Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Keywords: forced convection, turbulent flow, twisted-tape, transverse ribs, heat transfer
augmentation, uniform wall heat flux
Journal of Heat Transfer Copyright 2008 by ASME AUGUST 2008, Vol. 130 / 081702-1
(b)
(c)
Fig. 1 a Layout of a duct containing a full-length twisted-tape; b layout of a duct containing regularly spaced
twisted-tape elements; c duct cross sections showing rib and twisted-tape inside the ducts
AR= 0.5, and AR= 0.333 ducts, respectively. For all cases of pres- The axial positions of the thermocouples from the onset of heating
sure drop as well as heat transfer measurements, L was 1275 mm. along the downstream direction were 0.025 m, 0.225 m, 0.425 m,
Each wall of the heat transfer test channel was made of non- 0.625 m, 0.825 m, 1.025 m, and 1.225 m respectively. The ther-
conductive material. The nonconductive wall was constructed by mocouples were connected to a 36 point selector switch box,
the combination of a 1.5 mm thick wood board and a 12.8 mm which in turn was connected to a digital multimeter and a single
thick acrylic plate. Thin ceramic foils were placed on the inner
cold junction at 0 C. The mass flow rate of air was calculated by
side of the wood board surface for electrical and thermal insula-
tion. Then 0.025 mm thick stainless steel foils were cemented to measuring the pressure drops across the orifice meter. The power
the inner face ceramic surface of each wall, individually con- supplied to each heat transfer test channel was measured by digital
trolled by a Variac transformer, for controllable electrical heating voltmeter and ammeter. The inlet and outlet bulk fluid tempera-
to the test channel. The cross section of the test channel and the tures to the test sections were measured by thermocouples placed
distributions of electrical foil heaters are sketched in Figs. 2b 5 cm upstream from the inlet and 20 cm downstream from the
and 2c. outlet of each test section.
For ribbed channel heat transfer tests, transverse brass ribs with In each pressure drop test channel with transverse acrylic ribs,
a square cross section were periodically fixed in line on the top 12 pressure taps along the top ribbed wall were used for the static
and bottom walls of the foil heated channels in a required distri- pressure drop measurement. Pressure drops in the test channel
bution. Brass ribs were not in electrical contact with the stainless
were measured by using vertical U-tube water manometer. Air
steel foil heaters. Mica sheet insulation with adhesive was given
was forced through the test channel by a blower. The twisted tapes
to the rib surface in contact with the heater foils. Each heat trans-
fer test channel had 28 36 gauge copper Constantan thermo- were made from = 0.37 mm thick stainless steel strip. Pieces of
couples, at seven axial locations and 4 thermocouples at each stainless steel rods of d . Dh = 1.5 mm diameter were used to
axial location 1 in the middle of each edge along the periphery. make the tape rod assembly. Only one twisted tape was axially
Re2
f Re = K 1 + 106
y 4
Dh
e 0.0343 0.178
2 0.5 2.67 1/7
Dh
1+ 3
2y P 0.739
AR1.52
e
where
+22
Dh 2
K = 17.355 1+ 4
2y
4
Dh
Fig. 15 Effect of space ratio TTPfriction versus Reynolds The correlation of friction factor for internal rib turbulators with
numberAR= 1, e / Dh = 0.0441, P / e = 10; for all cases, Y = 2.5 regularly spaced twisted-tape elements has been found to be
e 0.135 0.108
d
e
Dh
0.0541
l0.182
, AR 1 6
2 0.5 2.67 1/7
Dh s1.075 P 0.754
1+ 5
2y P 0.157 e
AR1.49
e
where K is as above in Eq. 4. The correlation of Nusselt number
for internal rib turbulators with short-length twisted tapes has where Term 1 and Term 2 given below refer to the forced and free
been found to be convections, respectively.
0.5
Re2 2 0.5 0.5 0.8
4y 2 + 20.25 4 1+ y2
Dh y 2y
4
Dh
Term 1 = 1.1978Pr0.4 7
+22
Dh
and
Re2 2 0.5 0.33
4 1+
Dh y 2y
4
Dh
Term 2 = 0.5044Pr0.33 Tw , Tw = Twi Tb 8
+22 4y 2 + 20.5
Dh
The correlation of Nusselt number for internal rib turbulators with where Reflt is calculated from the constant pumping power con-
regularly spaced twisted-tape elements has been found to be sideration as
1
0.15
Dh s1.129 where
+ 0.1 , AR 1 9
AR P 0.136 Ao,slt = lWD Dh + 1 lWD
e neglecting rib cross section area
where Term 1 and Term 2 are as above in Eqs. 7 and 8, re-
spectively. f and Nu are strong functions of P / e for short-length
twisted tape since the swirl is weak and decaying in the down-
Ao,rst = WD Dhy + WD d2
4
s y + s
stream past the twisted tape and the fluid strongly experiences the neglecting rib cross section area
effect of ribs. Whereas, for the regularly spaced twisted-tape ele-
ments, the swirl is very strong throughout the test duct and as such
Ao,flt = WD Dh
the effect of ribs on the flow is weak. Exponential coefficient for
d was suggested in Ref. 52.
f Re3Aoslt,rst
All correlations predict the experimental data within +17%. R2 =
f Re3Aoflt
Performance Evaluation. The performance of the present ge-
ometry has been evaluated on the basis of the following two im- For a given Re, Reslt,rst, the Nuslt,rst is obtained from the correla-
portant criteria: tion. Reflt corresponding to Nuslt,rst is obtained from the correla-
tion for full-length twisted tape.
Criterion 1. Basic geometry fixed, pumping power fixed Based on these R1 and R2 criteria, full-length twisted tape in
increase heat transferPerformance ratio R1 combination with transverse ribs performs better than the cases
Criterion 2. Basic geometry fixed, heat duty fixedreduce with only ribs and only full-length twisted tapes. From the perfor-
pumping powerPerformance ratio R2 mance ratio, it has been observed that short-length twisted tapes
perform worse than their full-length counterparts and, therefore,
Nuslt,rst these are not recommended.
R1 = The performance ratios R1 and R2 for regularly spaced twisted-
Nuflt
tape elements have been evaluated for s = 2.5 and s = 5.0. Zhang et
Nuslt,rst at a given Re, Reslt,rst is obtained from the correlation for al. 46,47 have shown that both heat transfer and pressure drop
short-length twisted-tape or regularly spaced twisted-tape ele- are higher with the addition of ribs in the pipe fitted with full-
ments. Nuflt for full-length twisted-tape is taken at the Re, Reflt, length twisted tape. Present experimental data corroborate this.
Acknowledgment References
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