Worked example 6.

1: one-way slab

In the present exercise, the procedure for calculating a one-way slab is walked
through. The considered rectangular slab is supported on two edges.

DATA .............................................................................................................. 3

DESIGN CALCULATIONS ................................................................................. 4

Estimation of the slab thickness 4

Loads 4
Characteristic values: ............................................................................................... 4
Design values for ULS: ............................................................................................. 4

Sagging moment 5
Main bottom reinforcement 6
ULS Primary bottom reinforcement ............................................................................ 6
Secondary bottom reinforcement (see 11.2.5.2)........................................................ 6
Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas .............................................................. 7
Choice of bottom reinforcement ................................................................................. 8

Verifications for the SLS 9

SECOND DESIGN CALCULATIONS.................................................................. 12

New choice of the slab thickness 12

Flow of loads 12
Characteristic values: ............................................................................................. 12
Design values for ULS: ........................................................................................... 12

Sagging moment 12
Main bottom reinforcement 13
ULS Primary bottom reinforcement .......................................................................... 13
Secondary bottom reinforcement ............................................................................. 13
Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas ............................................................ 14
Choice of bottom reinforcement ............................................................................... 15
Detailing of the bottom reinforcement ...................................................................... 16

Verifications for the SLS 17

a. SLS Stresses in concrete and steel ....................................................................... 17
b. SLS Crack opening ............................................................................................. 18
c. SLS Deflection ................................................................................................... 19

Upper reinforcement 20
Primary upper reinforcement (see 11.2.6.4) ........................................................... 20
Secondary upper reinforcement ............................................................................... 20
Choice of upper reinforcement................................................................................. 20

Shear reinforcement 21

CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 21

Thickness 21

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 1/22

 Bottom reinforcement 21
Upper reinforcement 21
No shear reinforcement 21
Drawing 22

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 2/22

 DATA

A slab with dimensions 5 m x 6 m is simply supported by beams on the two long

edges.
The two short edges are free.
As a consequence, the loads on the slab are transferred along the short direction to
the beams.

x
6m

5m

Material properties and loads:

Concrete: C 30/37
Steel: BE 500
Concrete cover: 25 mm

Surfacing and covering: 2,5 kN/m2

Service load: 3 kN/m2

The slab is located inside a residential building.

The loads are considered to be applied 28 days after casting.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 3/22

 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Estimation of the slab thickness

( 5.5.2 Table 5.5.2-2; Table 7.4N in EN 1992-1-1:2004)

We assume a light reinforcement and thus low stresses in the concrete ( = 0.5 %).

l
Starting from the (very conservative) condition of limited deflection: 20
d
with l = 5 m, we get d 25 cm

Since thickness h = d + cover + diameter of bars,

h = 250 mm + 25 mm + 20/2 mm = 285 mm if diameter is 20 mm

Lets take:
h = 29 cm

This thickness is very large, but for a first approach we will adopt it.
We will come back to this subject later (see SLS of deflection).

Loads

Characteristic values:

Permanent loads:

Self-weight of slab: 0,29 m x 25 kN/m = 7,25 kN/m

Covering and screed: 2,50 kN/m
Total = 9,75 kN/m
Variable loads:

Service load: 3,00 kN/m

Design values for ULS:

g = 1,35 9,75 kN/m x 1,35 = 13,16 kN/m

q = 1,50 3 kN/m2 x 1,50 = 4,5 kN/m

gd = 13,16 kN/m
qd = 4,50 kN/m

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 4/22

 Sagging moment
(see 11.2)

The slab can be calculated as if it was a statically determinate beam of

width b = 1 m / height h = 29 cm / span l = 5 m.

