.
www.smmt.co.uk 35
8!1.!.1
Parameter Record
Two parameters are calculated from th e stati stics and drawn on
the chart as broken horizontal lines.
Four control lines are ca lculated from the parameters using the
formulae shown in figures 5.2 and 5.3 and drawn on the chart as
solid horizontal li nes.
100
90 x
Up per control line UCL, = + A3s
:;; 80
"'E
"'
Q_
~ 70
U)
Lower control lin e LCL, = x- A3s
60
5 0 + - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , -, _ . ,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Samp le number
36 www.smmt.co.uk
lii!!.UM
15
Upper control line UC L, = B4s
c:
0
~
;; 10
Q)
"C
1"
"'
"C
c:
"'
~
Q)
Q_
E
"'"'
Lower contro l line LCL, = Bis I= 0 in this figure)
0+-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Sample number
The differences between the x&s chart and the x&R chart are:
the standard deviation, instead of the range, is calculated for
each sample. -see Appendix C, page 99 .
s
control lines are calcu lated from x and (the mean of the
sample sta ndard deviations) using the formu lae shown in figures
5.4 and 5.5.
Note: they are all different to constants used for x&R charts.
www.smmt.co.uk 37
x&s charts have narrower control lines than x&R charts.
However, particularly when sample sizes are above 8, x&s charts
are a better ind icator of trends than x&R charts, but less
sensitive in detecting some special disturbances.
Figure 5.6: A medians control chart from the data in figure 5.1
100
w
~ 80
"'
E
"'
c_
~
(/)
50+-.-.-.--.-,-,-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-,-,-,,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Sample number
38 www.smmt.co.uk
The differences between the Xchart and the x chart are:
measurements of the un its in a sample are reco rded only as
plots in a vertical line on the chart (figure 5.6) rather than as
w ritten numbers.
x
control lines a~e calculated from (the mean of the sample
medians) and R..:. using the form ulae shown in figure 5.6.
The constants A 2, 0 4 and 0 3 depend upon sample size- see
Append ix A. page 93.
www.smmt.co.uk 39
6. Control Charts for Attributes
6.1 General
Sometimes, requirements are subjective and measurement is
impossible, for example, a valve functi ons or it does not, a
person is absent or is not.
One type of attribute chart deals with DEFECTI VES wh ich are
units that fail because of defects (p charts in section 6.4 and
np charts in section 6.5).
All attribute charts have a similar appearance (figure 6.1) but each
type has its own formu lae for calcula ti on of mean and control
lines (figure 6 2) .
40 www.smmt.co.uk
Mean
10 15 20 25
Sample number
www.smmt.co.uk 41
I
li51!.!.1
f, + fz + .. + fm
p p P= n, + nz+ ... + nm
f, + fz + .. +fm
np f= m
C1+C2+ ... +Cm
c C= m
+ C2 + ... +Cm
C1
u u il=
n,+nz+ ... +nm
Key to symbols
c Defects (fau lty features) in sample
Defectives (faulty units) in sample
n Sample size
m Number of samples
n Average sample size = n, + nz + .... +nm
m
u Defects per sample unit =C
n
p Proportion of defectives in sample = f
n
** The lower control line is drawn at zero when the ca lculation gives
a negative number.
42 www.smmt.co.uk
I
4ii4!1.!.1
The p and np charts look exactly the same if plotted for the same
data w hen there is constant sample size except that the
respective vertical scales wi ll be labelled differently.
Samples can be :
a single unit such as an assembly,
a measured production output such as an area of material or
a constant sized group of units such as an audit batch.
Like the p chart, sample sizes must not vary by more than 25 % of
the average sample size.
www.smmt.co.uk 43
7. Chart Interpretation
7.1 Introduction
A control chart is a pictorial rep resentation of process behaviou r.
lt can illustrate:
e achievement of customer's targets,
e variation from targets,
e process stabi lity,
e the effect of process change and
e the presence of process disturbances.
In most practical situations, the picture is worth a thousand words
and there is little need to indulge in abstract explanations!
x
If the x or chart indicates a state of statistical control (see
section 7.4), any changes in setting over a period of t ime
probably are the effects of common disturbances.
44 www.smmt.co.uk
4i#ii!I.!.M
The starting point is the plot distributions illu strated in figures 7.1
and 7.2 which represent a statistically in-control process.
Significant deviation from this ideal are unu sua l if the process is
in-control.
Exam ples of some unu sual patterns and their interpretation are
shown in section s 7.5, 7.6 and 7.7.
www.smmt.co.uk 45
f i#41!.!.1
UCL I j
I
Mean -- 2 of 3
in centre third
------1 19 of 20
in centre
two thirds
3 in 1000
- - - - - - - outsicteline s -
LCL
I I
where plots should be for a statisti cal ly in-control process.
