Beruflich Dokumente
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1: one-way slab
In the present exercise, the procedure for calculating a one-way slab is walked
through. The considered rectangular slab is supported on two edges.
DATA .............................................................................................................. 3
Sagging moment 5
Main bottom reinforcement 6
ULS Primary bottom reinforcement ............................................................................ 6
Secondary bottom reinforcement (see 11.2.5.2)........................................................ 6
Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas .............................................................. 7
Choice of bottom reinforcement ................................................................................. 8
Sagging moment 12
Main bottom reinforcement 13
ULS Primary bottom reinforcement .......................................................................... 13
Secondary bottom reinforcement ............................................................................. 13
Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas ............................................................ 14
Choice of bottom reinforcement ............................................................................... 15
Detailing of the bottom reinforcement ...................................................................... 16
Upper reinforcement 20
Primary upper reinforcement (see 11.2.6.4) ........................................................... 20
Secondary upper reinforcement ............................................................................... 20
Choice of upper reinforcement................................................................................. 20
Shear reinforcement 21
CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 21
Thickness 21
x
6m
5m
Concrete: C 30/37
Steel: BE 500
Concrete cover: 25 mm
We assume a light reinforcement and thus low stresses in the concrete ( = 0.5 %).
l
Starting from the (very conservative) condition of limited deflection: 20
d
with l = 5 m, we get d 25 cm
Lets take:
h = 29 cm
This thickness is very large, but for a first approach we will adopt it.
We will come back to this subject later (see SLS of deflection).
Loads
Characteristic values:
Permanent loads:
Self-weight of slab: 0,29 m x 25 kN/m = 7,25 kN/m
Covering and screed: 2,50 kN/m
Total = 9,75 kN/m
Variable loads:
Service load: 3,00 kN/m
gd = 13,16 kN/m
qd = 4,50 kN/m
1m B
Strip of 1 m
A A
x
6m
5m B
Section A
qd
gd
5m
Section B
0,29m
1m
6m
mx = 55,19 kNm/m
Md md
d = =
b d fcd
2
d fcd
2
One finds:
55.190 Nmm/mm
d = = 0,052 << lim = 0,371 OK
(250 mm) 17 N/mm
Since
As fyd
=
b d fcd
One finds
Asx fcd 17
= d = 0,054 250 mm = 528 mm2 /m
b fyd 435
Asx / b = 528 mm/m
As 528 mm
= = = 0,0021 = 0,21% < 0,5%
b d 1000 mm 250 mm
The hypothesis of lightly stressed concrete is thus correct (see slab thickness).
Asy A
= 0,2. sx = 0,2.528 mm/m = 106 mm/m
b b
Asy / b = 106 mm/m
The same rules as for beams are applied for the detailing of the main reinforcement.
A s, min 145 mm
= 0,4 1 2,9 MPa = 336 mm/m OK
b 500 MPa
The required bottom reinforcement (528 mm/m) is larger than the minimum
reinforcement (377 mm/m). The conditions are fulfilled.
A s, max
= 0,04 h = 0,04 . 290 mm = 11 600 mm/m OK
b
The required bottom reinforcement (528 mm/m) is smaller than the maximum
reinforcement (11 600 mm/m). The condition is fulfilled.