1m B

Strip of 1 m

A A

x
6m

5m B

Section A

qd
gd

5m

Section B
0,29m

1m
6m

(13,16 kN/m + 4,50 kN/m) (5 m)2

mx = = 55,19 kNm/m
8

mx = 55,19 kNm/m

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 5/22

 Main bottom reinforcement

ULS Primary bottom reinforcement

The area of reinforcement is calculated with the reduced moment:

Md md
d = =
b d fcd
2
d fcd
2

Primary = principal = x-direction md = mx = 55,19 kNm/m

30 MPa
C 30/37 fck = 30 MPa fcd = 0,85. = 17 MPa
1,5
500 MPa
BE 500 fyk = 500 MPa fyd = = 435 MPa
1,15
d = 250 mm

One finds:
55.190 Nmm/mm
d = = 0,052 << lim = 0,371 OK
(250 mm) 17 N/mm

Table A.4.2.3.7-a gives:

= 0,054 and = 0,110 = x/d << 0,45 (ductility) OK

Since
As fyd
=
b d fcd
One finds
Asx fcd 17
= d = 0,054 250 mm = 528 mm2 /m
b fyd 435
Asx / b = 528 mm/m

This area allows us to check the geometrical reinforcement ratio:

As 528 mm
= = = 0,0021 = 0,21% < 0,5%
b d 1000 mm 250 mm

The hypothesis of lightly stressed concrete is thus correct (see slab thickness).

Secondary bottom reinforcement (see 11.2.5.2)

Due to Poisson effects, a secondary reinforcement should be placed in the transversal

direction. According to Eurocode 2, the area of this reinforcement should not be
smaller than 20% of the main reinforcement.

Asy A
= 0,2. sx = 0,2.528 mm/m = 106 mm/m
b b
Asy / b = 106 mm/m

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 6/22

 Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas
(see 6.1.1)

The same rules as for beams are applied for the detailing of the main reinforcement.

a. The reinforcement area should be larger than:

A s, min fctm 2,9 MPa

= 0,26. .d = 0,26 .250 mm = 377 mm/m OK
b fyk 500 MPa
As, min
= 0,0013 . d = 0,0013 . 250 mm = 325 mm/m OK
b
A ct
A s,min. = k c k fct,eff. (minimum reinforcement to control cracking)
s

Where: (see 5.4.2)

k c = 0,4 : simple bending without axial forces

k = 1: for h 30 cm
fct,eff. = fctm = 2,9 MPa
h
A ct = b = 145 mm . 1000 mm = 145 000 mm
2
s = fyk = 500 MPa

A s, min 145 mm
= 0,4 1 2,9 MPa = 336 mm/m OK
b 500 MPa

Asmin / b = 377 mm/m

The required bottom reinforcement (528 mm/m) is larger than the minimum
reinforcement (377 mm/m). The conditions are fulfilled.

b. The reinforcement area should be smaller (outside lap locations) than:

A s, max
= 0,04 h = 0,04 . 290 mm = 11 600 mm/m OK
b

Asmax / b = 11 600 mm/m

The required bottom reinforcement (528 mm/m) is smaller than the maximum
reinforcement (11 600 mm/m). The condition is fulfilled.

c. The spacing should be smaller than:

min [1,5.h ; 250 mm] = 250 mm for the principal reinforcement (x)
min [2,5.h ; 400 mm] = 400 mm for the secondary reinforcement (y)

sxmax = 250 mm
symax = 400 mm

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 7/22

 Choice of bottom reinforcement
(similar table 4.2.5 - 1)
The required area in the principal (x) direction is thus 528 mm/m.
The required area in the secondary (y) direction is thus 106 mm/m.

The different possibilities are the following (x=green; y=blue):

spacing
number

AREA (mm/m)
Diameter (mm)
- cm 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
20 5 565 1005 1571 2262 4021 6283 9817 16085 25133
17 6 471 838 1309 1885 3351 5236 8181 13404 20944
14 7 404 718 1122 1616 2872 4488 7012 11489 17952
13 8 353 628 982 1414 2513 3927 6136 10053 15708
11 9 314 559 873 1257 2234 3491 5454 8936 13963
10 10 283 503 785 1131 2011 3142 4909 8042 12566
9,1 11 257 457 714 1028 1828 2856 4462 7311 11424
8,3 12 236 419 654 942 1676 2618 4091 6702 10472
7,7 13 217 387 604 870 1547 2417 3776 6187 9666
7,1 14 202 359 561 808 1436 2244 3506 5745 8976
6,7 15 188 335 524 754 1340 2094 3272 5362 8378
6,3 16 177 314 491 707 1257 1963 3068 5027 7854
5,9 17 166 296 462 665 1183 1848 2887 4731 7392
5,6 18 157 279 436 628 1117 1745 2727 4468 6981
5,3 19 149 265 413 595 1058 1653 2584 4233 6614
5 20 141 251 393 565 1005 1571 2454 4021 6283
4,8 21 135 239 374 539 957 1496 2337 3830 5984
4,5 22 129 228 357 514 914 1428 2231 3656 5712
4,3 23 123 219 341 492 874 1366 2134 3497 5464
4,2 24 118 209 327 471 838 1309 2045 3351 5236
4 25 113 201 314 452 804 1257 1963 3217 5027
3,3 30 94 168 262 377 670 1047 1636 2681 4189
2,9 35 81 144 224 323 574 898 1402 2298 3590
2,5 40 71 126 196 283 503 785 1227 2011 3142