UCL,------------------------------------------------
Mean
46 www.smmt.co.uk
4ffili.UM
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.4
www.smmt.co.uk 47
Figu re 7.5
Figure 7.6
48 www.smmt.co.uk
4i41!.!.1
Figure 7.7
Figure 7.8
www.smmt.co.uk 49
Figure 7.9
Figure 7.1 0
UCL,---------------------------------------------------
LCL1------------------------------------------------
Alternating high/low plots are usually:
an extreme example of mixed samples from different people or
different machines, etc.
caused by unsuitable charts, procedures or standards.
50 www.smmt.co.uk
7.6 Other Examples of Patterns
The t wo examples below are not necessarily out-of-control.
In other words, they could be entirely predictable.
Figure 7.11
Figure 7.12
UCL
,
....
...... I \,
Mean
-----~~~---~~,:---~~~~-----~:---
~v.
LCL
r-/
-~
www.smmt.co.uk 51
1!4!1.!.1
I once in about
52 www.smmt.co. uk
lt is easier to deal with common disturbances when special
disturbances have been eliminated but unfortunately, it is not
always possible.
7.9 Centring
Customers expect the majority of products to be at or close to
nom inal and nominal should be the customer's optimum (section 2.5).
Idea lly, zero is the place for means on R, s, p, np, c and u charts.
www.smmt.co.uk 53
Changes, to re-set or centre an off-nominal process must be
based only on statistics of the underlying or inherent variability
(section 7.8).
54 www.smmt. co.uk
I
I
8. Capability
Figure 8.1: Capability in relation to specified tolerance
LSL and USL are respectively, the lower and upper specification limits
www.smmt.co.uk 55
lif4!1.!.1
The bell shaped curve represents the distribution (see section 10.1)
of products at points on the measurement scale. In the diagrams,
the top of the curve is at the process mean and most products are
at or close to the mean.
56 www.smmt.co.uk
LSL USL
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
www.smmt.co.uk 57
ii#41!.!.1
All versions of the index can be calcu lated from charted data (see
figure 8.2)
58 www.smmt.co.uk
LSL USL
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
www.smmt.co.uk 59
4ii!I.!.M
Note: 100% checking does not negate the need for or value of
charting.
60 www.smmt.co.uk
I
The next Section shows how indexes can be used to indicate the
approximate quantities of products likely to be outside tolerance.
Capability indexes are always greater than zero, they are often
between 1 and 2 and rarely are larger than 5.
www.smmt.co.uk 61
4'4!1.!.1
negative ZL/Zu values -0.1 , -0.2 , -0.3 1 -0.4 1-0.5 1 -0.6 1-0.7 1-0.8 1-0.9
% below/above tolerance I 62 73 82 88 93 96 98 99 99.6
The most recent point Action based on Process output based on historical process capability (Cpk)
indicate s that the
process is in control Less than 1.33 1.33- 1.67 Greater than 1.67
Has gone out of control 100% in spect 100% inspect product produced since la st in control sample
in and one or more
individuals in the sample
are outside spec ification
62 www.smmt.co. uk
I fill !I.!.M
7 Continuous improvement
Reduced common disturbances
,
I
I
I
I
6 Identify and action I In control,
opportunities I capable and
I centred
I
I
I
I
I
--1.
[ Suppliers' responsibilities ~
5 Set the process
In control and capable
I but not centr ed
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 4 Identify and correct problems
I In control but not capab le
I specia l disturbances prese nt
//
1
~_/
""'--+1----j-----\--""'""---
I
I
3 Identify and correct problems
Out of control and not capable
specia l disturbances present
~I
2 Gather data and draw a chart
I
1 1 Find out what the customer wants!
64 www.smmt.co.uk
I
mo.!.M
73 63 58 30 54 72 69 79 53 44 68 59 50 56 60 50 81 62 52 52 33 51 71 18 57
53 54 52 87 68 31 29 44 54 43 61 42 61 37 59 40 57 46 35 45 65 58 51 48 50
50 66 44 15 58 82 51 61 54 29 38 59 72 80 40 43 26 56 33 68 64 55 57 48 78
42 82 65 82 56 72 58 63 49 39 28 58 47 26 60 66 89 55 34 63 38 78 37 64 44
55 48 27 99 70 12 44 72 46 61 57 53 54 74 66 28 60 83 41 32 51 59 43 68 52
www.smmt.co.uk 65
I
IM!!.i,M
"'
.0
~
z
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Re corde d val ues
The picture shown in figure 10.2 is not very clea r because the
horizontal scale of units is too precise for t he small amount of
avai lable data.
To improve the picture, the data is put into not less than 8
convenient equal sized groups (figure 10.3). In this example, the
convenient group size is 10.