min [1,5.h ; 250 mm] = 250 mm for the principal reinforcement (x)
min [2,5.h ; 400 mm] = 400 mm for the secondary reinforcement (y)
sxmax = 250 mm
symax = 400 mm
AREA (mm/m)
Diameter (mm)
- cm 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
20 5 565 1005 1571 2262 4021 6283 9817 16085 25133
17 6 471 838 1309 1885 3351 5236 8181 13404 20944
14 7 404 718 1122 1616 2872 4488 7012 11489 17952
13 8 353 628 982 1414 2513 3927 6136 10053 15708
11 9 314 559 873 1257 2234 3491 5454 8936 13963
10 10 283 503 785 1131 2011 3142 4909 8042 12566
9,1 11 257 457 714 1028 1828 2856 4462 7311 11424
8,3 12 236 419 654 942 1676 2618 4091 6702 10472
7,7 13 217 387 604 870 1547 2417 3776 6187 9666
7,1 14 202 359 561 808 1436 2244 3506 5745 8976
6,7 15 188 335 524 754 1340 2094 3272 5362 8378
6,3 16 177 314 491 707 1257 1963 3068 5027 7854
5,9 17 166 296 462 665 1183 1848 2887 4731 7392
5,6 18 157 279 436 628 1117 1745 2727 4468 6981
5,3 19 149 265 413 595 1058 1653 2584 4233 6614
5 20 141 251 393 565 1005 1571 2454 4021 6283
4,8 21 135 239 374 539 957 1496 2337 3830 5984
4,5 22 129 228 357 514 914 1428 2231 3656 5712
4,3 23 123 219 341 492 874 1366 2134 3497 5464
4,2 24 118 209 327 471 838 1309 2045 3351 5236
4 25 113 201 314 452 804 1257 1963 3217 5027
3,3 30 94 168 262 377 670 1047 1636 2681 4189
2,9 35 81 144 224 323 574 898 1402 2298 3590
2,5 40 71 126 196 283 503 785 1227 2011 3142
X: 10/140
Y: 6/250
Remarks:
The chosen diameter for the principal reinforcement is well smaller than 20 mm, which
was assumed to determine the thickness of the slab.
The exact value of the effective depth is d = h -25 mm 10 mm /2 = 260 mm.
In practice, the spacing is often taken as a multiple of 50 mm. But lets keep 140 mm.
g = 9,75 kN/m
q = 3,00 kN/m
Mx,char
s,char =
A sx .z
2.M x,char
c,char =
b.x.z
Where:
Thus:
2
15.561 mm 15.561 mm 260 mm
x= + + 2.15.561 mm. = 58 mm
1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm
z = 260 mm 58 mm/3 = 240 mm
And finally:
g = 9,75 kN/m
0,3.q = 0,3.3 kN/m = 0,9 kN/m
2.M x, qp
c,qp =
b.x.z
Where:
And finally:
One has to limit either the diameter either the spacing of the bars to values which are
given by tables in function of the steel stress under the quasi-permanent combination
of loads:
The tables 5.4.3-1 & 2 give, for a crack opening of 0,3 mm:
Since only one of the conditions has to be satisfied, the SLS of cracking is verified.
The thickness of the slab was chosen with the limit value of l/d that is given in table
5.5.2-2 (5.5.2). This value guarantees that the deflection of the slab under quasi-
permanent loads is smaller than span/250, but is rather conservative.
We will now make the explicit calculation of this deflection to see if we could reduce
the thickness of the slab, which is very large.
Where:
5 Mqp.l
fI = is the deflection of the uncracked slab
48 Ec,ef .II
5 Mqp.l
fII = is the deflection of the fully cracked slab
48 Ec,ef .III
2
M
= 1 . r with = 0,5
Mqp
Mqp = 33,28 kNm
fctm.II
Mr =
h xI
We wont detail these long calculations here, but we give the principal results :
= 2,34
Ec,ef = 9550 N/mm
= 20,94
xI = 149 mm
II = 2,182.109 mm4
Mr = 44,97 kNm
As Mqp is smaller than Mr, the section is not cracked, which shows that the thickness is
very large, and
fqp = fI
One finds:
5 33 280 000 Nmm . (5000 mm)
f fI = . = 4,16 mm << 5000 mm = 20 mm
48 9 550 N/mm . 2,182 . 10 9 mm 4 250
We see, as predicted, that the deflection is very small, which means that the chosen
thickness is really too large. This is not an economical choice of thickness, and we
have to choose a smaller one.
Once this choice is made, the slab has to be completely recalculated, because the
loads are smaller, and the effective depth is also smaller.