For the principal reinforcement:

- Diameter 8 mm every 9 cm (= 559 mm/m) close bars
- Diameter 10 mm every 14 cm (= 561 mm/m) OK
- Diameter 12 mm every 21 cm (= 539 mm/m) OK, but spacing is quite large

We choose the intermediate solution, which is diameter 10 mm every 14 cm.

For the secondary reinforcement:

- Diameter 6 mm every 25 cm (= 113 mm/m) OK
- Diameter 8 mm every 40 cm (= 126 mm/m) OK

We choose the smallest section, which is diameter 6 mm every 25 cm.

X: 10/140
Y: 6/250
Remarks:
The chosen diameter for the principal reinforcement is well smaller than 20 mm, which
was assumed to determine the thickness of the slab.
The exact value of the effective depth is d = h -25 mm 10 mm /2 = 260 mm.
In practice, the spacing is often taken as a multiple of 50 mm. But lets keep 140 mm.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 8/22

 Verifications for the SLS

a. SLS Stresses in concrete and steel (see 5.3)

One has to check the following conditions:

s 0,8.fyk under the characteristic combination of loads

c 0,6.fck under the characteristic combination of loads
c 0,45.fck under the quasi-permanent combination of loads

Characteristic combination of loads:

g = 9,75 kN/m
q = 3,00 kN/m

(9,75 kN/m + 3,00 kN/m) (5 m)2

mx, char = = 39,84 kNm/m
8

The stresses are given by:

x/3

Mx,char
s,char =
A sx .z
2.M x,char
c,char =
b.x.z

Where:

Mx, char = mx, char.b = 39,84 kNm

2
.A s x .A sx d
x= + + 2.. sx .
b b b
Es
= = 15
Ec
z = d x/3

Thus:
2
15.561 mm 15.561 mm 260 mm
x= + + 2.15.561 mm. = 58 mm
1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm
z = 260 mm 58 mm/3 = 240 mm

And finally:

39 840 000 Nmm

s, char = = 296 N/mm < 0,8 . 500 N/mm = 400 N/mm OK
561 mm.240 mm
2 . 39 840 000 Nmm
c, char = = 5,72 N/mm < 0,6.30 N/mm = 18 N/mm OK
1000 mm . 58 mm . 240 mm

Both conditions are satisfied.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 9/22

 Quasi-permanent combination of loads:

g = 9,75 kN/m
0,3.q = 0,3.3 kN/m = 0,9 kN/m

(9,75 kN/m + 0,9 kN/m) (5 m)2

mx, qp = = 33,28 kNm/m
8

The stress is given by:

2.M x, qp
c,qp =
b.x.z

Where:

Mx, qp = mx, qp.b = 33,28 kNm

x = 58 mm
z = 240 mm

And finally:

2 . 33 280 000 Nmm

c,qp = = 4,78 N/mm < 0,45.30 N/mm = 13,5 N/mm OK
1000 mm . 58 mm .240 mm

The condition is satisfied.

b. SLS Crack opening (see 5.4)

One has to limit either the diameter either the spacing of the bars to values which are
given by tables in function of the steel stress under the quasi-permanent combination
of loads:

Mx, qp 33 280 000 Nmm

s, qp = = = 247 N/mm
A sx.z 561 mm.240 mm

The tables 5.4.3-1 & 2 give, for a crack opening of 0,3 mm:

Maximum diameter = 15,3 mm OK

Maximum spacing = 191 mm OK

Since only one of the conditions has to be satisfied, the SLS of cracking is verified.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 10/22

 c. SLS Deflection (see 9.2)

The thickness of the slab was chosen with the limit value of l/d that is given in table
5.5.2-2 (5.5.2). This value guarantees that the deflection of the slab under quasi-
permanent loads is smaller than span/250, but is rather conservative.