66 www.smmt.co. uk
Figure 10.4: A histogram of percentages from figure 10.3
30
20
10
10
Group
www.smmt. co.uk 67
I
Brainstorming
68 www.smmt.co.uk
I
mu.u;
Pareto analysis
The analys is is a way of separating the vital few from the useful
many, in other words, of prioritising actions. lt is named after Vi lfredo
Pareto, an Italian economist who first suggested the 80:20 rule,
The method requires data in the form of counted numbers and the
description in this brochu re focuses on fault incidences.
However, the method and the rule are equally applicable to costs,
stock-holdings and other problem criteria.
www.smmt.co.uk 69
li#41!.!.1
Re-set /
required ...________
~ I>; ~ /
Upper control line IUCL, ) for re-seHing
/ ' ~>--8- ---------
"'~
"'E
"'
l
IX
Re-set
carried out
- - - - - - - - One process cycle - - - - - - - - 1
70 www.smmt.co. uk
4iM!I.!.M
2 Average and con trol lines are drawn for the ranges plot and
provided the ranges are relatively stable (see section 72). a best-
fit line is drawn through the means plots.
4 The best-fit and sloping control lines are used for chart
interpretation as if they were conventional horizontal mean and
control lines. They must be re-positioned on the chart for each
process cycle.
www.smmtco.uk 71
lfu!!.UM
500
~ UCL,
2400 1 ---------------~A---------------------------~
"C
"'
.2
C>
"
~
X
300
200 LCL,
"'
C>
UCL
~
"=> 100
0
'C'
R
---~--------
::>
Un its
256 302 243 286 281 277 315 422 327 292 281 305 333 294
46 59 43 4 38 107 95 35 11 24 28 39
72 www.smmt.co. uk
4i41!.!.1
For the individuals plot, the mean line is at the average of the
measurements and upper and lower control lines are drawn at the
mean 3a.
u can be calculated from the mean range (see figure 5.3). the constant (d,) used in
the calcu lation is that for sample size 2.
For the ranges plot, mean and control lines are calculated and drawn
in the same way as for a conventional range chart (see section 5.5).
The constant (D.) used in control line calculation is that for sa mple size 2.
www.smmt.co.uk 73
lW!I.!.M
For sam ples above one, a conventional x&R chart (section 5.5) is
x
used with values that are zeroed sample ~eans (means minus
nom inal) and of course, the process mean (x) is zero.
74 www.smmt.co.uk
11.3:111ustration of a control chart for short production runs
25
- 18mm unit - 12mm un it _,_ 6mm unit
20
E
E 15
c:
0
v;
c:
.~ 10
D
:r Actual results
16.5 19 17 17.5 16.5 19.5 18 19.5 16.5 19 17.5 18.5 16 20.5 17 20 19 19.5 17 17.5 18.5 19 17
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
1.5 1 0.5 1.5 1.5 0 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 2 2.5 1 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1
UCL
~1---------------------------------------------~L~
CL
-6
Zeroed results
www.smmt.co.uk 75
li5ii.UM
The results from each person or facility are converted onto a scale
where the process mean is zero and the control chart LC L and UCL
are -3CT and +3CT respective ly.
In the midd le picture, the results have been separated by site, the
mean and standard deviation of each set has been calculated and
the resu lts have been converted to z
values'.
At the bottom is a standa rdi sed chart w here Z values are plotted .
For the first time it can be seen that the process aimed at
ach ieving consistency in product noise suffers from specia l
disturbances.
76 www.smmt.co. uk
4ifii!I.!.M
Combined results
u;
Q;
.0
;:;
::s"'
~
c; 40
z
20
Separated results
~ W ~ % ~ % W % % ~ ~ ~ H ~ % % ~ ~ ~ ~ % % ~
0.09 0.09 0.09 0.95 1.21 0.35 0.09 0.35 0.95 0.350.350.78 0.09 1.21 3.98 0.09 0.35 0.35 0.52 1.21 0.09 0.09 -0.35-1l.35 0.09
6
5
j +-------------------------~~-------------------U~C~L
2
~ 6~
-1 ~..LL.~
V
~.,. . . . --- 17 ~
~ -2 ~L
z -3 --~----------------------------------~~
-4
-5
-6
Standardised results
www.smmt.co. uk 77
Wi#4!1.!.1
Both attribute and variable cusum charts are used for monitoring and
for retrospective investigation of processes where changes in mean
values have particular importance, for example:
when any deviation from optimum must be detected.
when the point of any change needs to be identified.
78 www.smmt.co.uk
Figure 11.5: Illustrations of a cusum chart and a conventional run chart
250
- 200
E
"""
Q)
Q)
;; 150
0;
c.