Flow of loads
Characteristic values:
Permanent loads:
Self-weight of slab: 0,21 m x 25 kN/m = 5,25 kN/m
Surfacing and covering: 2,50 kN/m
Total = 7,75 kN/m
Variable loads:
Service load: 3,00 kN/m
gd = 10,5 kN/m
qd = 4,5 kN/m
Sagging moment
mx = 46,76 kNm/m
One can notice that the bending moment is quite smaller, which indicates that the self
weight is an important part of the load.
Md md
d = =
b d fcd
2
d fcd
2
One finds:
46 758 Nmm/mm
d = = 0,0898 << lim = 0,371 OK
(175 mm) 17 N/mm
Since
As fyd
=
b d fcd
One finds
A sx fcd 17
= d = 0,0951 175 mm = 650 mm2 /m
b fyd 435
One can notice that the big reduction of the effective depth (250 to 175 mm : -30%)
does not lead to a so big increase of the reinforcement area (528 to 650 mm/m :
+23%). The reason is that the loads also have reduced with the thickness.
This shows how the choice of thickness is important from the economical point of
view.
A sy A
= 0,2. sx = 0,2 . 650 mm/m = 130 mm/m
b b
A s, min 105 mm
= 0,4 1 2,9 MPa = 244 mm/m OK
b 500 MPa
The required bottom reinforcement (650 mm/m) is larger than the minimum
reinforcement (244 mm/m). The conditions are fulfilled.
A s, max
= 0,04 h = 0,04.210 mm = 8 400 mm/m OK
b
The required bottom reinforcement (627 mm/m) is smaller than the maximum
reinforcement (8 800 mm/m). The condition is fulfilled.
sxmax = 250 mm
symax = 400 mm
Anywhere else:
min [2,5.h ; 400 mm] = 400 mm for the principal reinforcement (x)
min [3.h ; 450 mm] = 450 mm for the secondary reinforcement (y)
The required area in the principal (x) direction is thus 650 mm/m.
The required area in the secondary (y) direction is thus 130 mm/m.
AREA (mm/m)
Diameter (mm)
- cm 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
20 5 565 1005 1571 2262 4021 6283 9817 16085 25133
17 6 471 838 1309 1885 3351 5236 8181 13404 20944
14 7 404 718 1122 1616 2872 4488 7012 11489 17952
13 8 353 628 982 1414 2513 3927 6136 10053 15708
11 9 314 559 873 1257 2234 3491 5454 8936 13963
10 10 283 503 785 1131 2011 3142 4909 8042 12566
9,1 11 257 457 714 1028 1828 2856 4462 7311 11424
8,3 12 236 419 654 942 1676 2618 4091 6702 10472
7,7 13 217 387 604 870 1547 2417 3776 6187 9666
7,1 14 202 359 561 808 1436 2244 3506 5745 8976
6,7 15 188 335 524 754 1340 2094 3272 5362 8378
6,3 16 177 314 491 707 1257 1963 3068 5027 7854
5,9 17 166 296 462 665 1183 1848 2887 4731 7392
5,6 18 157 279 436 628 1117 1745 2727 4468 6981
5,3 19 149 265 413 595 1058 1653 2584 4233 6614
5 20 141 251 393 565 1005 1571 2454 4021 6283
4,8 21 135 239 374 539 957 1496 2337 3830 5984
4,5 22 129 228 357 514 914 1428 2231 3656 5712
4,3 23 123 219 341 492 874 1366 2134 3497 5464
4,2 24 118 209 327 471 838 1309 2045 3351 5236
4 25 113 201 314 452 804 1257 1963 3217 5027
3,3 30 94 168 262 377 670 1047 1636 2681 4189
2,9 35 81 144 224 323 574 898 1402 2298 3590
2,5 40 71 126 196 283 503 785 1227 2011 3142
The primary reinforcement area can be reduced to 50% near the supports.
The position where this bar can be stopped has to be determined in function of
- the shift rule applied to the diagram of bending moment
- the anchorage length
For this, see the previous sessions about beams.