We will now make the explicit calculation of this deflection to see if we could reduce
the thickness of the slab, which is very large.

The deflection can be expressed by:

fqp = (1 )fI + .fII

Where:
5 Mqp.l
fI = is the deflection of the uncracked slab
48 Ec,ef .II
5 Mqp.l
fII = is the deflection of the fully cracked slab
48 Ec,ef .III
2
M
= 1 . r with = 0,5
Mqp

Mqp = 33,28 kNm
fctm.II
Mr =
h xI

We wont detail these long calculations here, but we give the principal results :

= 2,34
Ec,ef = 9550 N/mm
= 20,94
xI = 149 mm
II = 2,182.109 mm4
Mr = 44,97 kNm

As Mqp is smaller than Mr, the section is not cracked, which shows that the thickness is
very large, and
fqp = fI

One finds:
5 33 280 000 Nmm . (5000 mm)
f fI = . = 4,16 mm << 5000 mm = 20 mm
48 9 550 N/mm . 2,182 . 10 9 mm 4 250

We see, as predicted, that the deflection is very small, which means that the chosen
thickness is really too large. This is not an economical choice of thickness, and we
have to choose a smaller one.
Once this choice is made, the slab has to be completely recalculated, because the
loads are smaller, and the effective depth is also smaller.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 11/22

 SECOND DESIGN CALCULATIONS

New choice of the slab thickness

Lets now take a more realistic thickness :

h = 21 cm

Flow of loads

Characteristic values:

Permanent loads:

Self-weight of slab: 0,21 m x 25 kN/m = 5,25 kN/m

Surfacing and covering: 2,50 kN/m
Total = 7,75 kN/m
Variable loads:

Service load: 3,00 kN/m

Design values for ULS:

g = 1,35 7,75 kN/m x 1,35 = 10,5 kN/m

q = 1,50 3 kN/m2 x 1,50 = 4,5 kN/m

gd = 10,5 kN/m
qd = 4,5 kN/m

Sagging moment

The slab is calculated as a statically determinate beam of width b = 1 m, height h =

21 cm, and span l = 5 m.

(10,5 kN/m + 4,50 kN/m) (5 m)

2
mx = = 46,76 kNm/m
8

mx = 46,76 kNm/m

One can notice that the bending moment is quite smaller, which indicates that the self
weight is an important part of the load.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 12/22

 Main bottom reinforcement

ULS Primary bottom reinforcement

The area of reinforcement is calculated with the reduced moment:

Md md
d = =
b d fcd
2
d fcd
2

Primary = principal = x-direction md = mx = 46,76 kNm/m

30 MPa
C 30/37 fck = 30 MPa fcd = 0,85. = 17 MPa
1,5
500 MPa
BE 500 fyk = 500 MPa fyd = = 435 MPa
1,15
d = 210 mm 25 mm 20/2 mm = 175 mm if the diameter is maximum 20 m

One finds:
46 758 Nmm/mm
d = = 0,0898 << lim = 0,371 OK
(175 mm) 17 N/mm

Table A.4.2.3.7-a gives:

= 0,0951 and = 0,152 = x/d << 0,45 (ductility) OK

Since
As fyd
=
b d fcd
One finds
A sx fcd 17
= d = 0,0951 175 mm = 650 mm2 /m
b fyd 435

Asx / b = 650 mm/m

One can notice that the big reduction of the effective depth (250 to 175 mm : -30%)
does not lead to a so big increase of the reinforcement area (528 to 650 mm/m :
+23%). The reason is that the loads also have reduced with the thickness.
This shows how the choice of thickness is important from the economical point of
view.