"C
~ 100
~
c::
::::J
50
0
Week 10 15 20 25 30
Conventi onal run chart
119 149 108 116 136 169 182 131 205 142 187 21 1
105 135 94 102 122 155 168 117 191 128 179 174 118 173 197
2140 2245 2380 2474 2576 2698 2853 3021 3138 3329 3457 3636 3810 3928 4101 4298
300
Indications of mean level relative to target
- 100+-ro-r.-ro-r.-ro-r.-ro-ro-ro-ro-ro-..-,-,-,,-,.-,
Week 10 15 20 25 30
Cusum chart
www.smmt.co.uk 79
4ii!I.UI
This illustration shows a straight best-fit line and values at points where the best-fit line intersects
w ith other lines
VALUE - 26 0.05%
These va lues can be used to ca lcul ate a 'sna p-shot' estimate of capabi lity (see section 12.3)
- -
- -
- -
Class Tally chart I Li Li% x. - -
99.~
I I I I I I I I
140
130
120
110
90 1 99 I I I I I I I I 1 125 100 100
80 1 89 HH I Ill I I I I I I 8 124 99.2 90
70 1 79 HH I HH I I I I I I I 11 116 92.8 80
60 I 69 HH I HH I HH I HH I Ill I I I 23 105 84.0 70
50 I 59 HH I HH I HH I HH I HH I HH I HH I //// 39 82 65.6 60
40 I 49 HH I HH I HH I HH I I I I I 21 43 34.4 50
30 I 39 HH I HH I 11 I I I I I 12 22 17.6 40
20 I 29 HH I 1/ I I I I I I 7 10 8.0 30
10 19 Ill 3 3 2.4 20
10
--
0
- 10
I I I I I I I I - 20
I I I I I I I I -30 - lo-'"" --26
- r- 0.0
- r-
- 5cr
80 www.smmt.co.uk
m!!.!.M
0.2% 134
t51J
__j_
_J__
- 0.2 _J__
1o13 _ I_
--
99 87 99 5 99 98 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1005 0 003
I' '
I -:::.+- - 134
I
I
I .....-
-
I
I _I_ k--"':'"
-. USL
--
I I
I I
I I
I f.-" I
~I"'
I
1- 1- - - ----- - - - - - i-I - 54
--
I I
1--
I
I
LSL
I
0.13 0.5 1.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.5 99.87 99.997
x
Average of the two high est classes
(see section 12.11
Lf% ; (100 t 99.2)/2; 99.6
Xu ; (100 + 90)/2; 95
www.smmt.co.uk 81
IW!I.!.M
When the best-fit line through plots on normal probabil ity paper is
straight, it indicates that the data comes from a normal distribution,
which is the case of figure 12.1 and in figu re A on page 83.
The normal distribution is explai ned on page 65.
www.smmt.co.uk 83
Wi5!1.!.1
The specification limits, LSL and USL, are 0 and 100 respectively
therefore TOLERANCE is 100- 0 = 100 and NOM INAL = LSL +
tolerance/2 = 0 + 100/2 = 50
The difference between -5a and +5a is 134- (-26) = 160 = 10a
therefore PROCESS SPREAD is 160/10 x 6 = 96
u is the Greek lower case letter sigma equivalent to s in English, here it
signifies a standard deviation, process spread is six standa rd deviations and is
illustrated in figure 8.2.
84 www.smmt.co.uk
12.4 Capability Estimations for non normal Distributions
Mode
Mean
If prel imina ry work ind icates t hat a distribution is non normal, there
are four approaches which might be adopted.
www.smmt.co.uk 85
iffi!I.!.M
The mean of the distribution shown in figure 12.3 has little practical
use, however, the tail to the right of its mode is approximately
norma l.
Note: The mode is the value which occurs most often. lt does not
have a standard designation but x is commonly used.
86 www.smmt.co.uk
Third if necessary,
determine if a distribution other than normal will fit the data.
Amongst them is the use of probability papers other than the normal
paper, for example, the paper illustrated in figure 12.4 and in
Appendix J, page 124, wi ll give a straight best-fit line if the
distribution is an extreme skew.
Horizontal lines are drawn from the vertica l lin es/best-fit line
intersections, the Process Spread is the distance between them
on the vertical axis scale w hich is 95.5- 84.5 = 110 in figure 12.4.
Finally
if there is a very large amount of data (that is, thousands of results),
simply studying a histogram will usually give sufficient information
about Process Spread and its relationship to the tolerance band.
www.smmt.co.uk 87
fMii.UM
100 - -
99 - -
99.99 99.87 99 90 70 50 30 20 10
I
98
I
97
96 :
95
------ - +- -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - r-- - - - - - - - - -
94 I
I
93
92
I
i.,...o-' ..........
I
91
I
_.........
90
89
88
87
86
:
I
:I
........ .........
1..-o'
......... - _.,.,- ~
85 I ~
--- -- - ~ --
84 ...- I
83
I
82
I
81 I
80 ------------~
0 -~
01~0~.1~3- 10 30 50 70 80 90 95 97 9f
Lf% -
___J_
I
--t-
_1_
I
-----t-
1
-~ -
--+-
I
~
0.5 0.3 ----o:TI-
02 0.05 0.01
I
I
--- ---- ~ -
..., ,..- :
~ I
:
I
:
I
I
I
I
:
I
:
I
I
I
99.5 99.7 99.8 99.87 99.95 99.99
www.smmt.co.uk 89
13. Bibliography
The terms and symbols in this guide are widely accepted in
man ufacturing industry. However, readers should note that the texts
below sometimes use different conventions.