Since the secondary reinforcement is 20% of the primary one, it could be reduced to:
X: 10/240
Y: 6/420
g = 7,75 kN/m
q = 3,00 kN/m
Mx,char
s,char =
A sx .z
2.M x, char
c, char =
b.x.z
Where:
Thus:
2
15.654 mm 15.654 mm 180 mm
x= + + 2.15.654 mm. = 50 mm
1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm
z = 180 mm 50 mm/3 = 163 mm
And finally:
g = 7,75 kN/m
0,3.q = 0,3.3 kN/m = 0,9 kN/m
2.M x, qp
c, qp =
b.x.z
Where:
And finally:
One has to limit either the diameter either the spacing of the bars to values which are
given by tables in function of the steel stress under the quasi-permanent combination
of loads:
The tables 5.4.3-1 & 2 give, for a crack opening of 0,3 mm:
Since only one of the conditions has to be satisfied, the SLS of cracking is verified.
As the thickness of the slab doesnt respect the limit value of l/d that is given in table
5.5.2-2 (5.5.2), we now have to make the explicit calculation of the deflection under
quasi-permanent loads to see if the reduced thickness of the slab still verifies the
condition of span/250.
Where:
5 Mqp.l
fI = is the deflection of the uncracked slab
48 Ec,ef .II
5 Mqp.l
fII = is the deflection of the fully cracked slab
48 Ec,ef .III
2
M
= 1 . r with = 0,5
Mqp
Mqp = 27,0 kNm
fctm.II
Mr =
h xI
We give the principal results :
= 2,43
Ec,ef = 9 303 N/mm
= 21,50
xI = 110 mm
II = 0,846.109 mm4
xII = 58 mm
III = 0,274.109 mm4
Mr = 24,43 kNm
One finds:
2
24,43kNm
= 1 0,5. = 0,59
27,0kNm
5 27 031 000 Nmm . (5 000 mm)
fI = . = 8,9 mm
48 9 303 N/mm . 0,846 . 10 9 mm 4
5 27 031 000 Nmm . (5 000 mm)
fII = . = 27,6 mm
48 9 303 N/mm . 0,274 . 10 9 mm 4
And finally:
For information,
- with a slab thickness of 20 cm, the deflection would have been 21,7 mm
- with a slab thickness of 22 cm, the deflection would have been 17,6 mm
Due to accidental hogging moments, a top reinforcement has to be provided above the
supports. According to Eurocode 2, the area of this reinforcement should not be
smaller than 25% of the main reinforcement.
A sX A
= 0,25. sx = 0,25 . 650 mm/m = 162 mm/m
b b
This area has to be provided on a length of 0,2 . 5 m=1 m from the supporting edge.
A sY A
= 0,20. sX = 0,2 . 162 mm/m = 32 mm/m
b b
AsY / b = 32 mm/m
min [2,5.h ; 400 mm] = 400 mm for the principal reinforcement (X)
min [3.h ; 450 mm] = 450 mm for the secondary reinforcement (Y)
sxmax = 400 mm
symax = 450 mm
We choose:
X: 8/300
Y: 6/450
vEd 1,25.vRd,c
Where
(10,5 kN/m + 4,50 kN/m) (5 m)
v Ed = = 37,5 kN/m
2
v Rd,c =
VRd,c
b
[ ]
= 0,12 . k . (100 . . fck )1/3 + 0,15 . cp . d
With
200
k =1+ = 2,054 2 2
180
0,5 . 654 mm
= = 0,001817 at the end of the span (on the supports)
180 mm . 1000 mm
Thus
[ ]
vRd,c = 0,12 . 2 . (100 . 0,0018. 30)1/3 + 0,15 . 0 . 180 = 76,0 kN/m
CONCLUSIONS
Thickness
h = 21 cm
Bottom reinforcement
X: 10/120
Y: 6/210
In the middle of the span.
X: 10/240
Y: 6/420
At the ends of the span
Upper reinforcement
X: 8/300
Y: 6/450
Only on the first and last 1 m of the span.
No shear reinforcement
6/450
6/450
1m 1m
10/240
6/420
6/210