Secondary bottom reinforcement

Due to Poisson effects, a secondary reinforcement should be placed in the transversal

direction. According to Eurocode 2, the area of this reinforcement should not be
smaller than 20% of the main reinforcement.

A sy A
= 0,2. sx = 0,2 . 650 mm/m = 130 mm/m
b b

Asy / b = 130 mm/m

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 13/22

 Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas

a. The reinforcement area should be larger than:

A s, min f 2,9 MPa

= 0,26. ctm .d = 0,26 .175 mm = 236 mm/m OK
b fyk 500 MPa
A s, min
= 0,0013.d = 0,0013 . 175 mm = 227 mm/m OK
b
A ct
A s,min. = k c k fct,eff. (minimum reinforcement to control cracking)
s

Where: (see 5.4.2)

k c = 0,4 (simple bending without axial forces)

k =1
fct,eff. = fctm. = 2,9 MPa
h
A ct = b = 105 mm . 1000 mm = 105 000 mm
2
s = fyk = 500 MPa

A s, min 105 mm
= 0,4 1 2,9 MPa = 244 mm/m OK
b 500 MPa

Asmin / b = 244 mm/m

The required bottom reinforcement (650 mm/m) is larger than the minimum
reinforcement (244 mm/m). The conditions are fulfilled.

b. The reinforcement area should be smaller (outside lap locations) than:

A s, max
= 0,04 h = 0,04.210 mm = 8 400 mm/m OK
b

Asmax / b = 8 400 mm/m

The required bottom reinforcement (627 mm/m) is smaller than the maximum
reinforcement (8 800 mm/m). The condition is fulfilled.

c. The spacing should be smaller than:

In the middle of the span which is a region with maximum moment:

min [1,5.h ; 250 mm] = 250 mm for the principal reinforcement (x)
min [2,5.h ; 400 mm] = 400 mm for the secondary reinforcement (y)

sxmax = 250 mm
symax = 400 mm

Anywhere else:
min [2,5.h ; 400 mm] = 400 mm for the principal reinforcement (x)
min [3.h ; 450 mm] = 450 mm for the secondary reinforcement (y)

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 14/22

 Choice of bottom reinforcement

The required area in the principal (x) direction is thus 650 mm/m.
The required area in the secondary (y) direction is thus 130 mm/m.

The different possibilities are the following (x=green; y=blue):

spacing
number

AREA (mm/m)
Diameter (mm)
- cm 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
20 5 565 1005 1571 2262 4021 6283 9817 16085 25133
17 6 471 838 1309 1885 3351 5236 8181 13404 20944
14 7 404 718 1122 1616 2872 4488 7012 11489 17952
13 8 353 628 982 1414 2513 3927 6136 10053 15708
11 9 314 559 873 1257 2234 3491 5454 8936 13963
10 10 283 503 785 1131 2011 3142 4909 8042 12566
9,1 11 257 457 714 1028 1828 2856 4462 7311 11424
8,3 12 236 419 654 942 1676 2618 4091 6702 10472
7,7 13 217 387 604 870 1547 2417 3776 6187 9666
7,1 14 202 359 561 808 1436 2244 3506 5745 8976
6,7 15 188 335 524 754 1340 2094 3272 5362 8378
6,3 16 177 314 491 707 1257 1963 3068 5027 7854
5,9 17 166 296 462 665 1183 1848 2887 4731 7392
5,6 18 157 279 436 628 1117 1745 2727 4468 6981
5,3 19 149 265 413 595 1058 1653 2584 4233 6614
5 20 141 251 393 565 1005 1571 2454 4021 6283
4,8 21 135 239 374 539 957 1496 2337 3830 5984
4,5 22 129 228 357 514 914 1428 2231 3656 5712
4,3 23 123 219 341 492 874 1366 2134 3497 5464
4,2 24 118 209 327 471 838 1309 2045 3351 5236
4 25 113 201 314 452 804 1257 1963 3217 5027
3,3 30 94 168 262 377 670 1047 1636 2681 4189
2,9 35 81 144 224 323 574 898 1402 2298 3590
2,5 40 71 126 196 283 503 785 1227 2011 3142

For the principal reinforcement:

- Diameter 8 mm every 7 cm (= 718 mm/m) very close bars
- Diameter 10 mm every 12 cm (= 654 mm/m) OK
- Diameter 12 mm every 17 cm (= 665 mm/m) OK

We choose the intermediate and most economical solution, which is diameter 10 mm

every 12 cm.