90 www.smmt.co.uk
International Organisation for Standardisation publications available
through British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road,
London, W4 4AL
ISO 7870 Control charts - General guide and int roduction
ISO 8258 Shewhart control charts
www.smmt.co.uk 91
14. Appendices
92 www.smmt.co.uk
Appendix A - Constants for Variables Control Charts
"'
"'
"'
:
-'"'= "'"'
:
g "''=
~c: c: "" "'
: -'"'= a: -'"'=
8 E
-gc:
8 ~ 8 ~ ~c: ~ ~ ~c:
~
.<:: "f3 ~ 8 8 8 8 8 8
.<:: u
:!:
u
"'c: u Q;
;;: ~ ~ ~ Q;
;;: ~
..
;;;
c.
"'
c:
"'E"'
"'
'0
"'
E
"'
:ii
"'
E
.5?
~u
"
~
c. c:
0
-r;
c:
0
~
.5?
1::::
"'u
c.
"
1::::
E a:
oll
a:
oll ~ "f3 0
~ ~
0
.<::
"f3"'
"' IX IX IX '-' '-' a: a:
"'
nT A2 A2 AJ BJ 84 C4 d2 DJ 04
2 1.880 1.880 2.659 3.267 0.798 1.128 0 3.267
3 1.023 1.187 1.954 2.568 0.886 1.693 0 2.574
4 0.729 0.796 1.628 2.266 0.921 2.059 2.282
5 0.577 0.691 1.427 0 2.089 0.940 2.326 2.114
0.483 0.548 1.287 0.030 1.970 0.952 2.534 2.004
0.419 0.508 1.182 0.11 8 1.882 0.959 2.704 0.076 1.924
0.373 0.433 1.099 0.185 1.815 0.965 2.847 0.136 1.864
0.337 0.412 1.032 0.239 1.761 0.969 2.970 0.184 1.816
10 0.308 0.362 0.975 0.284 1.716 0.973 3.078 0.223 1.777
11 0.285 0.927 0.321 1.679 0.975 3.173 0.256 1.744
12 0.266 0.886 0.354 1.646 0.978 3.258 0.283 1.717
13 0.249 0.850 0.382 1.618 0.979 3.336 0.307 1.693
14 0.235 0.817 0.406 1.594 0.981 3.407 0.328 1.672
15 0.223 0.789 0.428 1.572 0.982 3.472 0.347 1.653
16 0.212 0.763 0.448 1.552 0.984 3.532 0.363 1.637
17 0.203 0.739 0.466 1.534 0.985 3.588 0.378 1.622
18 0.194 0.718 0.482 1.518 0.985 3.640 0.391 1.608
19 0.187 0.698 0.497 1.503 0.986 3.689 0.403 1.597
20 0.180 0.680 0.510 1.490 0.987 3.735 0.415 1.585
21 0.173 0.663 0.523 1.477 0.988 3.778 0.425 1.575
22 0.167 0.647 0.534 1.466 0.988 3.819 0.434 1.566
23 0.162 0.633 0.545 1.455 0.989 3.858 0.443 1.557
24 0.157 0.619 0.555 1.445 0.989 3.895 0.451 1.548
25 0.153 0.606 0.565 1.435 0.990 3.931 0.459 1.541
www.smmt.co.uk 93
tO
~
)>
"C
"C
.,m
0n
m
Cll
Cll
(")
0
....
::1
.1~1
2.
(")
".L~ ;:r
I
~
""'"'
E:
.!E
"'-
E: "' j-l-';'-
~"'
IX
~~~
,,, J~-
0> /
""c:~ l. /
"
~
i"'
~
1:";.
._L l"":T7 ~
c:c t
~
"
I I I. I I I c I ,.
SHIFT I I A
DATE
TIME
BY
1 I "-' J I J ! J- *
0>
~
2
"
)_fi ~
"ll
.,,.
."'
c:
3
r--
!' ,_n l I t I 1 I .,, ,- ... f:l -<-'fr'
-2 4 :; 1 ~. ;(; .;__?1 .
1-
I I I I I"
LX " !; '
TI I I I
x ,/I I r' ..._"-!-t
R
'
EJ
Mean of xvalues; x .Zh 1 Mean of R values ; R n A2 DJ D. d2
cs:>
CJ1
tO
0')
c:
"'"'
E
~
"'
..!2_
.,
""~
<:::
!!!
<::>.
E;
~"'
cc
SHIFT
DATE
TIME
BY
., ..:.;:
1
2
"',.
.;, 3
<:::
-2. 4
X
5
Lx
X
Mean of xvalues = x Mean of R values= R n Az 03 o, dz
<0
-...J
4!1.!.1
lt can be hand drawn, using the form on page 100 when sample
sizes are smal l, but it is best used when sample sizes are 25 or
more units and computer programmes are available for calculation
and drawing.
where x1, x2,x3, etc are the values of units in the sample
www.smmt.co.uk 99
0
0
~ Location (geography)
3 Process (operation/machine)
a Component (part number)
"~
0
Feature
Checking media
Specification NOMINAL I TOLERA NCE
Sample SIZE I FREQUE NCY
"2
"'"'E;
~
"'-
E;
"'
~
IX
.,1:"'
c::~
"'c::
t;g
~~
~~
~ "'
"'
SHIFT
DATE
TIME
BY
1
2
"',."'
-'?
"'c::=
4
5
-2.
X
6
7
8
Ix
X
Mean of x values = x Mean of s values = s n AJ 83 s. c.
0
~
Appendix D - Median and Range Process Control Chart
.I
u.J
L)
>-
L)
zz
<(u.J
a:=>
~~
~ EE
f-f-
....a:
<(
::1:
(.)
I~
0
.....
0
a:
.... -
z ~
~ ---'
~I~
<(
0
(.)
Cl)
' : z~ u.J
N
Cl)
w :> :> 0z u;
(.)
0
a:
"- Q;
;:;:
~ '=
~ "f3 Q;
w
~
E "E
"'z
<(
c.
ro
c: c:"
0
ro
a: c, ~ ~ :;;
0
z
0 Q;
=., ., =
~
Q)
c. E
<( 2! ..:?. E
z c:
.,"' c:
~
C)
c:
~"' .,
:.;;: ;:;
cw ~"' "'"' c.
<( 0
c. <:!
.,
"' .,
"' .t
:::!: .....
0
0 E
0
(.) ....,"' ..c: c. E"'
(.) Cl) Cl)
6.,
(uue1paw atdwes) ~
102 www.smmt.co.uk
l J''
cc
1.\_lC'
'
' !";:
/
- /''
SHIFT ' A A A
' l ~
DATE ,. . I.
TIME '
BY
il
~
Mean of xvalues = x 1' J.~~ \J Mean of R values= R n A, 03 o, d,
xchart UCL = x+ A2R f ~(l-f R chart UCL = D4R 2 1.880 0 3.267 1.128
3 1.187 0 2.574 1.693
xchart LCL = x- A2R l: R chart LCL = D3R
4
5
0.796
0.691
0
0
2.282
2.114
2.059
2.326
Standard deviation = R/d2 c. cc n = sample size
I~
'!
<->
0
C:
"'"
0
w
0
.j:>
i3
~
"
0
i=
MEDIAN AND RANGE (x&R) PROCESS CONTROL CHART
"'"
Location (geography)
Process (operation/mac hi ne)
Component (part num ber)
Feature
Checking media
Specification NOMINAL I TOLERANCE
Sample SIZE I FREQUE NCY
""'"'
c:
.~
EO
~
"'-
EO
~"'
IX
Q;
g>
~
~
Cl.
t:
"'
~
c::
SHIFT
DATE
TIME
BY
il
R
x
Mean of values = x Mean of Rvalues = R n A, 03 o, d,
x
il chart UCL = + A2R R chart UCL = D4R 2 1.880 0 3.267 1.128
3 1.187 0 2.574 1.693
xchart LCL = x- A2R R chart LCL = D3R 4
5
0.796
0.691
0
0
2.282
2.114
2.059
2.326
Standard deviation = R/d2 n = sample size
i3
~
"~
0
0
c..n
0
0>
)>
"C
"C
~
p CHART (proportion of detectives) PROCESS CONTROL ~
:I
0..
~ Location (geography) il{o) ~~'
x
3 Process (operation/machine) ~~ b.1fk
;:; +11.11
m
0 Component (part number) oA.1fl{ t lJ.I.\bt-'(ti~ I
~ Feature 1.11.'1'1. r,-,,tldto!1
"0
0
Checking media s ~-,.1~pt ':1'
Ill
Specification 1 ,., ('ttl
I ~
'"'
Sample TARGET SIZE "0 l FREQUE NCY h .,t,. 0'
...
"V
0
"C
0
~
c;
:I
~
0
r ,.
.,:\ ;.
' ....
~ ~ ~
":-- ' ~-
!11
v Cx
1'
'\
1v
~
"'-
E
"'
~
~
1
c ~
c::
c .,
~
1--
e"'- ""
"'-
~
.,"' -
."'
<.> ~
I
~
"'
~
Q. -
/
/
"'
'
SHIFT
DATE
(
!
TIME
BY
n (sample size) " '
I (faulty units) :],'l -; 1
rl
''
,j
t-, "0 v 't"t, r...:: +~ l J,
i~
:::!
"'=
0
"'"
0
-...J
0
00
~E
~"'
<::>
<::
<::>
"'-
1:
"'-
"',.