For the secondary reinforcement:

- Diameter 6 mm every 21 cm (= 135 mm/m) OK
- Diameter 8 mm every 35 cm (= 144 mm/m) OK

We choose diameter 6 mm every 21 cm.

X: 10/120
Y: 6/210
Remarks:
The chosen diameter for the principal reinforcement is well less than 20 mm, which
was assumed to determine the effective depth of the slab.
The exact value of the effective depth is d = h -25 mm 10 mm /2 = 180 mm.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 15/22

 Detailing of the bottom reinforcement

The primary reinforcement area can be reduced to 50% near the supports.

50% of 650 mm/m = 325 mm/m

So 1 bar of 2 can be stopped before the support.

The position where this bar can be stopped has to be determined in function of
- the shift rule applied to the diagram of bending moment
- the anchorage length
For this, see the previous sessions about beams.

Since the secondary reinforcement is 20% of the primary one, it could be reduced to:

20% of 325 mm/m = 65 mm/m

We choose diameter 6 mm every 42 cm (67,5 mm/m).

At the ends (on the supports), the reinforcement is thus:

X: 10/240
Y: 6/420

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 16/22

 Verifications for the SLS

a. SLS Stresses in concrete and steel

One has to check the following conditions:

s 0,8.fyk under the characteristic combination of loads

c 0,6.fck under the characteristic combination of loads
c 0,45.fck under the quasi-permanent combination of loads

Characteristic combination of loads:

g = 7,75 kN/m
q = 3,00 kN/m

(7,75 kN/m + 3,00 kN/m) (5 m)

2
m x, char = = 33,59 kNm/m
8

The stresses are given by:

Mx,char
s,char =
A sx .z
2.M x, char
c, char =
b.x.z

Where:

Mx,char = mx,char .b = 33,59 kNm

2
.A s x .A sx d
x= + + 2.. sx .
b b b
Es
= = 15
Ec
z = d x/3

Thus:
2
15.654 mm 15.654 mm 180 mm
x= + + 2.15.654 mm. = 50 mm
1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm
z = 180 mm 50 mm/3 = 163 mm

And finally:

33 593 750 Nmm

s, char = = 315 N/mm < 0,8 . 500 N/mm = 400 N/mm OK
654 mm. 163 mm

2 . 33 593 750 Nmm

c,char = = 8,24 N/mm < 0,6.30 N/mm = 18 N/mm OK
1000 mm . 50 mm .163 mm

The conditions are satisfied.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 17/22

 Quasi-permanent combination of loads:

g = 7,75 kN/m
0,3.q = 0,3.3 kN/m = 0,9 kN/m

(7,75 kN/m + 0,9 kN/m) (5 m)

2
m x, qp = = 27,0 kNm/m
8

The stress is given by:

2.M x, qp
c, qp =
b.x.z

Where:

Mx,qp = mx,qp.b = 27,0 kNm

x = 50 mm
z = 163 mm

And finally:

2 . 27 031 000 Nmm

c,qp = = 6,63 N/mm < 0,45.30 N/mm = 13,5 N/mm OK
1000 mm . 50 mm . 163 mm

The condition is satisfied.

b. SLS Crack opening

One has to limit either the diameter either the spacing of the bars to values which are
given by tables in function of the steel stress under the quasi-permanent combination
of loads:

M x, qp 27 031 000 Nmm

s, qp = = = 253 N/mm
A sx .z 654 mm . 163 mm

The tables 5.4.3-1 & 2 give, for a crack opening of 0,3 mm:

Maximum diameter = 14,7 mm OK

Maximum spacing = 184 mm OK

Since only one of the conditions has to be satisfied, the SLS of cracking is verified.

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 18/22

 c. SLS Deflection

As the thickness of the slab doesnt respect the limit value of l/d that is given in table
5.5.2-2 (5.5.2), we now have to make the explicit calculation of the deflection under
quasi-permanent loads to see if the reduced thickness of the slab still verifies the
condition of span/250.

The deflection can be expressed by:

fqp = (1 )fI + .fII

Where:
5 Mqp.l
fI = is the deflection of the uncracked slab
48 Ec,ef .II
5 Mqp.l
fII = is the deflection of the fully cracked slab
48 Ec,ef .III
2
M
= 1 . r with = 0,5
Mqp

Mqp = 27,0 kNm
fctm.II
Mr =
h xI
We give the principal results :

= 2,43
Ec,ef = 9 303 N/mm
= 21,50
xI = 110 mm
II = 0,846.109 mm4
xII = 58 mm
III = 0,274.109 mm4
Mr = 24,43 kNm

One finds:

2
24,43kNm
= 1 0,5. = 0,59
27,0kNm
5 27 031 000 Nmm . (5 000 mm)
fI = . = 8,9 mm
48 9 303 N/mm . 0,846 . 10 9 mm 4
5 27 031 000 Nmm . (5 000 mm)
fII = . = 27,6 mm
48 9 303 N/mm . 0,274 . 10 9 mm 4

And finally:

fqp = 0,41.8,9 mm + 0,59.27,6 mm = 19,9 mm < 5000 mm = 20 mm OK

250

The chosen thickness is now perfect!

For information,
- with a slab thickness of 20 cm, the deflection would have been 21,7 mm
- with a slab thickness of 22 cm, the deflection would have been 17,6 mm

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 19/22

 Upper reinforcement

Primary upper reinforcement (see 11.2.6.4)

Due to accidental hogging moments, a top reinforcement has to be provided above the
supports. According to Eurocode 2, the area of this reinforcement should not be
smaller than 25% of the main reinforcement.

A sX A
= 0,25. sx = 0,25 . 650 mm/m = 162 mm/m
b b

AsX / b = 162 mm/m

This area has to be provided on a length of 0,2 . 5 m=1 m from the supporting edge.

Secondary upper reinforcement

A repartition reinforcement should be placed in the perpendicular direction (thus

parallel to the supports). According to Eurocode 2, the area of this reinforcement
should not be smaller than 20% of the main reinforcement.

A sY A
= 0,20. sX = 0,2 . 162 mm/m = 32 mm/m
b b

AsY / b = 32 mm/m

The spacing should be smaller than:

min [2,5.h ; 400 mm] = 400 mm for the principal reinforcement (X)
min [3.h ; 450 mm] = 450 mm for the secondary reinforcement (Y)

sxmax = 400 mm
symax = 450 mm

Choice of upper reinforcement

We choose:

diameter 8 mm every 30 cm (168 mm/m) for the principal direction

diameter 6 mm every 45 cm (63 mm/m) for the secondary direction

X: 8/300
Y: 6/450

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 20/22

 Shear reinforcement

To be complete, we have to check if a shear reinforcement is needed, that is to say,

that:

vEd 1,25.vRd,c

Where
(10,5 kN/m + 4,50 kN/m) (5 m)
v Ed = = 37,5 kN/m
2

v Rd,c =
VRd,c
b
[ ]
= 0,12 . k . (100 . . fck )1/3 + 0,15 . cp . d

With
200
k =1+ = 2,054 2 2
180
0,5 . 654 mm
= = 0,001817 at the end of the span (on the supports)
180 mm . 1000 mm

Thus

[ ]
vRd,c = 0,12 . 2 . (100 . 0,0018. 30)1/3 + 0,15 . 0 . 180 = 76,0 kN/m

The slab does not need any shear reinforcement.

CONCLUSIONS

Thickness
h = 21 cm

Bottom reinforcement
X: 10/120
Y: 6/210
In the middle of the span.
X: 10/240
Y: 6/420
At the ends of the span

Upper reinforcement
X: 8/300
Y: 6/450
Only on the first and last 1 m of the span.

No shear reinforcement

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 21/22

 Drawing

6/450

6/450
1m 1m

8/300 10/240 8/300

10/240
6/420

6/210

Design of concrete structures One-way slab - 30th nov. 2016 22/22