;::;
~"
~"' !
c.
m!I.!.M
c: ~
c0">Q,)
e-5 ~
~~-c
~ "' "'
><><
tj - ~ ~
-.~'S ea
5: " "'
JSi-~
DD
~~
M
+
'"'-
11
M
I
'"'-
11
~
"' "'
=
I " "
E
E
c c
(.) (.)
......
~
::::> .3
~
;:
DD
lt:l. 1<::
11 11
..., "'
"'=
;;;
"'"'=
;;;
-~
.!1!
~
"' c: ? ...
> >
c:
- :!!: :!!:
)>
np CHART (number of defectives) PROCESS CONTROL "'C
~ location (geography)
Process (operation/machine)
"' .,, .,
l..l(pil14
"'C
ID
:l
c..
33
.... Component (part number) s ~-.At A ..,
)( '
"i::
0 Feature J. '.V~U.S I
...0'
z
c
3
C"
...
ID
,.
~ ... -0
0
"er~
_,....- ~
.,0 '\. Ill
~
Q.
e; ' '1
"'"'
.s ~
"'"'
.., 3t
"' :;.
~ " -
....""'"'
0
~ ~~
'-
.Q"'e; i
w
"'
-
~ 1t
(
' }.
,, . ,.
'
.g ""'~
C::::>
<0'-
e-s ~
~~ ~
-'"'"
'""""
(j ~ :g
_,.s~
S:C::<o
- JS~ ~
.?
'>
-
D[j
~
I~
I
9
~
~ I~
.; J
""+ ""
,.I
.. ..
I~
11 11
,..
~
: :
?
ec ec
0 0
"~ "~
.; ~- c.
c.
;:
\-
::::> ....
0
'
-
::;;
,.
-
G~
I~
"" "'
..""'
11
-.;
c::
11
c:~ i!l
..
'E .
;;;
c.
;;: !i ::E
~
> "
~
-
c
.,
::E
..c
"' Cl
"" "'
www.smmt.co.uk 111
N
j
3 np CHART (number of defectives) PROCESS CONTROL
:'1.
Location (geography)
"~
0
Process (operation/machine)
Component (part number)
Feature
Checking media
Specification I
Sample TARGET SIZE I FREQUE NCY
.!!2
~
~
.<;:
"'
~
"
.!!2
~
"-
"'...
"'
.<:>
E;
"'
-:::.
mn.uwl
""'
""'
~ ~
c"''-
.... "5 QJ
~ .!2 .E
~"'"'
"''"'""
G ~~
_, ~.,
!!:""'
~i ~
i
I
DD
~
I~
I
~
k ~
M M
+
I~ ,..!_
., 11
.,
11
:. ~
"E 0
E
0
=
c
0
"~ "~
a.
a. ::
:::> ....
0
DD
k
11
~
<::
~
"'
-;;" 11
www.smmt.co.uk 113
mn.u;
>-
'-'
z
LU
:::;)
c::J
LU
cc
u..
1---
_,
0
a:
....
z
0
u
"'"'u
UJ
0
...
a:
"'
:0
=.. c
.S!
"'"'
c "
:i:f:Q.
~ ~ E
..
..c a. "'
'"'"'"'
r:
0 ..,
114 www.smmt.co. uk
l. 11 "
' f -
I ----;-f-T "
J>. ~ "
~d
SHIFT
DATE 1' .1 ,, v ,,
TIME
BY
n (sample size) 1
Mean of n values = n
I 1C'
I fil
Lower control line =V- 3\1 If
I . I
J '-'
Draw LCL at zero
when thts calculatton
n gtves a negattve result
i3
a
"~
0
(J'I
~
Cl)
0
C: Process (operation/machine)
"'" Component (pa rt number)
Feature
Checking media
Specification I
Sample TARGET SIZE 1 FREQUENCY
~
~
~
.,.c:
"'....
"'<:>.
~
~"
~"'
SHIFT
DATE
TIME
BY
n (sample size)
c (faults)
u I= c + n)
i~
~
"
0
C:
"'"
-....!
Appendix H - c Chart for Number of Defects
- I
I
>-
'-'
ffi
::::> I
d
UJ
s:
-- 1~'--
I
\
.....
0
a:
I ]'
..... ; 1/
z
0
'"'
Cl)
Cl)
~
~t ~
UJ ' I f\
N
I
UJ
u; I ).-
'"'a:
0
a.. I
a;
.
"'
ti
-.;
...,
c::
~ Q;
I
~
E -E
:;- <=
'E ::>
Q; 0
c::
t., .,
..c
E
=
c,
0
~
Q; .e . =
:c I I\
-=- ~ c.
.. E
= = "'= ... E .5!
;;;
., .."'"' . ., .. ..
.....
a:
~ ~ :X ~ Q.
<
::t:
'"'"
.." " .,
E i3
o;
......" et .. ......
a.
.c a.
E
Cl) Cl)
I
'"' '"'
I
I
'>i ~ ~
I 'I
118 www.smmt.co.uk
SHIFT
DATE
TIME
BY
c (faults)
i3
~
"~
0
<.D
>-
'-'
z
UJ
:::>
d
UJ
a:
f---1---
....
0
a:
1-
z
0
(.)
en UJ
en ~
w V)
(.)
0
a:
0..
Q>
E
.," c:
~ Q;
o;
"C
:;;. E ..cE
'E c: E
...
Q;
E
-"'
Q.
~
g
., );;
.0
"'Q; .:;:,
.
:c., c
=
..::. .!'!? .s c.,
Q.
E .5!
en <i
1-
a:
c(
:1:
c
0
~
.,"'"'
c
0
a.
..
E :.;;
c: .!::!
s., .," :!::.," ....,.
" "
(.) 0 E E
" .... et
0 0
(.) .... .::: ena.
(.) en
120 www.smmt.co.uk
SHIFT
DATE
TIME
BY
c (faults)
~
3
a<>
0
~
Appendix I - Normal Probability Paper
CAPABLITV ASSESSMENT ~
f---- f-
for feature with normal distribution f---- f-
f------ -
f---- r-
f---- r-
xu is the class upper boundary f-
f------
Class Tally chart I ~I Lf%
- -
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
I I
I I I I I .I I I
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
f---- t--
f------ I -
f---- t--
f---- I -
f------ I -
f---- t--
f---- I -
L _ _- I-
- 5rr
MEASURED VALUES
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 111 116 121
122 www.smmt.co.uk
4Mii.UM
REPORT
Date t5rr
- -
- -
Delete as appropriate
- -
- -
CAPABLE
I NOTCAPABLE
I SffiiNG ON NOMINAL I SETIING OFF NOMINAL - -
- -
- -
9.997 99.87 99.5 99 98 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1.0 0.5 0.13 0.003 - -
I
I
I
.003 0.13 0.5 1.0 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.5 99.87 99.997
l:l%
INFORMATION SUMMARY
www.smmt.co.uk 123
Appendix J - Probability Paper for Extreme Skew Distribution
I I
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
I I
1---
r---
r---
r---
r---
MEASURED VALUES
I 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 111 116 121
124 www.smmt.co.uk
4ff4!1.!.1
REPORT
Location (geography)
Process (or operation)
Equipment (or machine)
Produ ct (or component)
Feature
Performed by Date
Delete as appropriate
CAPABLE NOT CAPABLE SETTING ON NO MINAL SETTI NG OFF NOMINAL
-t-
--t-
--t-
-r
I
_L
99 9987 99 90 70 50 30 20 10 05 or-olr 0 13 0 05 0 01
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
!0- 1 10 30 50 70 80 90 95 97 98 99 99.5 99.7 99.8 99.87 99.95 99.99
----L
-l- l:f%
-1-
-+-
-t- INFORMATION SUMMARY
-----J-
--r- Up pe r specification limit u
0.13 Nominal N
Lower spec ifi catio n limit L
Xu at line/99.87 pe rcentile A
Xu at line/0.13 pe rcentil e B
Process spread I= A- B) p
Tolerance band I= U- L) T
Capability index I= T/PI C,
Proc ess mode X
Process setting I= x- NI
% above specifi ca tion
% below spec ifi cation
www.smmt.co.uk 125
15. Subject Index
Topics and Terms Page Topics and Terms Page
AMM 71 customers 9
assignable causes 11 detectives charts 40
attributes charts 28, 42 defects charts 40
average movement of the mean 71 distribution 65
c chart 43, 118 disturbances 11
capability estimation (snap-shot) 84 disturbance elimination 52
capa bility indexes 85 executive role 20
capability index interpretation 60 expectation 12
centring 53 facilitators 20
chance causes 11 fact -holders 20
chart design 28 frequency table (illustrated) 66
chart for moving mean 71 histogram (illustrated) 66, 67
chart for sample size of one 72 individuals and moving range chart 72
chart for small batch runs 74 lim its 12, 60
chart pattern interpretation 44 management ro le 20
chart pattern chance occurrence 52 mean and range chart 35, 94
chart scales 29 mean and standard deviation chart 37, 99
charting purpose 25 mean 14
charting strategy 21 median and range chart 38, 102
charting summary 23 mode 14
Cm, Cp and Pp 58 nominal 12
Cmk, Cpk and Ppk 59 non normal distribution 85
co-ordinators 20 non normal process spread 87
common disturbances 11 normal 84
control lines 30 normal distribution (check for) 67
cusum chart 78 np chart 43, 110
126 www.smmt.co.uk
Topics and Terms Page Topics and Terms Page
www.smmt.co.uk 127
Other publications available
from the SMMT
Process Management
A Guide For Business Improvement